1 Article Manual Food Technology By Arjun Shukla B.Sc Biotechnology M.Sc. Zoology (Entomology) Mitali Gupta B.E (Electrical & Electronic Engg.), M.E. Control System Purpose of dairy its Maintenance and Product 2 Introduction: India derives nearly 33% of the gross Domestic population from agriculture and has 66% of economically active population, engaged in agriculture. The share of livestock product is estimated at 21% of total agriculture sector. The fact that dairying could play a more constructive role in promoting rural welfare and reducing poverty is increasly being recognized. Milk production alone involves more than 70 million producers, each raising one or two cows/ buffaloes primarily for milk production. The domesticated water buffalo is one of the gentlest of all farm animals; hence it can be breeded easily. The dairy sector offers a good opportunity to entrepreneurs in India. India is a land of opportunity for those who are looking for new and expanding markets. Growth prospects in the dairy sector are very bright. Dairy development in India has been acknowledged the world over as one of modern India’s most successful development programme. India is the second largest milk producing country with anticipated production of about 78 million tons during 1999- 2000. The production of milk products stood at 3.07 lakh tones in 1999-2000. Production of milk powder including infant milk food has risen to 2.25 lakh tons in 1999- 2000, whereas that of malted food is at 65000 tons. Off late market for milk products is showing a steady increase. Dairy farming has been part of agriculture for thousands of years, but it was usually done on a small scale on mixed farms with little distinction between dairy cattle and beef cattle. Today, dairy cows are specialized to produce large volumes of milk. Specialist scale dairy farming is only viable where either a large amount of milk is required. DAIRY CATTLE Dairy farming in the United States is undergoing dramatic changes, driven by both supply and demand factors. Consumption is shifting from fluid milk, generally produced for local markets, toward manufactured products, such as cheese, and dairy- based ingredients produced for national and global markets. Innovations in breeding and feeding systems have led to large increases in the 3 amount of milk that a cow produces. The location of milk production is shifting toward Western States such as California, Idaho and New Mexico. Finally, production is shifting to much larger farms. The number of dairy farms with fewer than 200 cows is shrinking rapidly while very large operations, with 1,000 to 30,000 cows on one site, account for rapidly growing shares of production. Large dairy farms first emerged in the Western States, but are now appearing in traditional dairy States as well. History: Milk producing animals have been domesticated for thousands of years. Initially, they were part of the subsistence farming that nomads engaged in. As the community moved about the country, their animals accompanied them. Protecting and feeding the animals were a big part of the symbiotic relationship between the animals and the herders. In the more recent past, people in agricultural societies owned dairy animals that they milked for domestic and local (village) consumption, a typical example of a cottage industry. The animals might serve multiple purposes (for example, as a draught animal for pulling a plough as a youngster, and at the end of its useful life as meat). In this case the animals were normally milked by hand and the herd size was quite small, so that all of the animals could be milked in less than an hour— about 10 per milker. These tasks were performed by a dairymaid (dairywoman) or dairyman. The word dairy harkens back to Middle English dairies, from dye (female servant or dairymaid) and further back to Old English doge (kneader of bread). 4 With industrialization and urbanization, the supply of milk became a commercial industry, with specialized breeds of cattle being developed for dairy, as distinct from before draught animals. Initially, more people were employed as milkers, but it soon turned to mechanization with machines designed to do the milking. Historically, the milking and the processing took place close together in space and time: on a dairy farm. People milked the animals by hand; on farms where only small numbers are kept, hand-milking may still be practiced. Hand-milking is accomplished by grasping the teats (often pronounced tit or tits) in the hand and expressing milk either by squeezing the fingers progressively, from the udder end to the tip, or by squeezing the teat between thumb and index finger, then moving the hand downward from udder towards the end of the teat. The action of the hand or fingers is designed