58 Bab Iii Analisis Cda Fairclough Korean Wave 3.1

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58 Bab Iii Analisis Cda Fairclough Korean Wave 3.1 BAB III ANALISIS CDA FAIRCLOUGH KOREAN WAVE 3.1. Kemunculan dan Perkembangan Hallyu Kemunculan Korea Selatan sebagai negara yang memproduksi budaya populer tidak langsung serta merta dalam kemunculannya. Sebagai negara yang terlibat perang dengan Korea Utara, Korea Selatan tentunya mengalami berbagai kehancuran akibat dampak perang. Peperangan yang dialami oleh Korea Selatan inilah yang membuka sedikit ruang dalam perkembangan industri hiburan Korea Selatan yang saat ini semakin mengokohkan dirinya. Sejarah mencatat Korea Selatan terlibat perang hingga melibatkan bantuan militer dari dunia Internasional. Korea Selatan mengalami masa kependudukan Jepang pada tahun 1910 -1945 dan perang Korea antara utara dan selatan yang berlangsung pada tahun 1950 – 1953. Adanya pasukan militer asing yang masuk ke Korea Selatan menyebabkan unsur-unsur asing yang memasuki Korea Selatan seperti masuknya agama baru hingga sampai jenis musik asing yang diadopsi. Sebelumnya, Korea yang masih bersifat tradisional penuh dengan pengaruh Buddha, Konfusius, dan pengaruh Tiongkok. Prajurit asing di Korea Selatan membawa masuk pengaruh jenis musik baru di Korea Selatan. Musik Korea Selatan mulai dipengaruhi oleh musik musik—American folk, lush ballads, rock, French chansons, Italian canzone; musik Latin, Cuban, dan Japanese enka1 Perjalanan Korean wave sebagai budaya populer yang menjadi komoditas global melalui perjalanan panjang. Seperti yang disinggung 1Korean Culture and Information Service. 2011. Contemporary Korea No.1; The Korean Wave: A New Pop Culture Phenomenon, hal 11 58 sebelumnya, Korea Selatan sendiri harus mengalami masa-masa kehancuran akibat perang yang dialaminya hingga masa krisis moneter International Monetary Fund (IMF) di tahun 1990-an. Namun, justru pasca krisis moneter itulah industri hiburan Korea Selatan dapat bangkit. Di awal berdirinya Korea Selatan sebagai negara, industri hiburan sama sekali tidak mendapat ruang gerak yang bebas, justru lebih dikendalikan oleh pemerintah. Pada masa Presiden Park Chung-Hee (1961-1979)2, media massa benar-benar dalam kontrol pemerintahan Korea Selatan, tayangan pertelevisian dilarang memuat budaya asing yang dianggap vulgar serta media harus menanamkan semangat anti komunisme. Sebelum masa post kolonial, terdapat beberapa pengarang novel yang terkenal di masanya seperti Yi Kwang Su dan beberapa tulisan populer seperti Flame of Love yang menjadi terkenal dengan gaya menulis surat cinta. Beberapa dekade kemudian berkembanglah mahwa (komik) sebagai pengaruh Jepang di Korea Selatan. Setelah melalui beberapa dekade, industri hiburan Korea Selatan menunjukkan kesuksesan hingga dapat dianggap penghasil devisa negara.3 Memasuki tahun 1990-an, industri hiburan Korea Selatan mulai menampakkan dirinya. Kemunculan grup musik Seo Taji memunculkan gaya musik Korea Selatan. Seo Taji yang merupakan grup musik dengan genre musik hiphop dan gaya tariannya langsung menjadi idola remaja Korea Selatan saat itu. Dengan kondisi perekonomian Korea Selatan yang semakin membaik, penduduk Korea Selatan kemudian bergeser menjadi masyarakat postmodern dengan sentuhan musik mereka. Karaoke dan klub tumbuh menjamur hingga menjadi 2Kim, Kyung Hyun, dan Choe, Youngmin. 2014. The Korean Popular Culture Reader. London: Duke University Press, hal 7 3Ibid, Kim, Kyung Hyun, dan Choe, Youngmin. 2014… hal 19 -38 59 konsumsi gaya hidup penduduk postmodernisme Korea Selatan beserta perkembangan fashion.4 Kondisi Korea Selatan pada era 1990-an merupakan momentum dalam perjalanan Korea Selatan menjadi salah satu negara macan Asia saat ini. Pada tahun 1997, Korea Selatan mengusung liberalisasi dalam perekonomian nasional yang di dukung oleh Amerika Serikat sebagai dampak dari krisis moneter. Salah satu kebijakan yang dikeluarkan oleh Pemerintah Korea Selatan diantaranya adalah regulasi kebijakan di bidang tayangan pertelevisian yang kemudian menjadi stimulus industri kreatif khususnya pada industri hiburan Korea Selatan. Di Tiongkok, drama What is Love yang Gambar 3.1-1 mengusung tema keluarga sukses di Tiongkok. What is Love mengisahkan kehidupan keluarga, suami dan istri yang masing-masing memiliki sifat yang berlawanan, yakni yang satu memiliki sifat terbuka dan tertutup yang dipadukan oleh nilai-nilai konfusius. Selanjutnya drama A Wish Upon A Star menambah kepopuleran drama TV Korea Selatan di Tiongkok. Kepopuleran drama TV ini diikuti oleh penyanyi Korea Selatan yang Jewel in the Palace mulai masuki pasar Tiongkok seperti H.OT, Sumber: http://www.indosiar.com/sinopsis/jewel-in- S.E.S, Baby V.OX, Clon, NRG.5 Kepopuleran the-palace_110822.html 4Ibid, hal 8 5Ibid, Korean Culture and Information Service. 