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Rethinking the Role of History in Law & Economics: the Case of The
09-008 Rethinking the Role of History in Law & Economics: The Case of the Federal Radio Commission in 1927 David A. Moss Jonathan B. Lackow Copyright © 2008 by David A. Moss and Jonathan B. Lackow Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Rethinking the Role of History in Law & Economics: The Case of the Federal Radio Commission in 1927 David A. Moss Jonathan B. Lackow July 13, 2008 Abstract In the study of law and economics, there is a danger that historical inferences from theory may infect historical tests of theory. It is imperative, therefore, that historical tests always involve a vigorous search not only for confirming evidence, but for disconfirming evidence as well. We undertake such a search in the context of a single well-known case: the Federal Radio Commission’s (FRC’s) 1927 decision not to expand the broadcast radio band. The standard account of this decision holds that incumbent broadcasters opposed expansion (to avoid increased competition) and succeeded in capturing the FRC. Although successful broadcaster opposition may be taken as confirming evidence for this interpretation, our review of the record reveals even stronger disconfirming evidence. In particular, we find that every major interest group, not just radio broadcasters, publicly opposed expansion of the band in 1927, and that broadcasters themselves were divided at the FRC’s hearings. 1. Introduction What is the role of history in the study of law and economics? Perhaps its most important role in this context is as a test of theory and a source of new hypotheses. -
Does the Communications Act of 1934 Contain a Hidden Internet Kill Switch?
FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS LAW JOURNAL VOLUME 65 I SSUE 1 J ANUARY 2013 D OES THE COMMUNICATIONS ACT OF 1934 CONTAIN A H IDDEN INTERNET KILL SWITCH? David W. Opderbeck FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS LAW JOURNAL VOLUME 65 ISSUE 1 JANUARY 2013 Editor-in-Chief DENNIS HOLMES Senior Managing Editor Senior Production Editor JONATHAN MCCORMACK JESSICA KRUPKE Senior Articles Editor Senior Notes Editor AVONNE BELL JOHN COX Articles Editors Managing Editors Notes Editors RHONDA ADATO N. JAY MALIK ALLARD CHU ROBERT HOPKINS KATHERINE MANTHEI BETSY GOODALL ROBERT VORHEES EMILY SILVEIRO-ALLEN JOSHUA KRESH CHARLES POLLACK Journal Staff KEENAN ADAMCHAK BEN ANDRES JAMES CHAPMAN ANDREW ERBER ADETOKUNBO FALADE DAVID HATEF MATHEW HATFIELD ADAM HOTTELL DARREL JOHN JIMENEZ EVIN LUONGO JAMI MEVORAH MILENA MIKAILOVA MELISSA MILCHMAN CLAYTON PREECE SEETA REBBAPRAGADA MEREDITH SHELL MICHAEL SHERLING MARY SHIELDS TOM STRUBLE HOLLY TROGDON MARGOT VANRIEL CARLA VOIGT BRANDON WHEATLEY MICHAEL WILLIAMS JARUCHAT SIRICHOKCHATCHAWAN Faculty Advisors PROFESSOR JEROME BARRON PROFESSOR KAREN THORNTON PROFESSOR DAWN NUNZIATO Adjunct Faculty Advisors MATTHEW GERST ETHAN LUCARELLI NATALIE ROISMAN RYAN WALLACH Published by the GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY LAW SCHOOL and the FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS BAR ASSOCIATION Does the Communications Act of 1934 Contain a Hidden Internet Kill Switch? David W. Opderbeck* TABLE OF CONTENTS I.! INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 3! II.! THE WAR AND EMERGENCY POWERS IN SECTION 606 OF THE COMMUNICATIONS -
Sarah Clemens* Journalists Face a Credibility Crisis, Plagued by Chants
FROM FAIRNESS TO FAKE NEWS: HOW REGULATIONS CAN RESTORE PUBLIC TRUST IN THE MEDIA Sarah Clemens* Journalists face a credibility crisis, plagued by chants of fake news and a crowded rat race in the primetime ratings. Critics of the media look at journalists as the problem. Within this domain, legal scholarship has generated a plethora of pieces critiquing media credibility with less attention devoted to how and why public trust of the media has eroded. This Note offers a novel explanation and defense. To do so, it asserts the proposition that deregulating the media contributed to the proliferation of fake news and led to a decline in public trust of the media. To support this claim, this Note first briefly examines the historical underpinnings of the regulations that once made television broadcasters “public trustees” of the news. This Note also touches on the historical role of the Public Broadcasting Act that will serve as the legislative mechanism under which media regulations can be amended. Delving into what transpired as a result of deregulation and prodding the effects of limiting oversight over broadcast, this Note analyzes the current public perception of broadcast news, putting forth the hypothesis that deregulation is correlated to a negative public perception of broadcast news. This Note analyzes the effect of deregulation by exploring recent examples of what has emerged as a result of deregulation, including some of the most significant examples of misinformation in recent years. In so doing, it discusses reporting errors that occurred ahead of the Iraq War, analyzes how conspiracy theories spread in mainstream broadcast, and discusses the effect of partisan reporting on public perception of the media. -