to close off the milk duct at the udder (upper) end and, by the movement of the fingers, close the duct progressively to the tip to express the trapped milk. Each half or quarter of the udder is emptied one milk-duct capacity at a time. The stripping action is repeated, using both hands for speed. Both methods result in the milk that was trapped in the milk duct being squirted out the end into a bucket that is supported between the knees (or rests on the ground) of the milker, who usually sits on a low stool. Traditionally the cow, or cows, would stand in the field or paddock while being milked. Young stock, heifers, would have to be trained to remain still to be milked. In many countries, the cows were tethered to a post and milked. The problem with this method is that it relies on quiet, tractable beasts, because the hind end of the cow is not restrained. In 1937, it was found that bovine somatotropin (BST or bovine growth hormone) would increase the yield of milk. Monsanto Company developed a synthetic (recombinant) version of this hormone (rBST). In February 1994, rBST was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for 5 use in the U.S. It has become common in the U.S., but not elsewhere, to inject it into milch kine dairy cows to increase their production by up to 15%. Dairy Cattle Breeds: Major Breeds of Dairy Cattle- Holstein Friesian (HF): • Origin: Netherlands • Characteristics: – Distinctive black and white markings – Large framed – Calf weighs 90 lb at birth – Mature cow weighs 1500 lb – Tremendous milk production • 21,167 pounds of milk / yr • Protein 3.2% • Fat 3.4% Jersey: • Origin: Island of Jersey, GB • Characteristics: – Color: very light gray, mouse color to a very dark fawn, almost black • Dark points – Medium to Small Frame Size (smallest dairy breed) • Cow weighs 800 to 1200 lb. – Milk with highest butterfat • Milk yield 16,223 lb / yr • Protein 3.9% • Fat 4.9% Brown Swiss: • Origin: Switzerland • Characteristics: 6 – Color: Brown-grey – Strong feet and legs – Docile – Milk Production • Milk yield 21,242 lb / yr • Protein 3.5% • Fat 4.0% Shahiwal: • Origin: India-Pakistan • Characteristics: – Color: reddish brown to red – Heat tolerance – Tick and parasite resistance – Milk Production • Milk yield 2270kg /lactation • Protein 3.5-4.0% • Fat 4.5-5.0% Why do Dairy Farming? Dairying is an important source of subsidiary income to small/marginal farmers and agricultural laborers. The manure from animals provides a good source of organic matter for improving soil fertility and crop yields. The goober gas from the dung is used as fuel for domestic purposes as also for running engines for drawing water from well. The surplus fodder and agricultural by-products are gainfully utilized for feeding the animals. Almost all draught power for farm operations and transportation is supplied by bullocks. Since agriculture is mostly seasonal, there is a possibility of finding employment throughout the year for many persons through dairy farming. Thus, dairy also provides employment throughout the year. The main beneficiaries of dairy programmes are small/marginal farmers and landless laborers. A farmer can earn a gross surplus of about Rs. 12,000 per year from a unit consisting of 2 milking buffaloes. The capital investment required for purchase of 2 buffaloes is Rs. 18,223/-. Even after paying a sum of Rs. 4294/- per annum towards repayment of the loan and interest the 7 farmer can earn a net surplus of Rs. 6000 - 9000/- approximately per year. (For details see model scheme enclosed). Even more profits can be earned depending upon the breed of animal, managerial skills and marketing potential. According to World Bank estimates about 75 per cent of India's 940 million people are in 5.87 million villages, cultivating over 145 million hectares of cropland. Average farm size is about 1.66 hectares. Among 70 million rural households, 42 per cent operate up to 2 hectares and 37 per cent are landless households. These landless and small farmers have in their possession 53 per cent of the animals and produce 51 per cent of the milk. Thus, small/marginal farmers and land less agricultural laborers play a very important role in milk production of the country. Dairy farming can also be taken up as a main occupation around big urban centres where the demand for milk is high. Package of Common Management Practices Recommended for Dairy Farmers Modern and well established scientific principles, practices and skills should be used to obtain maximum economic benefits from dairy farming. Some of the major norms and recommended practices are as follows: 8 I. Housing: 1. Construct shed on dry, properly raised ground. 2. Avoid water-logging, marshy and heavy rainfall areas. 3. The walls of the sheds should be 1.5 to 2 meters high.