PLANETARIAN Journal of the International Planetarium Society Vol. 31, No.2, June 2002
Articles 4 Gender and American Planetarium Community ..... Jordan Marche II 9 Goodbye to Griffith ...... Ivan Dryer
Features 18 Reviews ...... ~ ...... April S. Whitt 23 International News ...... Lars Broman 29 NASA Space Science News ...... Anita Sohus 31 Focus on Education ...... Kathy Michaels & Francine Jackson 32 President's Message ...... Martin Ratcliffe 33 Mobile News Network ...... Susan Button 41 What's New ...... Jim Manning 45 Gibbous Gazette ...... James Hughes 48 Last Light ...... April Whitt This is lNhat counts:
ZKP 3 5 51 Decatur, USA Fle xi bility
ZMP -TO 552 Glasgow, UK Brilliance
ZKf" 3 5 5 3 Muscat , OM Quality
MIX 554 St . loui s, USA Pre c i si on
MIX 555 los Angeles, USA Re liabi l ity
ZKP 3 556 Schwaz, A K now - Ho w
M IX 5 5 7 Vima, A Ergonomics
MIX 558 Stuttga,t, D Service
ZKP 3 5 5 9 Cleveland. USA T r u s t
ZKP 3 560 "'"gos, " Seeing is Believing! ZMP-TO Kenner, USA In the U.S. & Canada 561 contact Pearl Reilly ,r,' ; ( • " ,"A, N, Phone: 800-726- 8805 ZKP 3 Ta oj oo, SK fax 985-76j-~396 562 {-Mdll: plle,fi, ",am.com
ZKP 3 563 Kreuzllngen. CH Carl Zeiss Planetarium Division 564 07745 lend, Germany Phone: -t-49· 3641·642406 Fax +49-3641-643023 £ Mall: piane!dllum(:: zel~~.de W\VI'V zel~s.delplan('taf1ums The Planetarian (ISN 0090-3213) is published ©2002, International Planetarium Society, Inc., e personal opinions and are not necessarily the Opllllic)ns officers, or agents. Acceptance of advertisements, announcements, or other material does 1. 31, o. 2 endorsement by the International Planetarium its officers or The Editor WeJlCOlneS items for consideration for publication. Please consult June 2002 http://www.GriffithObs.org/IPSGuidelines.html. The Editor reserves the to suit this publication's needs.
IN DE X Griffith nh""""'[7~+,n."'<7 A v 2800E. Adler Los Angeles, California USA (1) 323-664-1181 daytime phone allsky.de ...... ,., ... ,.. "" .... ,.. ,. (1) 323-663-4323 Griffith fax (1) 603-506-8255 personal efax [email protected]
Conceptron Director, Minneapolis Planetarium 300 Nicollet Mall Cubex ... " ... " ..... ,..... "., .. ,"', ...... ,., ..... ,., .. ,', ...... ,., .... ,., ...... ". Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 USA 612-630-6151 612-630-6180 fax cover [email protected] Learning Individual: $50 one year; two years Minneapolis Institutional: $200 first year; $100 annual renewal Minolta ...... ,.... ,...... Library Subscriptions: $36 one year Direct membership requests and changes ofaddress to the Treasurer Membership Chairman; see next cover page for address and contact information. Seiler Sky-Skan, I. Job A.A.Jl.J!.''U'Jl.Jl.JLAU.\..L'U'AA The IPS Job Information Service has moved to the World Wide Web. Please check the 'Jobs" page on the IPS web site: http://www.ips-planetarium.org.
Available from: Charlene Oukes IPS Back Publications Repository Focus on Education Strasenburgh Planetarium Kathy Michaels Rochester Museum & Science Center Francine Jackson 657 East Avenue .." .....JlUJUJ, .... News N ""'f.n"""' ...·b- Rochester, New York 14607 USA Forum Susan Button Steve Gibbous Gazette A cumulative index of major articles that have James appeared in the Planetarian from the first issue Reviews through the current issue is available on paper International News Whitt ($15 ppd) or CD ($6 ppd) from the Exec. Editor. Lars Broman A shortened copy is at the Planetarian web site. What's New Jim I\/ir...... \;-no
March: January 21 June: 21 Sepitember: 21 December: October 21 ers President Past President (1) 703-750-5010 fax Martin Ratcliffe Dr. Dale W. Smith [email protected] Director, Theaters & Media Services BGSU Planetarium, 104 Overman Hall [email protected] Exploration Place Physics &Astronomy Dept. 300 N McLean Blvd Bowling Green State University Wichita, Kansas 67203 USA Bowling Green, Ohio 43403 USA Shawn Laatsch, Director (1) 316-263-3373 (1) 419-372-8666 Gheens Science Hall & Rauch Planetarium (1) 316-263-4545 fax (1) 419-372-9938 fax University of Louisville [email protected] [email protected] 108 West Brandeis Avenue Louisville, Kentucky 40292 USA President Elect Executive Secretary (1) 502-852-5855 Jon Elvert Lee Ann Hennig (1) 502-852-0831 fax Lane ESD Planetarium Planetarium 102424.1032.compuserve.com 2300 Leo Harris Pkwy Thomas Jefferson High School Eugene, Oregon 97401 USA for Science and Technology (1) 541-461-8227 6560 Braddock Road (1) 541-687-6459 fax Alexandria, Virginia 22312 USA [email protected] (1) 703-750-8380 en yes
Association of French-Speaking V6J 3J9 Canada Japan Planetarium Society Russian Planetariums Association Planetariums (1) 604-738-7817 ext.234 Shoichi Itoh Zinaida P. Sitkova Agnes Acker (1) 604-736-5665 fax Planetarium Ur Nizhny Novgorod Planetarium Observatoire de Strasbourg jdickens@hrmacmillanspacecentre Suginami Science Education Center Pokhvalinskii S'Yezd 5-A 11, rue de l'universite .com 3-3-13 Shimizu, Suginami-ku Nizhny Novgorod, 603 600 Russia 67000 Strasbourg France Tokyo 167-0033 Japan (7) 8312 30 51 51 0390242467 Council of German Planetariums (81) 3 3396 4391 (7) 831 2 30 51 66 fax 03 90 24 24 17 fax Dr. Wolfgang Wacker (81) 3 3396 4393 fax [email protected] [email protected] Planetarium Mannheim gGmbH [email protected] [email protected] Wilhelm-Varnholt-Allee 1 [email protected] (Europaplatz) Association of Mexican Planetari- 68165 Mannheim Germany Middle Atlantic Planetarium John Hare ums 49 621 41 94 20 Society Ash Enterprises Ignacio Castro Pinal 49 621 4124 11 fax Peter Connors 3602 23rd Avenue West Museo Tecnol6gico CF.E [email protected] orion@lLnet Bradenton, Florida 34205 USA Apdo. Postal 18-816 (1) 941-746-3522 CP. 11870, Mexico City, Mexico. European/Mediterranean Nordic Planetarium Association (1) 941-750-9497 fax (52)5516 13 57 Planetarium Association Lars Broman [email protected] (52)55165520 Fax Dennis Simopoulos Broman Planetarium [email protected] Eugenides Planetarium Ostra Hamngatan 1 Southwestern Association Syngrou Avenue-Amfithea S-79171 Falun Sweden tariums Association of Spanish Planetariums Athens Greece (46) 2310 177 Mark S. Sonntag Antonio Camarasa (30) 1 9411181 (46) 2310 137 fax Professor & Planetarium L'Hemisferic (30) 1 941 7372 fax [email protected] Department of Physics Avenida Institutio Obrero de [email protected] http://www.nrm.se/om/xtra/tc- State University Valencia wnpa.html Texas 76909 USA Esquina Autovia de El Saler Great Lakes Planetarium 46013 Valencia Spain Association Pacific Planetarium Association 34 96 33 55 330 Susan Reynolds Button Jon Elvert 34 96 33 55 331 fax Onondaga-Cortland-Madison Lane ESD Planetarium [email protected] B.O.CE.s. Planetarium 2300 Leo Harris P.O. Box 4754 Eugene, Oregon USA Ukranian Planetariums As~;ociiation Australasian Planetarium Society Syracuse, New York 13221 USA (1) 541-461-8227 Ivan Kriachkow GlenMoore (1) 315-433-2671 (1) 541-687-6459 fax Kiev Republican Planetarium Planetarium, Science Centre (1) 315-433-1530 fax [email protected] 57/3 Krasnoarmeiskaia Street University of W ollongong [email protected] http://www.efn.orgresd_plt 252005 Kiev, Ukraine Northfields Ave, 7442272781 Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia Great Plains Planetarium Planetarium Society of India 7442275166 61 2 42865000 Association Prof. S Gopinath 7 44 227 51 43 fax 61 2 42 836665 fax Jack Dunn Director, Astronomer [email protected] gkm+AEA-uow.edu.au Ralph Mueller Planetarium Innovative Learning Technologies http://home.vicnet.net.au@apsweb University of Nebraska- Lincoln and Open Skies 210 Morrill Hall No.3, 9th Lane, IncHralna.ger British Association of Planetaria Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0375 USA Adyar, Chennai 600 Teresa Grafton (1) 402-472-2641 91 44 4418487 London Planetarium (1) 402-475-8899 fax [email protected] Marylebone Road [email protected] London NWI 5LR England United Kingdom Italian Planetaria's Friends Association 44 171 487 0310 Association Aaron McEuen 44 171 487 0286 Loris Ramponi Hansen Planetarium 44 171 465 0862 fax National Archive of Planetaria 15 South State St. Teresa.Grafton@madame- c/o Centro Studi e Ricerche Serafino Salt Lake City, Utah 84111 tussauds.com Zani 801-531-4934 via Bosca 24, CP. 104 [email protected] Canadian Council of Science 25066 Lumezzane (Brescia) Italy Centres (39) 30 87 21 64 John Dickenson, Managing Director (39) 30 87 25 45 fax H. R. MacMillan Space Centre http://www.cityline.it H. R. MacMillan Planetarium info@serafinozanLit 1100 Chestnut Street Vancouver, British Columbia
Vol. s
IPS Membership Committee IPS Publications Committee Shawn Laatsch, Treasurer Dr. Dale W. Smith Rauch Planetarium - University of Louisville BGSU Planetarium, 104 Overman Hall 108 W. Brandeis Avenue Physics &Astronomy Dept. Louisville, Kentucky 40292 USA Bowling Green State University (1) 502-852-5855 Bowling Green, Ohio 43403 USA (1) 502-852-0831 fax (1) 419-372-8666 Director, [email protected] (1) 419-372-9938 fax Exploration [email protected] 300 N McLean IPS l'Je<:nOltlS O)mrniUee Wichita, Kansas Steve IPS Web Committee (1) 316-263-3373 Planetarium Tom Callen, Chair (1) 316-263-4545 fax Benedum Natural Science Center Cosmonova Omnitheater [email protected] Oglebay Park Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet Wheeling, West Virginia 26003 USA Frescativagen 40, Box 50007 IPS Ethics Committee - vacant (1) 304-243-4034 SE 104 05 Stockholm Sweden (1) 304-243-4110 fax (46) 8 519 551 04 Committee -President, Drc,,,;ri"""'T_ [email protected] (46) 8 519 551 OOfax Treasurer, "prrpt: es IPS Consumer Affairs/Astrology Committee IPS Language Committee Committee Dr. Jeanne Bishop, Chair Martin Ricfiard George, Curator Westlake Schools Planetarium Launceston Planetarium Parkside Middle School Queen Victoria Museum 33317 -4411 USA 24525 Hilliard Road Launceston Tasmania, Australia Westlake, Ohio 44145 USA www.vision.net.aurpeter/AST/launplan/ (1) 440-835-6399 launplan.htm IPS Script Contest Committee (1) 440-835-6325 +61 3 6331 6777 Steve TIdey J [email protected] [email protected] Astronomy Educator Alexander Brest Planetarium Armand Spitz Planetarium Education Fund - IPS Media Distribution Committee 1025 Museum Circle Finance Committee Thomas Kraupe, Chair Jacksonville, Florida 32207 USA Planetarium Hamburg [email protected] IPS Education Committee Hindenburgdamm 01 Gary Sampson (retired) D-22303 Hamburg Germany Gary E. Sampson Planetarium [email protected] c/o 880 Hi-Ridge Avenue [email protected] Waukesha, Wisconsin 63186 USA (49) 040 514985 15 (Phone) (1) 262-784-0341 (49) 040 514985 10 fax [email protected] enrlessee 37056 USA IPS Outreach Committee IPS History Committee Christine Shupla John Hare, Chair, IPS Historian Arizona Science Center Ash Enterprises 600 East Washington Street 3602 23rd Avenue West Phoenix, Arizona 85004 USA Bradenton, Florida 34205 USA (1) 602-716-2078 (1) 941-746-3522 (1) 602-716-2099 fax (1) 941-750-9497 fax [email protected] [email protected] IPS Planetarium Development IPS Job Information Service Subcommittee Ken Wilson, Chair (Professional Services Committee) Ethyl Universe Planetarium Steve Fentress, Chair Science Museum of Virginia Strasenburgh Planetarium 2500 West Broad Street Rochester Museum & Science Center Richmond, Virginia 23220 USA 657 East Avenue (1) 804-367-0457 Rochester, New York 14607 USA (1) 804-367-9348 fax IPS Pennanlent (1) 716-271-4552 ext. 409 [email protected] (1) 716-271-7146 fax International Planetarium steve_ [email protected] IPS Portable Planetarium Committee c/o Taylor Planetarium Sue Reynolds Button, Chair Museum of the Rockies IPS Lasers in Planetariums Committee Starlab Planetarium Montana State Jack A Dunn, Chair Onondaga-Cortland-Madison BOCES Ralph Mueller Planetarium P.O. Box 4754 600 W. Kagy Blvd. 210 Morrill Hall Syracuse, New York 13221 USA Bozeman, Montana 59717 USA University of Nebraska-Lincoln (1) 315-433-2671 Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0375 USA (1) 315-432-4523 fax IPS Web Site (1) 402-472-2641 [email protected] (1) 402-475-8899 fax [email protected] Produced at the Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles, California; • • I I I minor, Northwestern to pursue gr2lou.ate 1924. Dearborn Bennot COlmtJle1ted mI'enle]lts for a master's a thesis on the proper stars. Her results were Dubli:shE~d After Fox was chosen to direct '-'H.H.. ULP'.V Adler Planetarium 1929, he secured women to achieve parity with men. "Chief that cOlnprisE~d Gender-specific divisions of labor within among these additional factors was the the pre-1940 American astronomical com enthusiastic backing of powerful and politi munity have been profiled by historian John cally astute male colleagues, without whose Lankford.1 Women who aspired to work in support even the most meritorious work astronomy often performed routine labors would go unrewarded."4 Yet, reliance upon in factory-style observatories. Women male allies constituted a precarious arrange astronomers were victims of a "dual labor ment for women. If or when market," characterized by "limited mobility, that support system collapsed, low pay and limited room for intellectual guarantees of sustained em independence."2 Historian Margaret W. ployment were lost as well. Rossiter has argued that an institutional Historians have paid little "logic of containment" long enforced "segre attention to women's roles as gated employment and underrecognition" astronomy educators in Amer for women scholars. Behind this scenario lay ica's planetaria. Before 1940, the "basic social desire to restrict women to five major installations were the lower levels of the academic hierarchy."3 opened in Chicago, Philadel Such actions contradicted supposed merito phia, Los Angeles, New York, cratic practices of hiring and advancement and Pittsburgh. All were eqUip that in reality applied only to men. ped with Zeiss projectors and had domes at least fifty feet in This paper argues that, diameter. Smaller, non-Zeiss planetaria only began to pro before equal-rights legisla liferate after 1947. This paper tion was passed, gender argues that, before equal-rights