New Geothermal Power Plant in Turkey
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Session 1 GEOTHERMALL ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION: POSSIBILITIES, TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY IN CENTRAL EUROPEAN REGION Tevfik Kaya: KIZILDERE – NEW GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT IN TURKEY I.2. KIZILDERE – NEW GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT IN TURKEY 1. Stage 60 MWe Turkey’s Biggest Geothermal Electricity Plant Development Project Privatization of Kızıldere Geothermal Power Plant and Current Approaches for the Field & Plant Tevfik Kaya, Ali Kindap Zorlu Energy ABSTRACT Kızıldere Geothermal Field is discovered in 1960s by General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA). After 24 years of operation by EÜA , state-owned electricity production company, the government decided to privatize Kızıldere Geothermal Plant, and privatization took place on March 5, 2008. As a result of this privatization, the licenses and rights of this Field is transferred to Zorlu Energy Group on September 1, 2008, who won the tender. From that day forward, an intensive work towards developing the Field has commenced: Starting with a due diligence study followed by the gathering and evaluation of all data in hand, the Group plans to develop the geothermal field so as to meet both short term (15MWe energy production) and long term (60 MWe energy production) production targets. In this regard, while on one hand, a feasibility study is being prepared by a foreign consultant company, on the other hand, geophysical-geochemical studies, mechanical cleaning work, inhibitor tests and preparation of re-injection wells are continuing. 1. Introduction through a privatization tender. Receiving all legal rights for the exploitation of this resource, Kızıldere Geothermal Field, located in south Zorlu Energy commenced working on this new east of Aegean Region of Western Anatolia, in project with the ultimate aim of constructing a the province of Denizli, Turkey, (Figure 1) was new, sustainable power plant with 60 MWe discovered by General Directorate of Mineral capacity as the first stage of power expansion. Research and Exploration (MTA) in 1965. As a first step in the project, the operating Following this discovery, various scientific efficiency of the current power plant has been studies have been conducted at the site with the increased from 6 MW to 15 MW. ultimate aim of converting this geothermal Meanwhile, a new exploration programme is resource into electricity. For this purpose, the prepared, and geochemical and geophysical first pilot power plant with 500 kWe capacity (gravity and magnetic surveys, resistivity was constructed in 1974, followed by a 17.4 surveys) studies commenced in line with this MWe capacity power plant commissioned by programme. After the completion of required TEK (Turkish Electricity Authority) in 1984. exploration and environmental studies, new On September 1, 2008, Zorlu Group, one of wells are going to be drilled within the scope of the biggest holdings of Turkey, has acquired 2 this plan to produce electricity at the planned exploitation license for 70 km Kızıldere new power plant. In this regard, resource Geothermal field and current Power Plant modeling studies still continue, along with the 1 Proceedings of the International Conference on NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY USE and International Course/EGEC Busiess Seminar on ORGANIZATION OF SUCCESSFUL DEVELEOPMENT OF A GEOTHERMAL PROJECT, K. Popovski, A.Vranovska, S. Popovska Vasilevska, Editors feasibility studies, and environmental impact thermal Energy projects into its program and assessments to get necessary legal permits. started to play a key role in exploration, pro- The Investor of this project, Zorlu Holding, duction, well maintenance and operation servi- has been active in energy sector since 1993 and ces of the geothermal field. Company works has achieved a continuous growth in the sector with highly skilled human resources profile, with its Energy Group Companies. The compa- and, professionals working in geothermal pro- ny engages in the various activities in the en- jects have long experience in geothermal re- ergy sector including hydrocarbon exploration, source development. The company also gets ad- production, distribution and trading, renewable ditional consultant services from reputable energy development and power plant opera- foreign consultant firms and academia when tions. In 2008, with the transfer of rights of deemed necessary. Kızıldere Field, Zorlu Energy involved Geo- Fig. 1. Map