University Library 11
I ¡Qt>. 565 MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL PRINCIPAL PLAY-BY-PLAY ANNOUNCERS: THEIR OCCUPATION, BACKGROUND, AND PERSONAL LIFE Michael R. Emrick A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY June 1976 Approved by Doctoral Committee DUm,s¡ir<y »»itti». UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 11 ABSTRACT From the very early days of radio broadcasting, the descriptions of major league baseball games have been among the more popular types of programs. The relationship between the ball clubs and broadcast stations has developed through experimentation, skepticism, and eventual acceptance. The broadcasts have become financially important to the teams as well as the advertisers and stations. The central person responsible for pleasing the fans as well as satisfying the economic goals of the stations, advertisers, and teams—the principal play- by-play announcer—had not been the subject of intensive study. Contentions were made in the available literature about his objectivity, partiality, and the influence exerted on his description of the games by outside parties. To test these contentions, and to learn more about the overall atmosphere in which this focal person worked, a study was conducted of principal play-by-play announcers who broadcasted games on a day-to-day basis, covering one team for a local audience. With the assistance of some of the announcers, a survey was prepared and distributed to both announcers who were employed in the play-by-play capacity during the 1975 season and those who had been involved in the occupation in past seasons. -
Making Radio Pirates Walk the Plank with Aiding and Abetting Liability
Arrr! Sever Thee Transmitters! Making Radio Pirates Walk the Plank with Aiding and Abetting Liability Max Nacheman * TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 299 II. THE INTERTWINED FATE OF BROADCAST REGULATION AND PIRATE RADIO ............................................................................................. 301 A. Origins of Radio Broadcast Regulation in the United States .. 301 B. Pirates of the (Air)waves: The Swell of Unauthorized Broadcasting ............................................................................ 303 C. From Radio Pirates to Cellular Ninjas: The Future of Unauthorized Broadcasting ..................................................... 304 III. UNAUTHORIZED BROADCASTING POSES A UNIQUE ENFORCEMENT CHALLENGE THAT MAY BE ADDRESSED BY ESTABLISHING AUTHORITY TO CRACK DOWN ON AIDERS AND ABETTORS OF PIRATE BROADCASTERS .............................................................................. 305 A. The FCC’s Enforcement Procedure for Unauthorized Broadcasters Is an Inadequate Deterrent to Pirates ............... 306 B. Aiding and Abetting Liability Would Cut the Supply Chain of Essential Resources to Unauthorized Broadcasters ................ 309 1. How the United Kingdom Sank Pirate Radio ................... 310 2. Aiding and Abetting Liability for Securities Violations ... 311 IV. THREE WAYS TO CRACK DOWN ON AIDERS AND ABETTORS OF UNAUTHORIZED BROADCASTING: STATUTE, RULEMAKING, AND EXISTING CRIMINAL LAW ............................................................. -
Lessons from FCC Regulation of Radio Broadcasting Thomas W
Michigan Technology Law Review Volume 4 | Issue 1 1998 "Chilling" the Internet? Lessons from FCC Regulation of Radio Broadcasting Thomas W. Hazlett University of California, Davis David W. Sosa University of California, Davis Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mttlr Part of the Communications Law Commons, First Amendment Commons, Internet Law Commons, and the Legislation Commons Recommended Citation Thomas W. Hazlett & aD vid W. Sosa, "Chilling" the Internet? Lessons from FCC Regulation of Radio Broadcasting , 4 Mich. Telecomm. & Tech. L. Rev. 35 (1998). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mttlr/vol4/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Technology Law Review by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. "CHILLING" THE INTERNET? LESSONS FROM FCC REGULATION OF RADIO BROADCASTING Thomas W. Hazlett and David W. Sosa* Cite As: Thomas W. Hazlett and David W. Sosa, "Chilling" the Internet? Lessonsfrom FCCRegulation of Radio Broadcasting, 4 MICH. TELECOmm. TECH. L. REv. 35 (1998) available at <http:/www.mttlr.org/volfour/hazlett.pdf>. ExEcuTIvE SUMMARY ...................................................................... 35 I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 36 II. CONTENT REGULATION IN BROADCASTING ............................... 41 Im. CONTENT REGULATION PRE-"FAIRNEsS" ........................44 IV. RED LION: THE REST OF THE STORY ........................................ 45 V. NIXON'S "CHILL" .................................................................... 47 VI. EXTENDING THE "CHILL" BEYOND WASHINGTON POLITICS ......... 50 VII. THE FCC LIFTS RADIO REGULATION, 1979-87 ........................ 51 VIII. DID THE FAIRNESS DOCTRINE "WARM" OR "CHILI'? ............ -
The Federal Communications Commission: Current Structure and Its Role in the Changing Telecommunications Landscape