specific differences often legislation was passed, gender specific differences often char characterized employment acterized employment pat patterns found among terns found among America's America's major and smaller major and smaller planetaria. Within the former category, planetaria. Within the former the careers of Maude Bennot category, the careers of and Marian Lockwood demon Maude Bennot and Marian strate the persistence of gender Lockwood demonstrate the biases and warrant an exten sion of Rossiter's concepts to persistence of gender biases the popularization of science. and warrant an extension of Rossiter's concepts to the popularization of science. Maude V. Bennot (b. 1892) graduated valedictorian of her Rossiter's analysis of gender biases present class at age 16 from Thornton Maude V. Bennot. Source: in the scientific reward system describes how Township High School in Har Biography, new series, vol. 13, ed. "extrascientific assets" were needed for vey, Illinois. She was accepted New York: American Historical ~AllfliIlATI v When Fox left the planetarium in 1937 to tification men who possessed inferior cre In this respect, Bennot suffered from Fox's direct Chicago's Museum of Science and dentials and experiences. Like other women conception of as institutions Industry, Bennot was chosen its acting direc who had risen to high-ranking positions dur teaching and research. But Dunham tor. She thus became the first woman to ing the war, Bennot was slated for replace that the "has not ~Uj"J.HJlC:U head a planetarium facility in the U.S. (and ment by masculine authorities even before its function to astronomy."11 probably the world). Bennot's nearly eight that conflict had ended. These words a second rrlTl"lClrYl year appointment as acting director indi The decision to have Bennot replaced namely that Bennot had failed to V~Li"H'ULL cates a temporary concession which became with a man was engineered Robert]. Dun any new programs her tenure as 'permanent' by default. That arrangement, ham, Chicago Park District board preSident, director. Both however, however, allowed the Chicago Park District and undertaken with full approval of plane success with which she slflglehandelC111 board to release Bennot without recourse tarium donor Max Adler. Announcement of ministered the plcmt~tariulm thl'OUl2"h when such a move was deemed politically this change came at a board meeting held 26 longed national emergency. SC11ie:sin;g;er"s expedient. Her responsibilities were in fact December 1944, after Fels Planetarium direc ing was predicated on the fact that doubled to include both the director's and tor F. Wagner Schlesinger had been secretly man. his first actions as director was assistant director's duties, although her appointed Bennot's successor. In Dunham's to institute a number of new programs; a salary remained fixed at the latter's $4,800 plan, Bennot would receive only three move that found support. Embittered per year, considerably less than Fox's initial month's salary in 1945. Afterwards, the assis by her sudden dismissal, Bennot left the salary of $7,500. Bennot's appointment was tant director's position would be eliminated, astrorlornv education forever. adopted as a cost-cutting measure and con preventing Bennot from reacquiring even stituted an obvious form of gender discrimi her original means of employment. Bennot nation. charged that "this action constitutes a sub Before and after she became the Adler terfuge, an evasion of the civil service laws."8 When New York's Planetarium Planetarium's director, Bennot was subjected Dunham refuted this claim by arguing that opened in 1935, its staff was the to the powerful effects of cultural stereo the civil service rating on Bennot's position American and the greatest types, which threatened to deny her recogni had been abolished several years earlier. number of women. Marian Lockwood (b. tion for those administrative duties. Dunham's argument was challenged 1899), a former student at Daily News columnist Sydney]. Harris re Marvin]. Bas, an attorney for the civil service and secretary of the Amateur Astronomers counted these facts after conducting an employee's association, who termed the Association of New York, was one of three interview with Bennot in 1944. "Park District board's failure to offer Bennot a full assistant curators by director G. officials," he noted, "were skeptical of this salary "a willful circumvention of the merit Clyde Fisher, Arthur L. slim, fragile woman. Masculine astronomers system.,,9 Bas, however, was unable to reverse Dorothy A. Bennett, a shook their heads dolefully, said she was the board's predetermined objective. sota graduate and member of the American more in place in a tearoom than in an obser Dunham reported that Adler and the Museum of Natural education vatory." "The only limitations to a woman's board felt that the planetarium "has not ful department. William H. Barton, Jr., ability," Bennot retorted, "exist in the minds filled all its possibilities; has not attained the appointed associate curator. Each of ofmen!"6 position in the scientific world it deserves.,1}0 assistant curators received identical salaries, Bennot operated the planetarium much as In their judgment, public education justified regardless of gender or level of educational Fox had done, with monthly rotations of only a portion of the planetarium's purpose. attainment. Barton and Lockwood were suc- show topiCS almost unchanged from their original formats. Yet her policy of retaining lectures devised years before led to negative repercussions. Continued economic depres sion and the of war brought cuts in budget, personnel, and attendance, leaving Bennot as the one-woman planetarium staff. She encouraged the teaching of celestial nav igation to U.S. Naval Academy midshipmen. But in spite of thrifty management policies, popularity with the public, and fifteen years of devoted service, Bennot was suddenly removed from her position in 1945, follow ing the death of her mentor, Philip Fox, from a cerebral thrombosis the previous year. In her sequel volume on the career hurdles faced by women scientists, Margaret Rossiter has chronicled the "detrimental impact" brought upon women's lives and careers by the postwar period. "[W]omen's wartime accomplishments, rather than justifying an increased role for women in the postwar world, were quickly forgotten" or deliberate ly obscured? Many were displaced and de The Hayden Planetarium Staff in 1935. Left to right: Miss Lockwood, Mr. Draper, Dr. Fisher, Mr. moted without adequate explanation or Barton and Miss Bennett. Courtesy, Perkin Collection Department of Astrophysics, American Museum ofNatural History. cessively appointed to the Hayden director tice-style training and advancement that ship, while Draper left in 1940 to direct were open to men remained virtually closed before the space age; some rernaiined Pittsburgh's Buhl Planetarium. Only Bennett, to women. In modern parlance, a 'glass ceil in the decade, when who resigned her position in 1939, did not ing' existed, which was not breached of women astronomers (and pl<:mt~tarilLm follow the above career pattern. women's hands for another generation. Lockwood's interest in astronomical mat ters had developed at Wellesley College. At Women the Hayden Planetarium, she distinguished herself as a lecturer and writer, publishing Women gained access to the post-war two books, The Earth Among the Stars (1935) American planetarium community after national on p12mE~tarillm and The Story ofAstronomy (1939), in collabo Philadelphia entrepreneur Armand N. Spitz tion hosted at Bloomfield Hills, iVH'-iLL~al1 ration with Draper and a third, Astronomy (1904-1971) introduced his Model A projector (1958) and Cleveland, Ohio (1960). She (1940), with Fisher. Lockwood also served as in October 1947. Those institutions which AVlr"'Y'<;:""",lu in the fields of natural associate editor of The Sky from November most readily acquired Spitz planetaria were and children's literature and was 'CITA7"' .... rion 1936 to February 1938. Despite these accomp smaller, regional museums and univer honorary doctorate Rhode Island lishments, she was not promoted to associate sity/college physics departments. Few public in 1966. Miss Charlie M. Noble, nrr,h'cc"r curator until May 1943. After Bennett's de schools could boast of a planetarium before parture, Lockwood remained the sole female federal legislation was enacted in the wake of presence on the planetarium staff. Sputnik's launch. Barton succeeded Fisher as the Hayden's Regional museums were seldom devoted director in 1937. With the outbreak of Euro to scientific research. Instead, they interpret pean hostilities, he devoted extensive efforts ed the area's local history or natural re to teaching celestial navigation and report sources; young children and families became edly trained some 30,000 midshipmen. their primary audiences. These lower-pres Barton's "consuming desire" to give all tige positions, offering a modest were towards the war effort contributed to the largely filled by women educators. Men, Astronomical breakdown of his health and premature contrast, did not find this type of museum recognition for her extensive death from heart failure in July 1944.12 His work to be sufficiently rewarding, well-pay ing program.13 Noble's name was subse place was filled by the last original member ing, or necessarily 'masculine'. Within such quently affixed to the Fort Worth plametari- of Fisher's staff when Lockwood was institutions, women's careers became self urn, making her the first woman appOinted the planetarium's acting curator. empowering. A number of women museum be so honored. Genevieve B. R. Little evidence remains of Lockwood's directors thus procured and managed Spitz who had earned a bachelor's in activities during her single year in charge of planetaria; a combination not possible at the tion from the of Minnesota, the Hayden Planetarium. What is apparent is nation's Zeiss facilities. These opportunities directed the Grout Museum of that she suffered a fate almost identical to seemingl y offered women all of the profes Science in Waterloo, Iowa after that which deprived Maude Bennot of the sional responsibilities and rewards that they opened its the Adler Planetarium's directorship. On 1 sought. and retained both dil'ectm:ships September 1945, Lt. Commander Gordon A. Atwater, a naval officer who had taught nav igation with Barton, replaced Lockwood as the planetarium's chairman and curator. Before being commissioned in the Navy, Atwater was a lumberman and avocational sailor who had earned an engineering degree at Purdue University. More concerned with matters of protocol and authority than past loyalty or competence, Atwater eliminated both associate and assistant curatorial posi tions, reducing Lockwood to nothing more than a lecturer by 1946. She resigned several months later and obtained a more lucrative position with the Grolier Society, a New York publishing house. Like her counterpart Bennot, Lockwood never returned to plane taria or astronomical teaching. Within America's Zeiss planetaria, women were to be denied the authority and autono my they had exercised during years of eco nomic depression and war. Attainment of gender equity was a temporary measure, later erased by the ideology of male superior ity. Gender biases continued to operate among major planetaria after 1945. Appren- Maribelle Cormack. Courtesy, Cormack Planetarium, Museum 6 1980 and was elected tus remained far short of the marks attained the first woman presi by male colleagues, a few stereotype-break dent of the Internation ing women attained both planetarium and al Planetarium Society museum directorships. While not all-inclu (1983-84). These careers sive, this pattern reveals the largest gender are among the most specific differences in post-war planetarium successful of the com management. Whether by constraint or munity's women plan desire, these women evidently looked no fur etarium directors. ther toward possible careers in the nation's major planetaria. Conclusions In steadily growing fashion, women began During prime years to act as a positive force for change within of the 'feminine mys the American planetarium community. tique', women planetar Their presence under the dome served as an ium directors were few important role model and demonstrated in number, largely dis that girls as well as boys could learn about couraged from pursu the heavens. For those few women who em ing scientific or techni braced this challenge, neither size of dome cal careers believed to nor type of planetarium instrument mat be reserved for men. tered. Regarding the supposed distinctions The typical career path between large and small planetaria, Haar way open to men, stick replied that the dome's diameter "tells which led to the direc us nothing except how to figure its circum torship of a major plan ference."14 What counted most was being etarium, remained vir allowed to present astronomy lessons to chil tually closed to wo Maxine B. Haarstick. Courtesy, Minneapolis Planetarium, dren and adults in enthusiastic and enter men. Only wi thin the Minneapolis Public Library. taining fashion. But the fewer and lesser nation's smaller muse- rewards these women received, along with urns, universities, and the motivations which guided them, Louise L. Morlang directed the Townsend school districts were the barriers to women's remained primarily intrinsic. Planetarium at Charleston, West Virginia's participation as planetarium directors gradu public library, while Claudia Robinson ally removed. While their numbers and sta- (Please see Gender on page 36) supervised the Dallas, Texas Health and Science Museum's planetarium. Before the launch of Sputnik, the woman who achieved the highest recognition from planetarium colleagues was Maxine (Begin) Haarstick (1922-1985), curator of education at the Minneapolis Public Library's Science Museum. Haarstick earned bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Minnesota. When the American Association of Museums (AAM) held its 1952 conference in the Twin Cities, Haarstick's institution hosted the first official meeting of the AAM planetariums section. Its five-member panel offered discussion on the topiC, "Planetari ums, Their Use as a Community Service." Haarstick's active role in the planetariums section, gauged by almost yearly presenta tions, led to her selection as chairperson of its 1957 meeting. She became the first woman to attain such recognition from male-dominated colleagues. Haarstick was re elected chair of the AAM section in 1964. Her most notable paper, "How to Succeed in the Planetarium," was published in Museum News. Haarstick's career was capped by assuming planetarium and museum direc tor's posts concurrently after 1959. More recently, Jeanne (Emmons) Bishop (b. 1943), director of the Westlake, Ohio schools plane Charlie Mary Noble with Armand Spitz at the dedication of the Noble Planetarium at its new tarium, earned a doctorate in astronomy location at the new Fort Worth Children's Museum. Courtesy, Noble Planetarium, Museum of education from the University of Akron in Science and History. Vol. 31, No.2, June 2002 Planetarian 7 laser", LASERIUM®. Thus it was that Dr. Garmire and I hr{'Ill(rht Go d ye to Griffith a small helium-neon red laser and a lumia diffraction wheel to generate those gyrating by a Departing "House Guest" interference patterns among the stars on the dome. It was transfixing; a lO-minute plan ned demonstration stretched to 45. And then Ivan Dryer, President the record was turned over for more. But the answer was "no." So we went away and did laser Images, Inc. some laser work in films, tours (rock and clas 6911 Hayvenhurst sical), and openings all firsts. Then in June Van Nuys, California 91406 of '73 my new partner, Charles McDanald, and I set up a demonstration at a Caltech lab kindly loaned by Dr. Garmire, and we invit In November of 1973 a 28-year association interrupted periodically by sojourns at San ed about 120 people to witness our borrowed with Griffith Observatory, and with plane Diego State, Northern Arizona and Lowell full-color Krypton gas laser and a battery of tarium's worldwide, began with the premiere Observatory, and a full-time day job while new effects. Only two people showed up, but of LASERIUM®. That association ended with attending USC Cinema at night. they were Ron Oriti, who had stepped up to the closing of LASERIUM® at the Observa My on-and-off guide work ended in 1968, Associate Director, and William Kaufman III, tory this January 5th. But it actually wasn't but I was back at the Observatory in Decem the new Director of the Observatory (and at ber of 1970 with a new application, for a kind of "laser Fantasia" we hoped to present after-hours in the planetarium theater. The idea for this re sulted from an en counter with the laser artwork of a Cal tech Laser PhYSicist, Dr. Elsa Garmire, at a con ference called Experi men ts in Art and Technology at USC in November, 1970. A fel low filmmaker and I got an invitation to her lab to film the laser effects she was creating with two small lasers - a bl ue green argon and a red heli um -neon - and projecting on her Scene from "Blue Danube" selection in the original walls. While filming Griftlth patron and trademark "Blue Danube" circles, LASERIUM® show at Griftlth in Los Angeles. the marvelous, seem- mid-1970s. All photographs courtesy Laser Images. ingly organiC, undulat ing laser "clouds" (in the first. (Indeed, my first, and formative, terference patterns, later dubbed "lumia" 28 the youngest of any major planetarium). experience of the Observatory was a trip to after the term coined by light artist Thomas Dr. Kaufman was willing to give us a try and the moon courtesy of original Director, Dins Wilfred in the 1920s) I found it difficult to offered four otherwise "dark" Monday nights more Alter, circa 1948.) Later, as a junior in cut because they were so continually novel in November and December as a test to see if high school and an amateur astronomer and stimulating. It also occurred to me then anybody would show up. since middle school, I applied to Griffith that the film would not fully render the Again we went away, this time to build a Observatory for a guide staff position. I was intensity, the scope, the purity of the color projector and create a show. We finished the turned down because I didn't meet the age ful forms morphing on the lab walls and former at 5:00 a.m. on opening day, Novem reqUirement. DisappOinted, I tried again next back-scattering laser "speckle" all over the ber 19, 1973 (the latter was a work in progress year, and on graduation in June, 1956 began room like some science fiction set. But what with several mutations to follow). I went my first stint as a guide. Among my first col about doing a "live" laser projection amid home to shower and change, then returned leagues was Ronald A. Oriti, with whom I the starry "sky" of the planetarium? And so, downtown to appear at 7:00 am on Ralph began a lifetime friendship - especially dur the "house of the planets" dome was to even Story's "A.M. Los Angeles" show on ABC. As a ing the next 12 years at the Observatory, tually do double-duty as the "house of the result of that single five-minute spot - again 8 featuring lumia from a small red laser - we had two halHll1i houses at the scheduled 7:30 and 9:00 shows that night. II have always bel ieved that only in LA would this h,lve be(>n possible.) And at the end of the test run on December 10lh we turned away an estimated 500 people from our 9:00 ~how. All of this was the resUlt of word of mouth: we did IIQadver" tising. (Again. what can I say? It was tAl) Dr. Kaufman called nl{' to S,1y that L,\SE R1UM- s<'ellll--d to be a viable addition to tht' planetarium scht'dule and proposed a continuation of the Monda}' t irne slots. resuming in January 1974, along with afternoon matiTlC't"S. WIll'Tl ! climtx'(] into the (now recently demolished) 1'.'00<]. en stockade around the planetarium projt't:tor over 28 }'ea~ ago to p<'rform those early LASERIUM ~ shows, I had predict· ed we might run for 10 yea~:11 maybe.1 thOUs.1nd guests pN week. Fortunatel y, I was wrong. I was aho too conservative in Illy expectations for the respome of the crowds, and I relish the memories of thost' fiT5t unsure step~ into the technical and aesthetic unknowns - much of the original shows being made up as we went along! It seemed whatever we l a~er i sb did wa~ OK with Ihe audience as long as it was on the music beaLlf the laser shut off during the show bc('ause the watt'r·pres~lIrt' drOPI)('d, it nll'vl(gill"lla'\"'i'l~ (/ml /X',(orlllfllice col/wi" IllIIkr tile LI'iJS ill IYN. had 10 do ~o on a ctle; and if it came hack on at the right time, who knew'! rhh was rdated to Ihe new principle of physics we discovered and termed the "john Efft'Ct." It turned out that the water pressure drOppt'd when a critical thresh old of johns was flushN] Simultaneously. So 1\'1: loeketJ Iht' rest rooms during the shows - only to fin d there W('Tl' W(lr~ consequences than the intermittent blackouts! (,\ separatt' walt'r line wa~ tht' curt'.J Then there wa~ the time my co·per former, Charlie McD,lnald, accidentally touched the high voltage pa\s hank in the laser power supply and leI Otlt a mortal cry a~ Ill' was in the pr()(:e~s of being continuously shockt'(I, until I rl;'ach{'{1 the ~\\"ilch - all on nil', so of COUfS(' the audience applau(Jt-d. Another aftefll()(ln in 1974, the word wa~ out th;1\ Patty !-IeaNt was on the lam in (,riffith Park, and "wouldn't it be fun if ~he ,howl'(l up at the OhSeTValOry!" Now, hack when our shows were compleldy live and OUT electronics were, to put it charitably. imprecise, we used Charlie's old Navy {)SCi l· loscop(' to wt up the ··Blue IJarmhe" sc.lIl pattern~. ,\nd dur ing that ~how IlwTe was a loud l>ang - ·'Palty I kar::.t r1lU~t be in ;1 )hootout with the FBI," and we hit the (led! Instead, it turned out to be the old scol)(' giving up the ghost when Wl' noticed the bad smdl and the plllll1 e of smoke rbing from it. But. hey. it was again 011 CUf'. a nd again the audience responded. Yt't anotht'r unschedult'd interactive moment was when il fly la nded on one of thc lumia p.l!tern Whl't'ls and started to explore it. while upon the dome was the shad· ow of this ellOrlllOUS insect strOlling through the projected dhplay...... ("t.'(lIt'Ss to s.1y,the audience \\"cnt wild! f\Vl' comit!· crt'(] hiring lIlt' fly.> And all that was just from the first ~i ... or l'lghl months in LA. - befor(' Denvef. Nt'w York. Sim FranCiSco. San Diego. Scaui{', Toronto,;"1. Loui" London, Parh. Pitbburgh, Kyoto. Tol..yo. CIe\'{'lantL("... lraCa~ - it wt'nt on anti on .. ~ It beg;m that ~ummer of 1974 when we first reached lx-yond LA. to hit another mark - or rather two Marks Peterson of (iates I'lanetarium, Denver. and Chartrand of Hilytten Plaln-Iarium in New York. OUf first forily into Ihe beyond was in August at Gales wheT\' it took ()ver ~ix wl~ks Of/SJlla/IASI RIUld ' IJOlla art. 1973. and eH'ntually our cntire home staff to 0)('11 (a week latl.'l. Vol. 3' , No.2, June 2002 Planetarian 9 Ful/·dOIllI'I'{fi.'C1 lI'i I II stellar illig 11/1'11 1111 iOIl. and galaxies bur~ting arl-ana that o ft en yicldl'(l ~lx'C t ac lLlar res ults from t he cen te r of t il e by singula rl y 10w'lech means (coke bottles. dome amid a gigan ti c l'offee cans and color gels. et all. Indeed, I am 1.lllIIio-ill ler{i.'rI'IICI'·P 10 Planetor ion Vol. 31, No.2, June 2002 RG/f,~f{/JI"i( olJ(l/I/O/i(1 ('(feCI {rom "[.(151" lfi5iolls· (filial silow). ned in 1973, about the relevance of our covered and then 50 rdined the use of ~how in the planetarium. I bt'g the tools to help with the difficult busi reader's indulg('nn' to shaft' ,I portion ne'iS of living. \'Ill' have often misu..ro which Linda just retired as Executive because I think it is perllaps e\'en more apro our technOlogy and in llIany ways ])irector). postoday: become subservient to it, evell threat And what a night and what a week it was! ened by it. Nothing should be more Amid the fury of that final wt't'k, before The plan('tarium has for many years evident in the last half of the 20ll, the frantic onslaught by tht' public-comt'" vividly communicated objective sci Century than that we must re~lore lately on the last Saturday (I was reminded of entific facts. Rut progra ms such as technology 10 our service - to the the Roman assault on Masada), I was think those at the Griffith Observatory also human uses of helping us live mort' ing a 101 alxlUt how we got starh."t1 and whal have provided a subjt..><: ti ve experience comfortilbly (/11(1 more me,lningfully it has me,mt to Illl' ,mel to our fans. I \earched of things and pl aces that cannot yet as well. And nothing now could be back into our archiv~ and found a couple of be experiel1c('(1 ill peoon. Hundreds of more important than its us(' in art to things that were particularly germane to me. I houS<.1ncls of IX'Ople rod(' to the moon rekindle wonder and delight in th(' In a 1986 interview 1 was asked of what J from here on their imagina tions long midst of our darkest anxieties. Many was most proud. And I said it was that we before Neil Armstrong even con creat ures know fear. Few have the showed against all odds and advice that ceivt'd he would do it. This mental capaCity for wonder and delight. IhN(, wa~ a ma~s ;wdi('ncl' for a larg('ly lelt'portation to other worlds has to They are among the most human ,1bstract entertainment - that a business be called an art. It is nothing more nor experiences. and we must Te·learn could be built around thinking way outside less than involving people with ideas th(,lll to survive. tht' [)ox. (A nd now w("rt' so far oUhide we and feelings that are bigger than and havt' to build a whole new bo.\ - th(' revolu far heyond their dily-to-day ("OIKerns. Certainly OUf anxieties have darkened tionary new iteration of J.ASEIUUM., th(' And that is the S<.1!lle kind of thing we even morc this past year. and I think more CYBEltDOME"', soon to appear in a ne;lrby propoS(' to do - \0 not only entertain, than ('vcr we can benefit from uplifting, cre venu(' with a hugc new dome and incredible but to stimulate and perhaps evell ative and gt'nuint'ly fun experiences that in t('ractiv(' multimedia. Wc ha\·c pf{xluced a inspire the viewers 10 states of mind allow us to l1l('aningfully tran scend our vi(l('O to glv(' a hint of what it will be like, that are beyond their normal rou· workaday routines and even the torture and which can be acc('ssed on our LASEItIUM® tines, and thus. hopefully, to make torpor of much of what Ih1Sses for entertain CYBERDOME'" Web page - broadband is tht'm richer for the e.