2011.., hal13 60 tayangan Korea Selatan beserta artisnya menyebabkan media Tiongkok menyebutkan istilah hallyu ‗韓流‘/한류6 (selanjutnya Korean wave akan disebut hallyu) yang kemudian oleh Organisasi Pariwisata Nasional Korea Selatan mengukuhkan hallyu sebagai fenomena penyebaran budaya pop Korea Selatan yang di seluruh dunia menyusul kesuksesan hallyu di Jepang. Setelah kepopuleran tayangan TV Korea Selatan di Tiongkok, kesuksesan akan drama Korea Selatan kemudian berlanjut di Jepang setelah kepopuleran drama Winter Sonata dengan aktor Bae Young Jun dan Choi Ji Woo, bahkan di Jepang perempuan muda terkena sindrom Yon-Sama7 sebagai dampak keterkenalan Bae Young Jun atas peran yang ia mainkan. Winter Sonata bukan hanya terkenal di Jepang saja, tetapi terkenal pula yang di berbagai negara, setidaknya Winter Sonata telah diekspor ke 20 negara. Kesuksesan Winter Sonata kemudian disusul oleh Jewel in the Palace yang dibintangi Lee Young Ae yang telah diekspor ke 87 negara.8 Kesuksesan Winter Sonata dan Jewel in the Palace di berbagai negara menandakan gelombang kesuksesan hallyu di dunia yang diikuti dengan populernya pop idol atau idol grup Korea Selatan. Kesuksesan BoA dalam menembus pasar musik Jepang dengan sukses bertengger di tangga musik Oricon membuat penyanyi dan grup musik Korea mulai di terima luas di Jepang dan berbagai negara asia lainnya. Artis-artis seperti TVXQ, Super Junior, KARA, 6Ibid ,Eun, Mee Kim, dan Jiwon, Ryoo. (2007). South Korean Culture Goes Global….., hal 120 7 Yon-Sama diambil dari Yon (Yong) dan -sama merupakan tambahan atau gelar yang diberikan kepada orang yang terhormat atau dihormati. Sindrom Yon-Sama merupakan dampak dari popularitas Bae Young Jun di Jepang yang mana perempuan tergila-gila bahkan histeris memanggil namaBae Yong Jun ketika menyambut ia ketika berkunjung ke Jepang. 8Tuk, William. 2012. The Korean Wave, Who are Behind the Success of Korea Popular Culture? Leiden: Leiden University, hal 17 61 Girls’ Generation mulai dikenal di berbagai negara hingga menggelar konser yang dihadiri oleh ribuan penggemar. Invasi hallyu bukan hanya dikarenakan faktor ketertarikan yang ditawarkan oleh drama atau musik saja akan tetapi internet juga menjadi faktor penyebaran budaya populer Korea Selatan di belahan dunia. Korea Selatan memiliki penggunaan PC dan akses yang sangat tinggi dalam penggunaan internet. Internet café9 sangat banyak dikunjungi hingga menjadi aktivitas internet citizen (netizen) beraktivitas di dunia maya. Drama Korea berkembang dengan pesat berkat bantuan internet, berbagai komunitas online bermunculan sebagai respons ketertarikan drama Korea seperti terbentuknya websitedramacrazy, dramafever dan sebagainya sebagai website aktivitas netizen berbagi informasi drama Korea seperti mengunggah drama, subbing (menerjemahkan subtitle), dan aktivitas komentar lainnya. Perkembangan hallyu kemudian mulai merambah ke pasar musik Amerika. Ketika dramaFull House mendapatkan kepopulerannya, Rain pemeran karakter Lee Young Jae mendapatkan popularitasnya. Ia kemudian menyelenggarakan konser dunia yang salah satunya digelar di Amerika meskipun ia tidak terlepas dari kritikan media setempat yang menyebutkannya meniru gaya Usher dan Justin Timberlake dalam gaya menyanyi. Selanjutnya, Wonder Girls yang bernaung dalam JYP Entertainment mendapatkan sorotan internasional 9 Di Korea Selatan, terdapat istilah PC Bang yaitu tempat berkumpulnya orang-orang yang sangat menyukai browsing dan game online. PC Bang dapat disebut pula seperti warnet di Indonesia dan yang lebih menariknya, bang telah menjadi bagian gaya hidup penduduk Korea Selatan. Perbedaan PCbangdengan internet café lainnya adalah bang merupakan tempat selain menyediakan akses internet tetapi juga memberikan layanan lainnya seperti makan, hingga tempat bermalam. Oleh karena itu tidak heran orang Korea Selatan tidak pernah lepas dari aktivitas netizen baik yang memiliki sifat positif dan negatif. 62 dengan lagu No Body but You sebagai lagu Korea Selatan yang dapat diterima di Amerika hingga mereka merilis lagu No Body But You dalam versi Inggris. Musik Korea Selatan yang telah memasuki pasar global membuat agensi artis menggandeng komposer asing dalam menangani artis-artisnya untuk terus menembus pasar global dan gencar menggelar konser untuk artis-artisnya. Seperti yang di lakukan oleh SM Entertainment yang menggandeng Ted Riley (komposer yang biasa bekerja sama dengan Lady Gaga) untuk menangani album debut Girls’ Generation di Amerika serta gencar menggelar konser untuk masing-masing artisnya. Hallyu, tidaklah terlepas dari seorang Psy penyanyi solo yang terkenal dengan Gangnam Style-nya. Psy menjadi artis Korea Selatan yang menggeser Justin Bieber sebagai video yang banyak ditonton di Youtube. Lee dan Nomes (2015:183) mengemukakan bahwa tahapan kemunculan hallyu terutama pada industri musik terbagi dalam empat tahap, yaitu: 1. Tahap pertama (akhir
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