The Federal Communications Commission: Current Structure and Its Role in the Changing Telecommunications Landscape Patricia Moloney Figliola Specialist in Internet and Telecommunications Policy August 1, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL32589 The Federal Communications Commission Summary The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent federal agency with its five members appointed by the President, subject to confirmation by the Senate. It was established by the Communications Act of 1934 (1934 Act) and is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable. The mission of the FCC is to ensure that the American people have available—at reasonable cost and without discrimination—rapid, efficient, nation- and worldwide communication services, whether by radio, television, wire, satellite, or cable. Although the FCC has restructured over the past few years to better reflect the industry, it is still required to adhere to the statutory requirements of its governing legislation, the Communications Act of 1934. The 1934 Act requires the FCC to regulate the various industry sectors differently. Some policymakers have been critical of the FCC and the manner in which it regulates various sectors of the telecommunications industry—telephone, cable television, radio and television broadcasting, and some aspects of the internet. These policymakers, including some in Congress, have long called for varying degrees and types of reform to the FCC. Most proposals fall into two categories: (1) procedural changes made within the FCC or through congressional action that would affect the agency’s operations or (2) substantive policy changes requiring congressional action that would affect how the agency regulates different services and industry sectors. -
Notes for EECS 120, Sp 2002
Notes for EECS 120, Sp 2002 Pravin Varaiya January 27, 2002 Chapter 1 Communication system Transmitter Receiver m x x y m power T R ym y modulator channel amplifier demodulator amplifier received source carrier modulated transmitted received baseband baseband signal, signal signal signal signal signal 2πω t e c channel ω |M(ω)| |XT( )| ω ω −ω ω c c Figure 1.1: Basic components of a communication system. Figure 1.1 indicates the basic components of a communication system. The source signal m ∈ ContSignals is a baseband signal. The modulator transforms this signal into the signal xm ∈ ContSignals whose frequency spectrum is centered around the carrier frequency ωc rad/sec. The power amplifier boosts the amplitude of xm to a level sufficient for transmission. The transmitted signal xT propagates through the channel. The output of the channel is the received signal yR. The receiver amplifies this signal to ym. The demodulator processes it and the final received signal is y. A well-designed communication system should have y ≈ m. The FCC assigns a particular part of the electromagnetic spectrum—called a channel—to each station. The modulator transforms the baseband signal x into the signal xm whose spectrum Xm fits inside the station’s channel, as shown in the lower part of the figure. For example, the AM station KCBS is assigned the 10 kHz-wide channel, 740 ± 5 kHz, while the FM station KQED is assigned the 200 kHz-wide channel 88.5 ± 0.1 MHz. KRON TV is assigned the 6 MHz-wide channel, 66-72 MHz, called channel # 4. -
A Wavelength for Every Network: Synchronous Broadcasting and National Radio in the United States, 1926–1932 Michael J
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Communication and Journalism Faculty Communication and Journalism Scholarship 2007 A Wavelength for Every Network: Synchronous Broadcasting and National Radio in the United States, 1926–1932 Michael J. Socolow University of Maine, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/cmj_facpub Part of the Film and Media Studies Commons, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, Radio Commons, and the United States History Commons Repository Citation Socolow, Michael J., "A Wavelength for Every Network: Synchronous Broadcasting and National Radio in the United States, 1926–1932" (2007). Communication and Journalism Faculty Scholarship. 1. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/cmj_facpub/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Communication and Journalism Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Wavelength for Every Network: Synchronous Broadcasting and National Radio in the United States, 1926-1932 Author(s): Michael J. Socolow Source: Technology and Culture, Vol. 49, No. 1 (Jan., 2008), pp. 89-113 Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press and the Society for the History of Technology Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40061379 Accessed: 07-06-2016 21:28 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. -
First Ideas and Some History