~perience. ment these days. Thllf is what w(' have been helpful - where we hopt' to soon announct' Other than appearanct', the thing trying to do these past 28 years, ;tnd it is tilt' exact location and exp('ct('d opening that outward ly most disl inguisht's what we expe<:t to do more completely in date.) humans frolll other crea turt's is our the future. I also found an unpublished essay, pen- technology. No other slX'cies has dis· Vol. 31, No_ 2, June 2002 Planetarian 11 JOIN THE GROWING FAMILY OF SPITZ DIGITAL THEATERS CUSTOMER-DRIVEN PRODUCT DEVELOPMEN T · lD ELECTRICSKY THEATERS · PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE TO HUNDREDS OF SITES ANNUALLY · THEATER DESIGN SERV ICES · BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT STUDIES BRIS L NATItmAL SPAC E CENTRE . Le iCESTER. UK BIRMIN GLASGOW SCIENCE CENTRE. SCOlLAHO c A DRI PHIL DE THE FRA-NKLIN INSTITUTE , PHILADELPHIA. USA www.spilzinc.comP.O.BoxI98.ChaddsFord. PAI9317 USA 610.459.5200 Spark the imagination af audiences with dazzling astronamical effects and shows. An animation from the An animation from a astronomical library. constellation show. Omniscan works perfedly with all forms of starfield and special effects proiedion systems. For more informotion coil 1-800-952-7374 or 407 -859-8166 You can also visit our website at www.av-imagineering.com ular science books for at least the last decade. course, true for the passage And there has been a recent surge of interest neutrinos and following the famous observations of distant used <'",--no.ri,>u supernovae that claim to show that the uni described verse is accelerating in its expansion. The last five or so years have seen the publication of a number of well-written popular books that seek to describe (in entertaining the recent developments in our understanding of the origin and evolution of the universe. A mers and the primary question about any new book on yet much about the the topic of cosmology might well be, what ry"-,,n.rru For more advanced arrlatl2U!'s, sets it apart? should someone read Cos- level of this book will be too Revealed as opposed to The Runaway reveal little It's books this time, readers. Tomes. Universe by Donald Goldsmith, or Stephen or read about. However, all Volumes. Texts. From eggshells to nutshells A Brief History of Time? It is a fair a text, a biography, a delving into question. and a little something for the children. Several software packages will grace the Sep ... all readers will appreciate tember column, and your contributions in the portable star maps, and either category are welcome. Contact me at the address above, and see you in a number of colorful analo Wichita! gies useful in explaining cos Thanks to our reviewers: Christopher G. mology to the uninitiated. De Pree, Robert D. Hicks, Ann Hornscheme ier, Nathalie Martimbeau, Richard Monda, and John Mosley. Fairall's casual, brief and often entertain ing book has a number of advantages over the competition. It contains an int-or"ct-irHT set of three-dimensional images of stars and galaxies on scales ranging from the solar system to the inner shell of the "Cosmic Egg" as Fairall describes it the cosmic micro wave background that presents us with the earliest picture from the universe. These images provide a lot of information, especially to novice astronomers who do not often appreciate the wide range in distances to visible stars. 3D goggles provided in the book decode the view of stars out to 1000 light years and the view of the Galaxy from our perspective. Fairall's descriptions of familiar the expansion of the universe and the recent discoveries about the accelerating eXoaJ:1S10n are approachable. The book is written very A in casually, as if it were not subject to a strin Osterbrock, Princeton gent editorial review. While the recent dis 41 William Street, Princeton, New coveries of an accelerating are 08540,2001, ISBN 0-691-04936-X, mentioned, for example, there is no actual US$29.9S. description of the research, its importance, or its limitations. Most of the author's attention Reviewed Ann Hornschemeier, seems to have been invested in the last two State Cosmology Revealed: Living Inside the Cosmic somewhat speculative chapters entitled liThe USA. Egg, by Anthony Fairall, Springer Verlag; 175 Limitations of Science" and "The Anthropic Fifth Avenue, New York, New York, 10010, Principle". While well-written and entertain Donald Osterbrock's account USA, 2001, ISBN: 1852333227, US$29.95 ing, they are diversions from the main topic Baade's life (paperback). of the book. of characters, both in I find one major error in the book, related tions and more incidental m1:ercKtlonlS. to its title, which is the concept that one can At times Baade's not "see" beyond the Cosmic Egg, that there "who's who" of observational astrOllOIn th is a limit to the time to which we can look the first half of the 20 rOlnhu'u Cosmology has been the hot topic in pop- back in the universe. This proposition is, of career, for he palrti<:lp;ated number of solar eclipse voyages, and on one The Composition of Kepler's Astronomia Nova, recounted each strand of his -I-h-iriLrin,rr of these occasions he traveled with Bernhard by James R. Voelkel, Princeton University wrong turns, insights, false assuIlllpjtions, Schmidt. His discussions with this telescope Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jer errors. The historical builder about the problems of telescope mir sey, 20m, ISBN 0-691-00738-1, US$49.50. is that of an eccentric, even a rors and aberrations likely resulted in performed laborious calculations to Schmidt's work to develop the perfect mir Reviewed by Robert D. Hicks, Loxodrome mathematical pn~diction. ror. Schmidt developed a spherical mirror History Consultants, Richmond, Virginia, Now comes James R. Voelkel, ~UfJUUH~H'_" with a corrector plate and the Schmidt tele USA. Manager of the of Recent uL''-L''-L scope was born. and Technology web project, Dibner In the popular mind, Nicholas Copernicus te for the History of Science and Techllloj[OI.!V At times Baade's life history redefined the cosmos from a geocentric to in Cambridge, Massachusetts, reads like a "who's who" of heliocentric framework. He did not, howev enlarged his doctoral dissertation on er, project his heliocentric model as a physi into a book. Voelkel examines Astronomia observational astronomy in cal reality but offered a geometric model nova, its antecedents, and the first half of the 20th cen more palatable than the Ptolemaic alterna dence over many years, to argue that tury. tive. Copernicus retained the concept of uni method of discourse was not eccentriC, form circular motion, requiring the elabora rhetorically calculated. tion of circles within circles, epicycles and Planetarians will appreciate Baade's long deferents, to account for observations. Even to a casual reader history of lecturing, both to professional After Copernicus came the other early astronomers and the general public. He dif greats of the history of astronomy: Tycho, astronomical history, fered from his research contemporaries in Galileo, and Johannes Kepler. Kepler has kef's arguments bring the re that he used lectures and symposia to prolif attracted interest because of his achieve ward of peering into Kepler's erate his ideas and results, rather than pub ments in placing planets in elliptical orbits, a lishing in scientific journals. Baade was very conceptual shift from uniform circularity as compelling but unfam r influential and undoubtedly helped to popu significant as that engineered by Copernicus, and unusual mind. larize astronomy and to educate the general and for describing the physical properties of public about science. these orbits. Kepler has also attracted interest The book begins with the 1920s, when the because he was loquacious in print: volumes Voelkel argues "that the conceptu- first quantitative measurements of the mys of his correspondence survive, sources ripe al and features of the Astronomia terious "nebulae" were occurring. It takes us for analysis. nova are intimately related: Kepler IJ""IJ~'~'-' through a real revolution in understanding. Some historians have found Kepler's early chose this form of exposi tion By the 1950s we see that these nebulae are scientific discourse difficult and idiosyncrat because of the response he knew to galaxies and that we can learn about the evo ic to follow. Kepler's early publication, Mys from the astronomical £'n.rn;1'Yl11""iTTT lution of galaxies and of the universe terium cosmographicum, included a much revolutionary changes in astronomical through their observation. reproduced illustration of his conception of methodology he was proposing" 2). If one is interested in the detailed history planetary orbits as Platonic solids, a geomet Beginning with the Mv<;tp;ri1J]m C()srnt()'ll'atJ,fi of observational astronomy in Germany and rical model of elaborate and arcane construc icum, Voelkel painstakingly looks at the U.S. from 1920-1960, Osterbrock's book is tion. It is very difficult for a modern reader, works and the responses elicited from for you. It probably does not have a large even a physicist or an astronomer, to digest other astronomers. amount of direct applicability to the devel this image as having any accessible reality. opment of planetarium programming. This And today, with every college astronomy cu book represents a monumental amount of rriculum anchored in physics, modern read work; a wealth of information will surely be ers must be reminded that in Kepler's day, as an a great resource to historians. physics and geometrical astronomy were assistant. Tycho, and virtually everyone else, perceived as separate scholarly endeavors. tried to discourage Kepler from seeking Kepler's Astronomia nova of 1609 suggested ical causes in astronomy. Tycho U,hHf-oU'-'-" a new physical reality, uniting physics and Kepler Martian orbital calculations, the astronomy in laying the foundation for the result of which fitted Kepler's new scheme astronomy of Isaac Newton decades later. and framed the arguments of Astronomia Pursuing the physical truth of heliocentrism nova. Says Voelkel: as a religious goal, Kepler suggested a motive force in the sun as responsible for all plane What Kepler did in the Astronomia nova tary movement (meaning that revolution was to make a table that acted as a ary periods are a function of solar distance), bridge between his theories, and that and he also defined what have since been would retain its usefulness after ... a per dubbed his first two laws of planetary fectly circular orbit, had been dis motion, that orbits exist in ellipses and that proved. This is an excellent illustration planets move along elliptical orbits at vary that the Astronomia nova was not writ ing speeds, traversing equal areas of the ten as a faithful account of the research, ellipse in equal times (now called the "area but was crafted to instruct and lead the law"). reader through Kepler's various at For modern historians, Kepler's discourse tempts. (p. 134) in this great work appears odd in that Kepler Voelkel's thorough examination of Kep The Search for Life in the Universe, 3rd Edition, ler's correspondence permits a compelling Donald Goldsmith and Tobias Owen, Uni argument about the rhetorical structure of verSity Science Books, Sausalito, California Astronomia nova. The author prefaces his (www.uscibooks.com). 2002, ISBN 1-891389- analysis of Kepler's correspondence with a 16-5, US$62.50 hardcover. brief description of Kepler's intellectual milieu and the status of Copernicanism in it. Reviewed by John Mosley, Griffith Obser The book, however, demands that the reader vatory, Los Angeles, California, USA. understand the mechanism of epicycles, def erents, troublesome equants, eccentricities, Way back when Carl Sagan was starting to and the implications of using the mean ver popularize the idea, I taught a college class I have plenty of sus true sun as a datum - concepts that may on the quest for extraterrestrial life. I used daunt casual readers of the history of astron photocopies of recent journal articles be subject and a omy. cause I could find no suitable textbook. I file - but I don't I found the protracted quotations from would have loved to have used The Search much exceflent in the correspondence of Kepler and David Fab for Life in the Universe. But if I were to teach ricius most engaging. Fabricius, amateur that course again and use this text, I'd still one place as is found astronomer and pastor, provided Kepler a need photocopies to fill in important gaps. form of "peer review" through his letters. The book is useful beyond the college/uni The reader can sympathize with Fabricius in verSity audience for which it is intended. A his eagerness to see things Kepler's way, and staple topiC for those of us who write plane in his inability to dissolve all of the founda tarium shows is the question of extraterres The final third of the book tions of his understanding of the cosmos for trial life. In all polls of what planetarium search for extraterrestrial in1:elligE~nce. the implications of Kepler's physical reality. audiences want to know about, ET comes rh'~nf-.,,.,, in this section seem out Because Kepler had redefined the cosmos out at or very near the top. And rightly so - (shouldn't the story of the in terms of physical properties, he knew that we want to know if there are others like us in and a discussion his rhetoric had to be clear to contempo the vast cosmos. Or even others who are not raries so that they could not only follow his like us. planets in thinking, but could also see that his conclu Researching the topiC is not hard. I have here. What does Drake's sions were inevitable. Voelkel makes a com plenty of books on the subject and a thick What is the of pelling case, and future studies of Kepler will clipping file - but I don't have so much have to reckon with this study. excellent material in one place as is found in from others? How we This is a speCialist work, intricate and the 573 pages between the covers of this par to the stars? What do UFOs and Von demanding, with few formulae or diagrams, ticular book. Whereas many other books ken tell us? And - in a nice COlt1clusion and reqUires close attention to the discourse explore an aspect of the question and go in do we have to wonder over exis- of geometrical astronomy of the seven odd directions the author has a special inter tence (Fermi's ~v>;r'>r1Ir.v teenth century. Even to a casual reader of est in, The Search for Life in the Universe is I over some astronomical history, Voelkel's arguments encyclopedic, and that makes for a good ref omissions and other sections that bring the reward of peering into Kepler's erence book. There is a lot of material here extraneous, the book a lot compelling but unfamiliar and unusual on most (but not all) aspects of the subject. material into one volume that should mind. The book's first section discusses the uni home on many bookshelves. verse as a place where life might find a home. How are stars born, how do they shine, how long do they live, and how do they die? How common are planets? What do we know about pulsar planets? Where were the ele ments that make up our bodies SYI1trleSllZelJt It's a good introduction, but in my humble opinion, much of this section is off-topic. The next section treats the of life and intelligence. Under what conditions did life form on earth? Must life be carbon-based? Is intelligence inevitable? An interesting short