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Universidad Autonoma De Chihuahua Facultad De UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE CHIHUAHUA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA CUTURA FÍSICA SECRETARIA DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y POSGRADO PROYECTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN RECOMENDACIONES METODOLÓGICAS DE LA ENSEÑANZA DE LOS LANZAMIENTOS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN DE LESIONES POR MEDIO DE LA PREPARACIÓN FÍSICA EN JUGADORES JÓVENES DE BÉISBOL Proyecto de Investigación del Cuerpo Académico CA-26 “Pedagogía y Didáctica de la Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación” Responsable: M.E.D. Roberto Arturo Paredes Carrera Colaborador: Dr.C. Guadalupe Javier Rivero Carrasco. Chihuahua Chih. Noviembre del 2016 INDICE Introducción__________________________________1 Marco Teórico________________________________ 2 Antecedentes_________________________________1-12 Planteamiento del Problema_____________________ 12-14 Pregunta Científica____________________________ 15 Justificación__________________________________ 16 Objetivo General_______________________________16 Objetivo Especifico_____________________________ 16 Métodos______________________________________17 Sujetos_______________________________________17 Diseño de la Investigación________________________ 17 Procedimiento________________________________ _ 17 Análisis Estadístico______________________________ 17 Presupuesto y Cronograma_______________________ 18 Bibliografía_____________________________________19-24 Capítulo I INTRODUCCIÓN El comité estatal de beisbol atravesó del Instituto Chihuahuense de Cultura Física Deporte y Recreación establece como primer objetivo, promover la práctica de actividades físicas de manera que constituya parte integral de su formación educativa de cada persona, propiciando el aumento de los niveles de salud, como factores indispensables en la utilización del tiempo libre y en la elevación de la calidad de vida. En esta investigación se pone de manifiesto la importancia que tiene la activación física y la preparación deportiva sostenible, por lo cual el presente estudio se enfoca en la organización de contenidos de la enseñanza de los lanzamientos en el lanzador de béisbol. Es por ello, que la atención preventiva a la presencia de lesiones deportivas, constituye un aspecto esencial en la preparación de jóvenes lanzadores de béisbol, apreciado ello desde el punto de vista de la planeación adecuada de los contenidos de enseñanza de los lanzamientos en correspondencia con las posibilidades del practicante de poder evitar en un mayor porcentaje las lesiones. De manera específica, acerca de la planeación y organización de los contenidos de enseñanza de los lanzamientos, atendiendo a la prevención de lesiones en la preparación de jóvenes lanzadores, han investigado y aportado varios autores como Ruiz, R. (2011), Andrews, J. Y Fleisig, G. (1996), además de instituciones del béisbol en Estados Unidos como Little League Pitching Guidelines (2008), USA Baseball Medical & Safety Advisory Committee (2008), Concorde Sports Medicine (2013), entre otros, quienes recomiendan estructurar los contenidos, a partir del efecto que ejerce la acción de la mano sobre la pelota (tipo de lanzamiento). A pesar de las distintas alternativas aportadas, aún persisten dificultades que limitan la preparación deportiva sostenible de jóvenes lanzadores por la presencia de lesiones en el brazo de lanzar. Ello constituye una preocupación permanente a todo organismo que tenga que ver con la práctica del beisbol en la universidad y el estado. De la situación problemática descripta, se devela lo siguiente pregunta científica ¿Cómo planear y organizar la preparación física, desde una perspectiva sostenible, los contenidos de la enseñanza de los lanzamientos en la preparación de jóvenes lanzadores de béisbol? 1.1. Marco Teórico 1.1.1 La organización del entrenamiento y el contenidos de enseñanza de los lanzamientos en la preparación de jóvenes lanzadores de béisbol. En el béisbol, el lanzador es el jugador que tiene mayor participación defensiva dentro del juego, ya que su función radica en proyectar ventaja ante su oponente directo, el bateador. Al respecto Ealo, J. (1984), enuncia la necesidad de una buena constitución física, presencia de reservas energéticas, aceptable talla, extremidades largas, fluidez de movimientos en la mecánica de lanzar, velocidad en los envíos, concentración, control y confianza en sí mismo. Por su parte, Newman, E. (2011) plantea, como características que debe poseer el lanzador, una buena preparación tanto física como psicológica, control del repertorio de lanzamientos y conocer sus potencialidades; mientras que Finigan, P.J. (2011) hace referencia a la condición atlética, tanto a la condición física como a lo coordinativo, el control del repertorio de lanzamientos y a la preparación