Chapter 1 Introduction: First Ideas and Some History JL his book is about the transmission of information through space and time. We call the first communication. We call the second storage. How are these done, and what resources do they take? These days, most information transmission is digital, meaning that information is represented by a set of symbols, such as 1 and 0. How many symbols are needed? Why has this conversion to digital form occurred? How is it related to another great change in our culture, the computer? Information transmission today is a major human activity, attracting investment and infrastructure on a par with health care and transport, and exceeding investment in food production. How did this come about? Why are people so interested in communicating? Our aim in this book is to answer these questions, as much as time and space permit. In this chapter we will start by introducing some first ideas about information, how it occurs, and how to think about it. We will also look at the history of communication. Here lie examples of the kinds of information we live with, and some ideas about why communication is so important. The later chapters will then go into detail about communication systems and the tools we use in working with them. Some of these chapters are about engineering and invention. Some are about scientific ideas and mathematics. Others are about social events and large-scale systems. All of these play important roles in information technology. Understanding Information Transmission. By John B. Anderson and Rolf Johannesson ISBN 0-471-679 JO-0 © 2005 the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. -
History of the Amateur Radio Operator
www.ashlandcert.org History of the Amateur Radio Operator Amateur Radio (HAM radio) is a popular hobby and service that brings people, April 2018 electronics and communication together. Operators use radios to talk across town, around the world, and even into space, all without the Internet or cell Neighbors Helping phones. It's fun, social, educational, and can be a lifeline during times of need; Neighbors... specifically big disasters. The amateur radio operator, once licensed, uses designated radio frequencies to broadcast communications under specific parameters identified and mandated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Inside this issue: Although Amateur Radio operators get involved for many reasons, they all History of Amateur 1 learn common basic knowledge of radio technology and operating principles, and then pass an examination for the FCC license to operate on radio History of cont …... 2 frequencies under specified guidelines. Becoming an Amateur 2 How did this passion originate? Radio License Class 2 As early as 1888, radio waves were proven to exist by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz. Pancake Benefit 3 This concept was later adapted by Guglielmo Marconi in experiments with ‘wireless’ telegraph technology. These two findings, along with James Clerk Training Calendar 4 Maxwell presented his theory of the electromagnetic field, set the stage for the Next Meeting Dates: future of amateur radio operations across the globe. In fact, in 1901, Marconi General Meeting: communicated across the Atlantic using a April 11, Fire Station 1. Topic: Basic Training. high power radio device and giant Meeting starts at 6:00 with antennas. This is one example of the doors open at 5:30 PM. -
DOC-308650A1.Pdf
First Annual Report of the Federal Communications Commission To the Congress of the United States For the Fiscal Year 1935 Herbert L. Pettey, Secretary UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1936 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. • Price 15 Cents FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION, Washington, D.O., January 6, 1936. To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of Amerioa in Oongress assembled: Herewith is submitted the First Annual Report of the Federal Communications Commission covering the fiscal year ended June 30,1935. The Federal Communications Commission was established by an act entitled" Public, No. 416 ", Seventy-third Congress, approved June 19, 1934, for the purpose of regulating interstate and foreign commerce in communication by wire and radio so as to make avail able so far as possible, to all people of the United States, a rapid, efficient, Nation-wide, and world-wide wire and radio communication Eervice with adequate facilities at reasonable charges, for the purpose of the national defense, and for the purpose of securing a more effective execution of this policy by centralizing authority heretofore granted by law to several agencies and by granting additional authority with respect to interstate and foreign commerce in wire and radio communication. This act further provided for the transfer to the Communications Commission of all officers and employees of the Federal Radio Com mission (except the members thereof whose offices it abolished) whose services were deemed necessary to the efficient operation of the new Commission. It also provided for the transfer of all records and property formerly under the jurisdiction of the Federal Radio Commission and all records under the jurisdiction of the Interstate Commerce Commission and of the Postmaster General relating to the duties, powers, and functions imposed upon and vested in the Com mission by the Communications Act.