section explores the prob lems of Fred Hoyle's living i1Black Cloud." Now, half-way through the thick book, we look at the other planets in our solar sys tem. What do amino acids in meteorites tell us? Why is Venus so different from the earth? What did Viking really tell us, and is there fossil life in some Martian meteorites? Could life exist in Jupiter's clouds? At Tri ton's low temperature? Incredibly, the authors barely mention the question of The Universe in a Nutshell, tions it makes. If observations confirm the Bantam Books, 1540 Broadway, predictiOns, then the theory is accepted career know that he is a fan of the -i-c.Louicin.r. New York, New York, 10036, 20m, ISBN 0- the scientific community. I the observations series Star Trek. the n ... {'rh1r"'... " 553-80202-X, US$35.00. show otherwise, then, assuming the observa the show knew as well. When he was tions are correct, the theory has to be modi Pasadena, California, to deliver a Reviewed by Richard Monda, :,cllertectadly fied or discarded. was asked if he would like to be in a New York, USA. Notice that this approach does not tell us the holodeck what the phenomenon actually is. A descrip Next Generation's Enterprise. No Stephen Hawking has done it again. The tion with predicative abilities that can be would turn down such an rVYVn,,;~h1r.i1-n author of A Brief History of Time and holder tested is enough to perform science whether there are two video stills in the book of the same academic "chair" as Sir Isaac it be Newton's account of a falling ball or playing poker with Commander Data, Newton has brought us an update on his Hawking's description of the region around a Einstein, and Isaac Newton. research about black holes, time travel and black hole. ligh ts up with a wide smile as the future of the universe. "Wrong again, Albert," to Eirlsb~inls The Universe in a Nutshell begins with a Hawking also introduces us well-known remark, "God does not discussion of Einstein, his Theory of Rela to his personal way of think with the universe." (Einstein did not believe tivity, and the events leading up to Edwin in the probabilistic nature of the new Hubble's discovery of the expansion of the ing about science and his re tum theory that revolutionized universe. None of these are technical descrip search philosophy: the pOSi early in the twentieth tions because this publication was written tivist approach. Several times in the book he also for a general audience. Nevertheless, a pro fun at his physical condition, ~~~UH"U~f> science attitude goes a long way with the his "chair" was not motorized in Newton's topics Hawking covers. And black holes are Hawking's specialty. time. has La teral Hawking labels Einstein's relativity as The master who discovered how black holes Sclerosis (Lou disease), a criDDlinlj! "classical," a term usually used in physics to can "evaporate" now endeavors to show that condition in which the muscles of the describe Newton's almost four-hundred-year information in such an object is lost forever, atrophy but the brain stays intact. His has old portrait of physical phenomena. A "mod not even released as the black hole dissipates. reached the advanced stage; he can no ern" Theory of Relativity, Hawking tells us, Hawking says that this has serious implica speak and has use of this right arm. He incorporates the Heisenburgh Uncertainty tions for determinism unless space stores the is now confined to his V,-"LJVHUH Principle of quantum physics that says we information as waveforms and radiates it as wheelchair, complete with voice sY11ttleslze'r. can ever exactly determine a particle's posi the black hole disappears. Finally, the title. a nutshell? Accord- tion or its energy. This is the kind of mind-boggling concept ing to Hawking, the behavior of the universe Hawking also introduces us to his personal that Hawking introduces to the reader. Other can be understood in terms of its and way of thinking about science and his such topiCS include eleven-dimensional when mapped out malth(~matl<:all research philosophy: the positivist approach. supergravity, superstring theory, M-theory, as a slightly flattened sphere with Accord to this view, "A scientific theory is a p-branes (multidimensional membranes), the nutshell in :,naKesl)e;:ne' mathematical model that describes and codi imaginary time and holographic encoding of paraphrase, "We could be bounded fies the observations we make." a region on its boundary. shell and count ourselves of ir.ifi.-.i-i-c. In this approach, a good theory has a few Keep in mind that Hawking treats all these space." basic postulates that can describe a wide concepts descriptively, carefully mt:roIClw:::mg This book '-H'lH~'-Hi"'-J the limits of range of circumstances. Further, the theory us to his research field of theoretical thinking. can be tested based on the physical predic- Hawking's personal humor also shows An international team of astronomers and educators is starting an on-line and on space science education. Called \strorlOIllV Education Review" (AER), the new publication showcases educational research, innovation, resources, and ion. Its web address is: http://aer.noao.edu, where more information is available about the There are also for submit- ting contributions, and some articles that will be part of the first official issue. Articles are and then assembled into "issues" at regular intervals. Astronomy is taught from elementary school through college, and is one of the most popular topiCS in museums and the media. NASA also has an extensive program for education and outreach. Yet astronomy has remained the only major science field with no vehicle to educators communicate. AER is initially published with support from the National Optical Astronomy Observatories, and has been endorsed both the American Astronomical Society and the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (the two main professional involved with astron- omy education.) Its Board of Editors and Council of Advisors has been drawn from a wide cross-section of astronomy educators at all levels. Articles, news announcements, or avid readers for the journal are most welcome. CUBEX Portable Planetarium A fixed planetarium can - constelations outlines can be use it for: individually projected. - 2 sizes dome: 5 and 6 meters. ... school outreach - dome color chosen by customer . - vertical door that allows a fast, .. workshops easy and comfortable access . - lightweight dome fabric. - 12 V DC powered . ... special events - appropriate for schools, clubs, or an entrepreneurial business . ... community outreach - can be handled by one person! fits easily into any car, sets in ... hands-on education 10 min . ASTRONOMIA EDUCATIVA S,R.L. Casilla de Correo 4184 - C1000WBP - Buenos Aires - ARGENTINA Tel: +54-11-4697-2815 Fax: +54-11-4697-9067 I E-mail: [email protected] I www.zps.com.ar ship on the seas. Built at the Chantiers de Alberta. The I l'Atlantique, with a dome of 13 meters, the I t dome will be original with a circular portion moving up, so the planetarium is included into a more great and polyvalent show room. We'll come back on this event of a new kind from the Cunard Company in the sions focused on VL'JI-"J"U.l~ next International News column. munications with members, and llu.uaUU'H For the eighth year, the annual French of an awards program. A full report planetarium magazine is edited with a lot of conference will appear in the next papers on activities of planetariums and national News. astronomy. Among them are a long paper on Representatives of the Canadian the Big Bang, the planetariums in Italy (with Agency attended one session of the a detailed map), and a gallery of planetarium ence and presented their press, with covers of various magazines: Plan Educators' Conference to etarian (IPS), Twilight (Japan Planetarium CSA 26-28 June 2002. SOciety), GLPA News, PPA (Pacific Planetar The Educators' ium Association) and others. With the help ed at science center education staff of advertisers and of the French Ministry of room teachers. The conference is part a Research, the magazine opens this year with new strategy CSA Hej Planetarian readers all over the world a new design: it is in full color. It seems it is by CSA scientists and Cl1;,,-Ul'-'-L' and welcome to a new issue of International the first planetarium publication like that, tified and trained to undertake News! The column is edited in mid-April, a and thus has a kind of leadership. Finally, the ness and education programs and time when the evening sky changes quickly annual meeting of APLF is prepared by the Ten will be on differ- at Nordic latitudes and soon won't be seen at Planetariums of Bruxelles, Genk, and Ville ent space related all linked to the all. This column depends entirely on reports neuve d' Ascq and programmed for 8-12 relevant school curriculum. The conference from IPS Affiliate Associations all over the will also an excellent to world. Many thanks to Bart Benjamin, Ig Mexican Plane tar- network with other educators and science nacio Castro, John Dickenson, Jon Elvert, iums center staff from across the country interest Jean-Michel Faidit, Aaron McEuen, Loris It has recently been learned that the head ed in astronomy, space and science Ramponi, and Mark Sonntag for your contri of the Astronomy Area of the University of tion. For further information contact butions this time. You are welcome back Sonora, Antonio Sanchez Ibarra, has been Jason Clement at the CSA. Phone 1-450-926- with new reports, and I look forward to actively involved in setting up a new astro 4345. reports from other Associations as well. Up nomical facility at Magdalena de Kino, a A new round of coming deadlines are 1 July for Planetarian town in the northern state of Sonora. He is announced 3/2 and 1 October for 4/2. You may note that also involved in the concluding stages of the I have disconnected myoid fax machine for Carl Sagan Observatory which includes a good - but my email is as alive as ever! See planetarium. Its projector was homemade by and their US partner Center Houston you soon in Wichita, Kansas - and hejdel, as a local planetarian. It will be finished late have been selected to receive one of we say in Sweden! spring, with a 7-meter dome and surrounded awards. The citation states that liThe by a 3-meter wide circular gallery for tempo Selection Committee found the rary exhibits. Its all-around low cost will from the H R MacMillan and probably allow more planetariums to be Houston to be After the CNES/ APLF production last year built in the State of Sonora. that it had the (La plam!te aux mille regards), and a point of Further south, in the State of Colima, a results and generate the study of Earth by the French Centre group of entrepreneurs has been to two institutions". Under the terms National d'Etudes Spatiales, a new show is acquire a second-hand planetarium projector award, Pauline school programs offi now being prepared. It is a co-production of to be used on a 15- to 18-meter dome. Last cer for the H R MacMillan Centre, will ESO/ APLF and the title will be: Les secrets du time they lost a bid by a mere $500 US to del austral, with wonderful images of the buy the old Spitz AP3 1966 model used European Southern Observatory. The story is the Cleveland Natural History Museum - it Houston a '-'-J '-'.LV''-'.U visit to Van- written by Dirk Lorenzen, a German science sold for $18,000. If you know of someone couver in late 2002. journalist. The show will be prepared during selling a used projector please contact Three Canadian science centers were the spring and summer and will be presented Esteban Meneses at Striders. Valley Museum Planetarium is U'--,..,UHUHh Bob Martino continued his The William M. Staerkel Planetarium at work on a new show, scheduled for a Janu Parkland College in Champaign staged in ary 2004 opening. The show will be cultural April its first big-screen science fiction film ly focused on Hispanic traditions and cele festival in conjunction with the Orpheum brations, with the changing seasons as an Children's Science Museum. The staff recent underlying theme. Also, three summer ly applied for a grant for a digital sound sys Junior Astronaut Camps are being prepared tem. Early summer will bring a welcome using the planetarium and Challenger reupholstering of the planetarium's 144 seats. Learning Center facilities. The Digital Dome Indiana. The Koch Planetarium of the Planetarium in Detroit offered their l'or'ont-h7 hosted a "ramp- in-house production Views of the Universe. ed up" observance. Science Their school shows now include their own Educator Mike Smith and Planetarium Solar System Adventure. a Director Mitch Luman hosted solar observ- new name: The Dimon R. McFerson Plane committee will select the winner. The prize production tarium and Theater. The name honors the is a small school planetarium offered by the on some of the more recent board of trustees chairman who led the Italian firm Auriga. make this both educational efforts in the building of the new COSI. The A national workshop for itinerant plane en tertaining. featured winter program at Youngstown's tarium operators will be organized on 25-26 The next Omnimax film to open Cos Ward Beecher Planetarium was Astro 101, a October in Lumezzane (near the city of monova will be the released series of live lessons about things astronomi Brescia). The initiative, promoted with the Station. It includes a lot of SP(~ct;lCll1aI cal. For a series of eight weekends, Rick Pirko support of the Italian representative of Carl age both onboard and outside of the and Sharon Shanks presented basic astrono Zeiss, will be devoted in particular to the national Space Station. Set to my topics, from the earliest understanding of Starlab planetarium. The workshop also ESA astronaut Christer L""T~I,c~~"T the sky above us to today's modern space includes an English school lesson and a be present for the event as well as exploration. Beyond the state border in Erie, projection about Native American sky leg conference and a screening for Pennsylvania, the Erie Planetarium reports ends