psicológica que incluye, según Keller, B. (2011), serenidad, confianza, atención, y convicción, así como el control en sus envíos al plato y una buena preparación física; Bradford, J. (2011) por su parte, se refiere a la confianza, la agresividad y la competitividad, unidas como una sola característica necesaria para el lanzador. Respecto a la preparación de jóvenes lanzadores de béisbol, se han planteado sólidos fundamentados acerca de las edades de comienzo y finalización de dicho período, valoraciones imprescindibles para el presente estudio. Al respecto, como resultado de investigaciones, USA Baseball Medical & Safety Advisory Committee (2004, 2006, 2008) indica que, entre las edades de 9 a 10 años, el niño puede comenzar el contacto con la labor monticular. Los objetivos principales, de forma general, abordan la regulación en el conteo de lanzamientos durante las diferentes apariciones y la no utilización de lanzamientos de rompimiento, particularmente la curva y la slider entre las edades de 9 a 14 años; con posterioridad el lanzador ya puede iniciar la utilización de dichos lanzamientos hasta los 18 años. Otras recomendaciones, emitidas por dicho comité, están orientadas a permitir al niño o adolescente adicionar su propio estilo a la ejecución de la acción motriz propia del movimiento de lanzar lo más rápido posible, sin romper las pautas técnicas establecidas. Por su parte, Parks, E. y Ray, T. (2009), plantean que el lanzador de béisbol puede iniciar la labor monticular entre las edades de 8 a 10 años, de forma transitoria y con una cantidad máxima de 50 lanzamientos por encuentro, posteriormente se le permite el aumento de la cantidad de lanzamientos y la utilización de otros, además de la recta. Ahora bien, en consideración a lo antes expuesto, en una preparación deportiva sostenible en el lanzador de béisbol, resulta necesario incluir los estudios biomecánicos específicamente en la fase de aceleración para detectar errores técnicos que se cometen y así prevenir lesiones. Para los autores citados es significativo que se mantenga una secuencia en la preparación del lanzador de béisbol evitando violentar o alterar las etapas por las que debe transitar dicho atleta. Al respecto, Levine, A. Y Raimondi, B. (2005) enuncian como edades de iniciación en la labor monticular de los 9 a 10 años, hasta los 18, momento en el cual el lanzador debe mostrar el dominio de los lanzamientos de rompimiento, buena preparación física y psicológica. Por su parte, la University Health Sport Medicine Quarterly (2013) concibe, en dicho proceso, que quienes toman participación como lanzadores, en su preparación inicial deben rotar por otras posiciones dentro del terreno. Por su parte, Los Altos-Mountain View (2013), no considera como lanzador al jugador que realiza esta labor hasta los 16 años. En resumen, puede plantearse que las referidas instituciones no recomiendan lo que conduzca a una estricta especialización temprana en la preparación de jóvenes lanzadores de béisbol. Por su parte, dentro de las normas del béisbol cubano, según lo establecido en el Programa Integral de Preparación del Deportista, Reynaldo, F. (2013) se establece que la finalización de dicho proceso formativo es a los 19 años, y plantea para las categorías 9- 10 y sub-12 años, el tránsito de todos los practicantes por dicha posición, a diferencia del sub-15 y sub-18 años donde ya está prevista la orientación específica hacia la labor monticular. Como se aprecia, en dicho proceso se identifican y establecen hasta la categoría juvenil, sin tener en cuenta la preparación de jugadores de la categoría siguiente, sub-23 que está contemplada dentro del calendario competitivo nacional e internacional a la cual se le presta una gran atención en el béisbol contemporáneo. Con respecto a la delimitación de grupos de edades, la Organización Mundial de la Salud OMS (2000), coincidiendo con la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, establece una escala para la estratificación de la adolescencia y la juventud, la cual es asumida en la presente tesis como norma y que justifica el empleo, en este sentido, del término jóvenes lanzadores en los sujetos estudiados, a partir de que se asume la juventud, como una etapa que se ubica entre los 10 y los 24 años; en ella se reconoce la pubertad, de 10 a 14 años, denominada como la adolescencia inicial o temprana (juventud inicial); mientras que la adolescencia media o tardía (juventud media) comprende de los 15 a los 19 años; en tanto que la juventud plena es concebida de los 20 a los 24 años. Esta delimitación de edad juvenil, es tenida en cuenta también por Navelo, R. (2004), cuando concibe la preparación del joven voleibolista en las etapas de estudio inicial y profundizada, así como la de afianzamiento, que se enmarcan respectivamente en las categorías 10-11 y 11-12 años y las de 14-15, 15-16 y juveniles. De acuerdo con lo antes
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