managed by the American teacher Fugelsang is scheduled to on STS-116 that their twenty-year old controls have selected for the yearly Week in Italy, orga spring where he will several been replaced with a new control system nized in collaboration with IPS Portable space walks installing hardware on the from East Coast. Planetarium Committee and Learning rior of the ISS, and he will be the first Wisconsin/Minnesota. The Minneapolis Technologies, Inc. The program includes also in space. Planetarium is holding its breath waiting for a guided visit of the astronomical sites and Tom Callen, Cosmonova's Astronomer/ news from the Minnesota state legislature old instruments of Brescia. The participation Program Producer, had his 30111 and Governor Ventura on whether or not it is free. Ask for the detailed program at in the planetarium profession in late will receive funds to build a new planetari Pacific Planetarium Association Young. with real-time operations and HH·'--LU'~U The Astronomical Society of the Pacific Karl von Ahnen Minolta Planetarium, De On 7-8 March, Mueller Planetarium the has a revised and updated web site, where its Anza College in Cupertino, reports on a De University of Nebraska -Lincoln, was the site slide sets and other non-profit educational Anza visit to Japan. Plans are progressing for of two concerts classical materials now can be purchased through a a major renovation of Minolta Planetarium astronomers. A chamber significantly upgraded e-commerce site. The at De Anza College. Although the amount of estra under the direction of UNL aOlctclral URL is ~'",CUt'l,'Ht'l team. Astrophysicist Dr. Alan Science Center for .LJ,--,u.,-u u Dressler, from the Carnegie Institute in Outreach at DePaul D.c., will be the banquet speak one of NASA's Office of er. Dr. Dressler maps the distribution of dark Broker/Facilitator ,-",,,,CUHLcU matter tracing the velocities of galaxies that are affected by its presence. finding the velocities (motions that are in addition to the expansion of the universe) of thousands of galaXies, Dressler and col text nriint·t:>n On April 12, NASA Administrator Sean leagues discovered a concentration of Students at O'Keefe unveiled the future direction of the the material, which they named the Great and Blind tested prototypes under agency. Attractor. ance of Wentworth, a science If you haven't yet discovered PlanetQuest, er at the school. When AAS press The NASA Vision is: give it a look. The website created Steve Maran saw the abstract for To improve life here, buzz when unveiled in at the Noreen, To extend life to there, American Astronomical winter To find life beyond. meeting. The URL is http://planetquest A local Southern California resident, .jpl.nasa.gov. The site is devoted to the search The NASA Mission is for extrasolar planets, and is interac To understand and protect our horne planet tive. Over the next 15 years, NASA is embark To explore the universe and search for life ing on a bold series of missions to find and To inspire the next of eXDiC)relrS characterize new worlds. These will be the ... as only NASA can. most sensitive instruments ever built, capa ble of reaching the bounds of our As you can imagine, those of who do edu own solar system. They include the Keck cation and outreach for NASA are excited Interferometer, Starlight, Interferome about the emphasis on education. All of you try Mission (SIM) and Terrestrial Planet are very important in inspiring the next gen Finder (TPF). in the southeast U.S.), and to the Mt. Wilson eration of explorers, and our IPS partnerships In honor of their 25th the Institute. And are an important link. website for Voyagers 1 and 2 has also been We are looking forward to meeting many given a new look. Check it out at of you at the IPS 2002 conference in Wichi voyager.jpl.nasa.gov and let us know what ta. On Sunday, April 27, several NASA work you think. shops will be provided for both planetarians The countdown for the scheduled 1 and local teachers. For planetarians, Dr. Cheri launch of the Cornet Nucleus Tour (CON Morrow, Space Science Institute, Boulder, TOUR) mission is underway. The mission the solar system and a meteorite .... "'""'-,_ U'JU. Colorado, will present an interactive three website is at http://www.contour2002.org. Dr. David Hurd, director and hour workshop on "Searching for Signs of The spacecraft will encounter Cornet Encke astronomy at Edinboro Life in the Solar System and Beyond." Also in November 2003. Three Earth-swingby Edinboro, D"n"..n,nriu,>,,.,i., for planetarians, one-hour workshops will be maneuvers will then retarget the spacecraft tile maps and materials presented by the Sun-Earth Connection folks for an encounter with Cornet Schwassmann touch and learn from. Cass including their "Best of Eclipse" Video and Wachmann-3 in June 2006. from South Carolina to support the Northern Lights Planetarium Show and by We seem to be a lot about near- Ms. Fleischman also obtained support representatives from the Mars program. For misses by asteroids and cornets. Keep abreast several local firms and Vlf';U.ULl,-"()LU'-'UJ. teachers, the include "Hubble of the latest at NASA's Near Earth Object I believe this what in the Classroom;/I Sun-Earth Connection website at http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov. about: classroom resources, including CD-ROMs,les A good place to track of all NASA make son plans, The Reasons for Seasons and Living space science missions is at http://space- • convenient and safer than other telescopes for solar observation • ideal for small groups • useful for viewing the sun, eclipses, tracking the position of sunspots, and for daily record keeping STARLAB Portable Planetarium Use STARLAB in conjunction with your fixed planetarium for: • school & community outreach • training programs • hands-on education • multicultural education • workshops • public relations • special events • fundraising lookihg for a popular; those years, hundreds of thousands of children ferent outreach program in action as well as I have had the opportunity to make friends with was fortunate to exchange ideas with lots my child. The first years I traveled all over people from different organisations. Sweden myself, but after that I have also lic talks and the last days I was also honored to taught others how to use it, and I have more be invited to the SAASTEC, South Asso and more become an organizer of these activi ciation of Science and Technology Centres, con ties myself ference as a keynote speaker. trip ended with I still remember when my planetarium a safari for two days when I was to see arrived in Sweden and will never forget my own four of The Big Five, all except a lion. thrill the first time I saw it in action, a similar When leaving for Sweden again I con- thrill which I have noticed the children also feel vinced that the people in South Africa will take when they enter the dome. I have also found, good care of my baby, and of course I will be like probably everybody else in the world work happy to support the new parents as much as ing in this field, that this is an experience the possible. At the same time I felt very children will never forget. Indeed it has been that my child always will be part most awarding working with this planetarium. my heart I will always be a planetarian. But now it was time for a change. I had been invited by FEST, the Foundation for Education In this column we have been into Science and Technology in South Africa, and of the educational services of the individual course I felt very honored to go there to share planetarium organizations. This time, Dave my experiences. I had decided to bring my plan Maness, President of the Southeast Plane etarium and to leave it with them. Although tarium Association, informs us that SEPA the Swedish children still want to see it, I had doesn't have a structured education commit made up my mind. It would be healthy for my tee, because so many members are 20 year old planetarium to move away - like all much in the line of education that children need to do when they get old enough. don't feel the need for an actual subset with Of course a lot ofpreparations had to be done in the organization. As persons who went to before leaving. South Africa for example has the combined SEPA-GLPA meeting last sum another starry sky, and as an astronomer I did mer in Kentucky, we can vouch for the edu know, but still I got into problems which I had cational programs coming out of that not thought of in the first place. To start with I needed a new cylinder, and that was an easy Sri One of the great things about being a plan task. But then I became aware of that I could In our ongoing report from those mem etarian is the feeling that we are really a part not change the direction of the rotation on the bers who traveled to Sri Lanka in 2001, of the international community. Through projector. Thanks to Learning Technologies this Kathy Michaels gives these memories: the magic of this wonderful machine that detail also could be solved. They promised to Sri Lanka remains on my mind as we are able to play with, we can travel any send a Southern Hemisphere motor, which was memory and an unforgettable ov '-V.lHj..H'--IL\c sur- bri:gh1tness was finished in [email protected],Dbn@'du.se) 1929." Dutch astronomer, Antonie Panne I t has been shown koek used now found in Master thesis 1995) museums. Even the most accurate reference atlases available like Wil Tirion's Atlas 2000.0, must on this less-than-cur- rent data. At best, four levels of isonhots are and the of the human eye goes unac- counted for. Enter Dr. Axel of the Ir"·o them to Dennis Ashton told me that he uses of a year and Holmestronic He also says that the the distance to the stars. maker, John Holmes, devised the electronics for the Greenwich time ball. I contacted John to see if his is on sale to the hrr.llcrhr to my attention that there public. were some errors in the column last month. I John Holmes says he is now to apIDIC)gl,~e for that! Section V of the IPS Port put his projector on the market. Here a few able Planetarium Handbook 2002 has the lat comments he made about his nl'r'1P,"tnT .com. est information on all the models of porta COml)atible with Starlab r'ulirlriC>l"C bles. (John does not sell ruljnnlpn: The entry for the RS Automation products tmgnler than other current models was incorrect. Complete immunity to mains You can contact them at: variations R.S. Automation Cosmos, Rue des Mineurs Variable drive - Z.1. de la Vaure, B.P. 40 - 42290 Sorbiers, Reversible for southern pro- France; telephone: +33 (0) 4 77 53 94 94; fax: +33 (0)4 77 53 38 61; email: sales@rsacosmos Built in emergency house in case of .com; website: power cut and/or 3,000 hours bulb life MMI 2950 Park- Quick-change bulbs (about one second) way, PO Box 19907, Baltimore, MD 21211 USA; 410 366 1222; fax: 410 366 PLANETRONIX - Saul 6311; email: [email protected]; Website: This company has an updated and www.geocities.com/sgrijalva).Mr. plcmetarmrn, Cosmodyssee IILJust to mention va has produced a homemade few of the improvements: it has a halogen combining a digital photographic L,-,-uU~~IL'' 1535 stars with a wi th a dodecahedron design. and 10 Messier objects. Both this product and tal photo technique, he has In{'nl''nnl'::ltfY1 their Roving Star on a trailer Milky Way into the starball itself. This SPI2CltlCltl<)ns can be found in Section V of design has been accepted the local State the Handbook. University who plan to create a small GOTO has a new USA and Canada Liaison tarium in each of the towns in their state, Office: Ken Miller, 1525 Bernice Street, Hon is not for sale publicly at this time but it will olulu, HI 96817-0916 USA; telephone: 888- be for sale in the future. 847-5800 (toll free in USA) or 808-847-5800 (in Hawaii); fax 808-847-5850; email: gotousa MediaGlobe i-J1t'flI1pr"tn1t' - (Minol ta @earthlink.net. tarium Co., Ltd. Business Establishment 2-19-13 Takanawa, Minato-ku, 108-0074, Japan, tel. +81-3-5423-7571FAX. +81- 3-5423-7570; In my search for information to put in the handbook, I ran across several in the manufacture of pf()1ectC)fs. Here's what I found that was new to me. See pictures and more I had heard about the prototype of detailed information about these models in system at the 2001 GLP A/SEPA the Handbook, in Section V. last June. It has now been unveiled shown in one of Gambato - (Gambato, via Martiri domes. della Liberta, 100, 30038 Spinea, VE; tele- It is the world's first full-color 04158301 45; email: gambato@mpb etarium. it is a computer net.it Website (this site is in Italian only): prC)1eCtlOn system. It is (two peo- LlUPJ.'-'--'AH/ ~u,~,-,'~"'C~"~1 I so can be used at remote sites for knew Mr. Gambato produced nl'.'">lP,rr,ror(; reach. Additional details about the with individually lensed stars that create a GLOB can be found at the website: www ,-,~,c ~~~,~ very beautiful Now he makes \Gl~Ol)E1=)larlet(lfillm.c01n. This models. ested to see how this type of HOLMSTRONIC - Holmes, 106 Eden revolutionize the small dome world. Estate, Chatham, Kent ME5 (0)1634-301898; - As you all email: holmestronic@@aol.com. Ohira (email: ~~'H'~_ the Griffith Observatory Satellite facility which is going to be up for 2 months and with flHTn,",..'r (they will be presenting school shows from a educational. temporary facility while their main building liThe domes are a brand new is being renovated) in Los Angeles. This new medium for projections, up to 300 software, projected through a 180-degree inside or 1000s outside watching the show fish-eye lens, features over 20 million stars, (that comes) from inside. Towards 2003 we 3D voyages, and beautiful, fast graphics. The should have a 100-ft model./I folk from Starry Night will provide a pre Although these are not currently view in Wichita. Contact Torn Andersen used as planetarium domes, it is inten~stilng ([email protected]) or John Mosley to know about the new technology. ([email protected]) for information. ZPS-Cubex - Astronomia Educativa S.R.L., StratoSphere - Stephen Harvey (Laser Magic Casilla de Correo 4184, ClOOOWBP- Buenos Ltd, 2 Church Street, Seaford, East Sussex, Aires, Argentina; 54 11 4697 2815; BN251HD, UK; tel: +44-1323-890752; fax +44- fax: 54 11 4697 9067; website: http://www.zps 1323-898311 [email protected]) .com.ar; email: [email protected] wrote to say, "Dear Susan, Laser Magic has a John Mosley reminded me about this one. product called the StratoSphere, they are They advertised in the last issue of the Plane mobile projection domes 50-ft wide by 65-ft tarian. Although I had seen the at talL We have internal video either 1/2 dome IPS 2000, I was not aware that this system or full dome, they are very new and you can was now for sale. There are 2000 stars per find real images on our web site, www cube (to magnitude 5.0) and the visible .lasermagic.com We have one in the UK and ets, moon and sun projection are InCLep'en information. one in the Middle East. In April, we are using dently moveable. There is a rotation motor the UK dome as the centre piece for a brands toggle switch for use with northern launch and in Bahrain, we are using the southern hemisphere projection and a hand dome as a centre piece for a science park held constellation outlines slide ..... "',.io.ri-rw o·~r'no .... ~' About How We Know In several U.S. states there have been demands that discussions of the Big and the vast age curricula in K-12 classrooms. In response, the Astronomy Education Board of the American article for teachers on how astronomers know that the universe is old and that it '-U'-"U''''''''''' The illustrated article has been posted on the Web at: The Universe in the Classroom, a newsletter on teaching astronomy in grades 3-12, !-'UIUlh)HLU The article explains the evidence showing that we live in a universe that is between universe and its contents undergo evolutionary It is to community members. A list of written and web resources is also included. The article grew out of a formal statement on behalf of the astronomical .... '-'~'~H"Uu.ua the Kansas State Board of Education in 1999 state standards that eliminated standards have now been repealed, following the election of new Board of Education mE~mlbeI'S, questioned in states and communities around the U.S. Both the AAS Council, astronomers have an obligation to assist teachers in sorting out the evidence SU1JPC)rtimr (Gende" continued from page 7) 4. Ibid., on p. 268. 5. Maude Bennot, Motions of Stars," Astronomical Journal 36 (8 1. John Lankford, American Astronomy: Com 1926): 177-181. munity, Careers, and Power, 1859-1940 6. Sydney J. Harris, "Here is (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Chicago Daily News, 24 Mar. 1944, on p. 16. 1997), esp. Ch. 9, "Science and Gender." 7. W. Rossiter, Women Scientists 2. John Lankford and Rickey L. Slavings, America: Before Affirmative Action 1940- "Gender and Science: Women in Ameri 1972 (Baltimore: Johns Univer- can Astronomy, 1859-1940," Physics Today, Press, 1995), on pp. 28, 27. Mar. 1990, 58-65, on p. 58. 8. "Maude Bennot Will be Ousted 3. Margaret W. Rossiter, Women Scientists in ,-,,,,,,,,,,,;v Tribune, 27 Dec. America: Struggles and Strategies to 1940 no. unavailable). (Baltimore: Johns University 9. "Fight Woman's Ouster as Planetarium Press, 1982), on pp. xviii, 167. Chief," Times, 27 Dec. 1944 GOTO CHRONOS'"- Your Time Machine Ptolemy couldn', do it. The Earl of Orrery for 26- 40 fool domes. The GOm CHRONOS- couldn'r do it. And until recently no planetarium is now available at a very competirive price. manufacturer could do it ellher: produce a Contact us soon. to see the CHRONOS'" 'or planetarium projector /0 do away with (he yourseff. complex, yel inherently inaccurale system Special Demonstration at IPS2002 in WIChita. of gears upon gears, and slill show accurate K5. USA from 7/28-8///02. Contact GOTO fot posl/iDns for the sun. moon. and planets. special arrangements. In 1992, GOTO OPTICAL MFG. CO. deeJoped (he now-famous HELlOS planetarium system NEW I which used computer driven )t-y projectors /0 precisely place planetary Images on the dome. Large plane/an'urn domes were revolutionized by this breakthrough. NOW, for the first time in history. this supero accuracy IS married 10 GOTO's beautiful, CHRONOSINTELLIGENT & COMPACT optically projected slarry sky. in a proJeclor PLANETARIUM USA Sales Associate USA Service ASSOCiate GOlD OPTlCl\l MFG. CO GOTO USA LIAISON ASH ENTERPRISES 4 -16. Y.6,ZAK I·CHQ, FUCHU·SHI. TOKYO 183· 8530- M, Ken MI!I&r 1221 Slanhope Avenue JAPAN ' 525 BernIce Suee ,. Honolulu, HI 96817 Rlc~mo"d. VA 23227 TEL . 61·42- · 362-·5312- FAX 81 42·361· 9571 Toll Ire. 'tom 1M USA 888 · 847· 5800 TEL 804·264·8888 FAX 804 ·266·7966 URL. h1tp. IIWWW QC10. cc. ip FA X 808·847 - 5850 E·mall, in lo2 .gOIO Co jp E ma,'- gOlousae.arlhhnk ner Also available Minneapolis Planetarium Show Productions AMAlJNG STARGAZING JOURNEY TO THE STARS RunnIng time· 30 m",ule~ RunnIng tllne . 29 mInutes , of slides 172 .of slldes 101 AURORA' ONCE IN A BLUE MOON RunnIng tIme· 35 mInute, Running 1 1~ • 35 minutes , of slides · 302 *of slides· 270 HERCULE.S S HONEY. I SHRUNK THE SOLAR SYSTEM )·2·1 .. Su..5T OFf Runnmg urne • 36 minutes Running ume . 32 minutes , of slides)36 • of slides 152 A.LL SHOWS S4~S.OO HONEY I SHRUNK THE UNIVERSE WINTER WONDERS Running ume • 37 minutes Running time· 35 minutes f of slides · 172 • of slides· 172 Call 612-630-6155 for more information and sample cassettes. 300 Nicollet Mall Minneapolis Minnesota 55401 www.mplanetarium.org nnl!l"UUI'l!III,jn~uW'1!. combines traditional nic:)notClf'II motion with a digital projection With the touch of a screen, MEDIA,liUJin accurately and realistically immerses audiences in 6,000 stars, the sun, moon and planets, all at the of MEDlA.GUnn features: High speed dual processors Proprietary software Full-dome defraction-limited Minolta Built-in sound At 1220mm (48"J in the Mtl~IAI~lUlln rtor,nn'~rt for smaller domes that like to think planetariums or any size classroom or exhibit hall. look at tonight's a shuttle launch or a simulated asteroid field, learning has never been more Can be connected to remote host Instantly the from Solar Can Eliminates the need for Inc. 215.546.5300 Fax 215.546.2443 www.megasystem.com Minolta Planetarium U.S. Office 201.934.4732 201.818.0498 Minolta Planetarium Co., l_td. 81.6.6386.4950 81 of this quarter's column: a motherlode of There's much to mine here, and it's resources concerning Planet Earth. organized and current, with search Io-UIJULYLU ties to boot. This is a web site deJtiniteJy bookmark ed, and I Last November, I attended the NASA Earth browse whenever your space destination Science Inquiry Institute hosted by NASA Earth. and the Science Museum of Minnesota in St. And while at it, take a Paul. It provided an exceptional opportunity Earth Science Information Federation to hob-nob with fellow science educators site at as some educational exercises on scaling and During the course of the institute, we had Naval Pacific Meteorology and ,--,,-",-< touch-screen interactive kiosks laborations with museums in weather educa University of Washington Pacific JJLLU'.HU Smokey indicated that the museum tion, including curriculum development Oscillation Web Site: Sky-Skan - Europe office. Barco reps Susan Association and he was one of the VUl;;".JlHU Camp and Phil Laney had twelve reasons to board members of the Pacific smile all evening long! A glittering assort ment of past and present planetarians filled the chamber including: Wendy Ackerman, Sally Goff and Joe Halley from the Davis Planetarium in Baltimore, Maryland; Susan Barnett from the Buehler Planetarium in equipment, automation control, and Melbourne, Florida; Carter Emmart and Ryan angle slide projection system. Art will Wyatt from the Hayden Planetarium in New his newly found free time devoted York, New York; former NASM staffer Geoff "second career" at the organ of the Chester now from the U.S. Naval Observatory Trinity Episcopal Church, were he also [email protected] in Washington D.c.; Dr. Bill Gutsch of Great choir director. Ideas in Kinnelon, New Jersey; Har The true definition of the word planetari mon from the Arlington Planetarium in laserium 28 Year Run um is currently being fought out on Dome-L, Arlington, Virginia; Rod Martin from the Hare (ASH Enterprises) wrote to the IPS sanctioned, but privately run, daily Brish Planetarium in Hagerstown, Maryland; report his eyewitness account of the final email-based information service for the Laura Misajet from Seiler Instruments/Zeiss performances of running laser show world's planetarians. The debate will rock Inc. in Narberth, Pennsylvania; Lois and in the world '" this community to its very foundation. Plan Steven Nichol from the Morehead Plane On Saturday evening, January 5th, the etariums will change, but one thing that tarium in Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Mark performance of Laserium was never changes is our enthusiasm for astrono and Carolyn Collins Peterson from Loch Ness Planetarium at the Griffith I h"'''''1!,-,t-n.. , I my and our ability to relay that enthusiasm Productions in Groton, Massachusetts; Derek Angeles. Linda Hare (former Executive to our audiences - regardless of whether they Pitts from the Fels Planetarium in Phila International Laser Display Association) are inside an inflatable plastic dome or a fully delphia, Pennsylvania, and Jim former cashed in a ton miles to make digital cyberdome. If you'd like to relay some Albert Einstein Planetarium Director and the 36-hour to Los and back to of your enthusiasm to your colleagues, please mentor to many in attendance. Lots of other our home in Florida for the occasion. The show send me a note or email at the address above well-wishers came to show their support closed not because of faltering attendance or and I'll include it in a future column. Until incl uding: Tom Casey from Home Run any other reason, except that the then I'd like to start this edition with a very Pictures in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Dave tarium was to be closed beginning two special ... Oxenreider of Singularity Arts in State later until 2005 for extensive renovations. College, Pennsylvania; Patricia Reiff of Rice Laserium at the in 1973 and had University in Houston, Texas, and John Stoke played since. It was the The staff of the and Frank Summers from the Space running production of any kind in Los urn at the National Air and Space Museum Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, and the longest laser (Washington D.c., USA) and the employees of Maryland. There was even a special guest M",,,h"r/J in the world. Insiders in the Sky-Skan, Inc. (Nashua, New Hampshire) appearance by Rob Landis of NASA/JPL in are played co-hosts to a sneak preview party on Pasadena, California. But the night really aware of the far-reaching implications Friday April 5, 2002 of the new planetarium belonged to Sky-Skan owners and ". "'/'mo,,t-1 d endeavor, which show Infinity Express, designed exclusively Steve Savage who, along with their parents, floodgates for laser presentations in for the theater's new High Definition Sky family members, and the other attendees, fin ums and other venues, so I won't rehash those Vision System. Kudos go to Planetarium ished the night off with a buffet supper details. Director Cheryl Bauer and her staff including inside the Imax Jazz Cafe at the National Ivan advised that we should arrive Deb Fuller, Chandra Holmes, Shannon Lee, Museum of Natural History just across the because of the anticipated crowds. We our Dalton McIntosh, Frances McRae, Jay Miller, National Mall. It was truly a crowning hotel by taxi at about 6:30, (for the 9:45 shown Sean O'Brien and Bruce Wood on a truly moment in an already stellar career for the with assurances that it was 5 or 6 minute amazing show narrated by Laurence Fish both of them. All in all, a very satisfying end ride. After sitting in a traffic a burne. Also in attendance were Gen. John R. ing to a grueling production and the mar half hour at the foot of the hill on which the Dailey (Director of the National Air and velous beginning of a new era at the Albert hl~M"t-.-",,;,.. VV1 is situated, we decided to walk. Space Museum), Micheal Altman, Gary Beer, Einstein Planetarium! highly recommend Kim, Lisa Mazzio, Toby Mensforth workout. That's not and Dan Stevenson (Smithsonian Business mind but at least it got us there The front lawn of the planetarium was packed. site. Geoff has been out installing Barcos like Titanic. The program takes the People were lined up by the hundreds and oth crazy and has just started working on exhibit into the all-dome format ... the UU'UH.. H'-.L ers were milling about. We were fortunate to content installation and show control pro exr:lerilences the run into Ivan out front and were invited to see gramming for the over 150 interactive of a survivor in one of the lifeboats. You the 7:45 star show. Once in the theater, Ivan exhibits. Fear not, they will be finished with see a case history with at suggested that we remain through all the shows the project just in time to get out to the www.hrpictures.com/titanic. since to exit and attempt reentry would be regional and IPS conferences ... although they The benefits of chaotic. The planetarium lecturer mentioned both might be asleep on their feet. that the very uncomfortable planetarium seats were also scheduled for replacement and we New and Noteworthy could understand why after just the first show. Eddy Pirotte (Planetarium Beisbroek in Europe. "In Seville, After enjoying a well-presented feature on Mars Bruges, Belgium) wrote in to report that their less SkyVision theater 1"ort:>rl-!-lu and the first laser show, Dark Side of the Moon, planetarium has undergone a major upgrade. newest attraction at the Isla we waited in anticipation for the final show. Eddy writes, "After working for fifteen years Park. Situated on the As we watched the crowd file in we noticed a with a Viewlex-Apollo, we submitted our number of familiar faces. Ivan had invited first dossier for renovation in February 2000. laserists from all past Laserium venues as well Considering all possible pro's and con's, we as production and support staff and others, and finally decided to go for the Zeiss ZKP3 Sky a large number were in attendance. Barbara master. While this magnificent piece of and Seiji Inatsugu, John Tilp, Mitch Hartman, equipment isn't handled from the centre of Ron Hipschman, Benjamin Mendelsohn, past our 7.3 m dome, we had to construct an oper and current Griffith staff including Ron Oriti, ating desk in the wall of the planetarium. and representatives from the media among oth This reduced our number of seats by two to ers, were there. After the customary pre-show 45 in a concentric setting. Our search for the announcements, Ivan took the mic and wel necessary funds proved to be so successful, comed the audience. He gave a brief synopsis of that we even were able to order an all-sky the history of the show, then announced that projection system by Sky-Skan. To lower the the final show, Laser Visions, would open with number of projectors somewhat in order to The Blue Danube, a selection from the original reduce the weight on our budget, we went Laserium show. Laserist Tim Barrett gave an for a 9-projector array. Eight of them are in show in full high-resolution 3D computer inspired performance to an enthusiastic capaci stalled in a similar way to an ordinary pano animation, which tells the story of a ty crowd ofover 6001 rama setting but in portrait rather than land on a quest to show humanity the beautiful Following the conclusion of the show and scape mode. This makes the picture go qUite nature of the Universe." Visit the departure of the general public, the invited high up, but doesn't cover the whole dome: .islamagica.es/simple/planet/planet.htm guests were told ofplans for the next generation it leaves the area around the zenith open. closer look. of laser entertainment that Dryer has already Tilting a slide projector to the needed angle began working on. A freestanding facility, was impossible without building some Cyberdome, will incorporate interactive dis device to suck the slides into position. To get plays, live performers, lasers, and other innova at the zenith, we direct the ninth projector duction Coordinator, Abrams Planetarium tive forms of stimulating sensory media. He right across the dome, but deflect the light East LanSing, Michigan) for one urged all to visit their web site [www.laserium beam with a thin mirror. This awkward way digital photographs posted on the .com] to follow the project as it develops. Finally, of setting the projectors up, gives us the interesting Picture Of we all adjourned to a nearby pub and restau opportunity to project panorama's as well as site. Surf on over and check it out at rant for food, libation, and reminisces of past all-skies with a limited number of projectors. antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap020418.html. times. All in all it was an exhausting but And it works remarkably well. Ok, we still ... to Salt Lake and thrilling experience. need a lot of fine-tuning, but as you all Sutherland on the announcement of the know, this is something that can take a long selection of the new Digistar 3® for On The Move time to get to perfection. Due to the limited T. Hansen Star Theater at the At the beginning of 2002, Jon Shaw, preVi available space in our dome, we had to figure M. Clark Planetarium currently under con ously Executive Vice President and C.O.o. for out something similar for the positioning of struction at Salt Lake's new r.:.,"h:nATCHT Spitz, Inc., was named President and C.E.o for our slew mirror. With the aid of a "peri The 16.8-meter domed theater, which is the company. Charlie Holmes was promoted scope", we bend the light beam over 180 0 so scheduled to open in November, will seat to Vice Chairman of the Board. Both admin we can put the mirror right on top of the more than 200 people. istrators work from the Chadds Ford facility. slide projector. Our ultimate goal was to ... to the staff of the Planetarium the Geoff Skelton (formerly with the Fisk renew our exhibition area as well, and in this Forum der Technik in Munich, on Planetarium and the Fels Planetarium) and too we were successful. This means that we the colossal success of their new laser show, Mark Trotter (formerly with LA Tech, Shreve are now ready to try and raise our number of Queen Heaven. The show has been to port and the Louisiana Nature Science Cen visitors to some 15,000, hopefully within the sell out crowds at least once since last ter) have joined Bowen Productions, Inc. in next three years." December when it premiered. Not Indianapolis, Indiana. Mark was immediately Tom Casey of Home Run Pictures in they get access to the entire Queen assigned as Senior Project Manager for the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, has just finished a of music, but they also had the direct artistic $3.4 million interactive exhibit systems con new SkyVision immersive program for the input of band members Brian (he has a tract for the new Indiana State Museum and Houston Museum of Natural Science's Burke doctorate in astrophysics) and manages the Bowen installation office on Baker Planetarium on the sinking of the as well as Brian's sound '-"hA'A'-'_' Shirley-Smith. One of the show highlights is they were able to display high-definition the world premier of Bohemian Rhapsody broadcasts of several Olympic events on a 24- Keep your star projectors free of dust. remixed in S.1 Surround from the original hour delay. Planetarium Director Shawn Spitz' Service Department Supervisor, recording tracks. Laatsch and Program Coordinator J. Scott Wilkin, suggests dusting ODto--m leCIlarncal ... to MegaSystems, Inc. (Philadelphia, Pen Miller ran the events in an effort to increase star balls only with soft brushes (his secret is nsylvania) for being named the US distribu awareness of the planetariums offerings and using large make-up brushes from cosmetic tors for the Minolta MEDIA GLOBE - The to focus attention on the unique multi stores, or camel hair brushes). Reserve canned world's first full color digital planetarium. media equipment of the facility. The air for planet and rotating mirrors Olympic broadcasts attracted crowds of (From the Spitz online newsletter - Thanks to You Know? about 40 people each. According to CEO Ted Joyce Towne Huggins!) Charlie Dodge of Gamma Tech in Albu Geier, CineMuse, Inc. has a network of Katsuhiro Mouri (Nagoya Science querque, New Mexico, has offered to convert approximately 34 museums and universities Museum Planetarium, Japan) passed a digital images to slides for planetarians for a with high-definition television in various great web site for Japanese constellation find very good price, $1.00 per slide plus shipping! stages of development. ers at http://www.nhao.go.jprtokimasa You can upload your files at his web site, The astronomers at John Hopkins Univer /hayami/hayamLhtml. Japanese Constella www.gammatech.com and have them over sity have determined the color of the uni tion Finders are called "seiza hayami ban" in nighted back to you. Call Charlie at 1-877- verse. You can have some fun if you go to Japanese. If you are interested in the page, 293-9440 in advance to introduce yourself their website and print out the color swatch please contact to Dr. Noritaka Tokimasa for and to set up an account. Thanks goes to they have posted there. Take your print out permission to use the resources at this web Steve Savage of Sky-Skan for finding this to your favorite paint or hardware store and page. Dr. Noritaka has said this "hayami ban" great resource! tell them that you need to match the color is free for educational use. His email address The folks at Evans & Sutherland in Salt because you want to paint everything in is, [email protected]. Lake City weren't the only ones playing host your house that color in case the mothers hip to the Olympics this year. That's because of a returns. For even more fun, tell them that That's all for now. I look forward to hear unique collaboration between the high-defi you need to buy the new color because you ing from you. I especially need information nition video eqUipment and content pro have to repaint everything you painted the from Asian-Pacific planetarians. This is your vider Cinemuse, Inc. of New York City and first color that they announced back in Gibbous Gazette. Help me to make it the best the University of Louisville's Gheens Science January. Visit http://www.jhu.edu/news it can be and email your news today! Hall and Rauch Planetarium. Thanks to the info/news/home02/mar02/coior.html for Cinemuse eqUipment and the Rauch dome, the full details. up with a motto for the main bodies in the debris. theorists have solar system. (The one listed for the Sun I lift demned t ed from a George Reed article, and the comet of "an obvious government one is a quote from David Levy, but the rest ing out that Mars has no swamps. are mine). So, here goes: And here's another version of the The Sun - A Thermonuclear Bomb With GreatPR Plus-que-Possible, rna noire, Mercury - You Boil. You Freeze. Deal With It Elle pond ses oeufs dans Ie Quand-Provi- Venus - Gas Masks R Us Earth - The Abode Of Life. Catch It While You Can Car l' e:x.D~::m::m::e Mars - Space Probe Killer Asteroids -Rock Stars And finally, with the Greetings of the solstice to each of you, Jupiter - Cornet Killer types of matter comes the reminder from and a happy Father's Day. Shall we begin the Saturn - Easy To Run Rings Around celebration with some poetry? A Mother Uranus - Seasons? What Are They? Goose nursery rhyme, that is: Neptune - Horne Of The Dysfunctional Satel lite Family Hickety-Pickety, my black hen Pluto - Permanent Host Of The All Solar AMES, lA-The heaviest element She lays eggs for gentlemen. System Winter Olympics ... That Never science was discovered materials Sometimes nine and sometimes ten, End researchers at IPRT jISU. The new element, Hickety-Pickety my black hen. Cornets - Like Cats, They Have Tails And Do tentatively named Administratium, has Just What They Want protons or electrons, and thus has an Imagine my delight at discovering The weight of O. However, it does have one Space Child's Mother Goose book of rhymes Another version: tron, 125 assistant neutrons, 7S vice neutrons, among my late father's effects, a slender vol and 111 assistant vice neutrons. This ume originally published in 1958, before the MOGLICH-W ARSCHEINLICH, mein' an atomic mass of 312. These 312 ",,,,e-l-ir'lac ISBN system was born. (Thanks to Simon and Schwartzhenn', held together in a nucleus Schuster for permission to print these here.) Legt ihr Ei in das Relativwenn. involves the continuous exch(m~;e It includes another version of the rhyme: Sie legt keine Eier ins Positivdann des called morons. Wei! sie postulieren nun einmal nicht Since it has no electrons, Administratium Probable-Possible, my black hen, Kann. is totally inert. However, it can be detected She lays eggs in the Relative When. chemically, since it impedes every H-'JlLU.V'H She doesn't lay eggs in the Positive Now Press comes into contact with. Because she's unable to Postulate How. by:Jim Griffith ([email protected]): discovers, a amount of Administraltillm Valles Marineris (MPI) - A spokesthing for caused one reaction to take over four Shades of Uncle Albert! Mars Air Force denounced as false rumors complete; the normal reaction time is less We grew up on a farm in upstate New that an alien space craft crashed in the desert, than one second. York, where the sky was dark and the air was outside of Ares Vallis on Friday. at Administratium has a normal half clear, and my father built a telescope for us. a press conference today, General Rgrmrmy approximately three years, at which He began grinding the mirror when I was The Lesser, stated that "the object was, in does not but instead two years old (he claimed the scratch marks fact, a harmless high-altitude weather bal goes a in which neutrons, on the box of grit were made by my gnaw loon, not an alien spacecraft". vice neutrons, and assistant vice neutrons ing young teeth) and completed it just before The story broke late Friday night when a places. Studies have shown I left for college. major stationed at nearby Ares Vallis Air the atomic mass usually increases after I remember peering at Saturn, and our Force Base contacted the Valles Marineris Moon, and marveling. How many of us start Daily Record with a story about a strange, bal Research at other laboratories indicates ed off in this business in a similar way, I won loon-shaped object which allegedly carne that Administratium occurs naturally der. down in the nearby desert, "bouncing" sever atrnospJt1e]~e It tends to concentrate Before he moved from Buffalo's frigid al times before corning to a stop, "deflating such as governmental alrE~nCles, climes to the tropics of Florida, Steve Tidey in a sudden exploSion of alien gases". and universities. composed a list of slogans for the planets. Minutes later, General Rgrmrmy The Lesser found in the newest, best U!JLJ~HH_""U Here's his email posting: contacted the Daily Record telepathically to and best maintained buildin~~s. contradict the earlier report. Scientists point out that Administratium "Over the weekend my local newspaper, General Rgrmrmy The Lesser stated that is known to be toxic at any level of the Buffalo News, printed a funny list of hysterical stories of a detachable vehicle tration and can any mottos that they'd made up for each roaming across the Martian desert were bla tive reactions where it is allowed to state. (For example, Delaware: Bathroom tant fiction, provoked by incidences involv late. Attempts are being made to determine Stop Between Philadelphia and Wash ing swamp gas. But the general public has how Administratium can be controlled ington; Hawaii: No Interstates). been slow to accept the Air Force's explana prevent irreversible aalmage, but results tion of recent events, preferring to speculate date are not promising. This prompted me to sit down and corne on the "other-worldly" nature of the crash Just like a A planetanum grown-up on the road