of Turkey and Kızıldere Geothermal Field Turkey is a net energy importing country efficient way. Turkey has ambitious targets in and her energy policies are being constructed so the development of renewable resources: By as to achieve diversification of energy mix in 2020, 25% of the electricity demand is expected the most environment friendly and energy to be met by renewable energy resources and 2 Session 1 GEOTHERMALL ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION: POSSIBILITIES, TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY IN CENTRAL EUROPEAN REGION Tevfik Kaya: KIZILDERE – NEW GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT IN TURKEY total installed geothermal power capacity is develop the field to achieve increased planned to be 600 MWe. Zorlu Energy is aware production targets. of these targets set forth for the next decade, and working to meet increasing energy demand 1. History of Geothermal Energy in in the most sustainable way, the Group invests Kızıldere Field in renewable energy projects some of which Kızıldere is the first geothermal field used for include hydroelectric power plants (190 MWe), electricity production in Türkiye. The geo- geothermal plants, solar systems (120 KWe) thermal field is named after Kızıldere city, and wind farms (225 MWe). Kızıldere geo- which is located in the south east of Aegean thermal field is the largest and most important Region of Western Anatolia. The license area geothermal field in Turkey, and Zorlu Energy is covers partly Sarayköy and Buldan towns of working hard to develop this resource to Denizli and Buharkent town of Aydın (Figure achieve clean and sustainable electricity pro- 1). duction. Despite promising geological studies The initial exploration studies in the field go and reservoir estimations, the Field has been back to 1960s: In 1965, following geological operated with low capacities and production and geophysical studies; MTA performed the rates over the last 25 years. Hence the develop- first well drilling in the area to the depth of 540 ment of the project will provide a source of meters, and observed 198°C of temperature in clean, reliable, economical, indigenous electric the well. Between 1965 and 1973, 16 more power and will reduce the country’s reliance on wells have been drilled in the field whose foreign oil and gas for power generation. The depths are varying from 370 to 1241 meters. In project will be a state-of-the-art geothermal 1974 a 0,5 MWe pilot turbine is constructed by facility, based on technologies developed MTA and this turbine is mounted to KD-13. around the world to make geothermal plants With this pilot turbine, three nearby villages’ very efficient and reliable sources of electric electricity demand is supplied free of charge power. Hence, this project is an innovator for between 1974 and 1980. Following this pilot new projects concerning the use of geothermal study, in 1984, the first geothermal plant which resources and the success of this project should has a generator output of 15 MWe and a total reduce the perceived risk of development el- capacity of 17, 4 MWe is constructed. Between sewhere in Turkey. Believing that sustainability 1985-1986, 3 new wells (KD-20, KD-21, and is the key element in energy projects, Zorlu KD-22) were drilled to supply the plant with Energy is aware of the potential Kızıldere vapour, increasing the total number of wells in Geothermal Field carries and is dedicated to the field to 9. Fig.2 Production in Kızıldere Geothermal Power Plant 3 Proceedings of the International Conference on NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY USE and International Course/EGEC Busiess Seminar on ORGANIZATION OF SUCCESSFUL DEVELEOPMENT OF A GEOTHERMAL PROJECT, K. Popovski, A.Vranovska, S. Popovska Vasilevska, Editors At first, R-1 was planned to be a reinjection Lycian nappes. The Menderes massif, with its well and drilled at a depth of 2261 m. in 2001. dome-like rise, has gained the feature of a However it is discovered to have the highest tectonic window and as a result of the temperature (242 °C) geothermal well in the extension, the graben systems have developed. field, as well as in Turkey, and because of its Another important factor that caused the productivity and high enthalpy; it is now being development of the graben systems is the used as a production well. R-2 is drilled to be collision of the Anatolian- Arabic plates along used as a reinjection well in 2002 at a depth of Bitlis suture zone so the Anatolian plates move 1428 m. This well is the only reinjection well of towards west with North and East Anatolian the field. faults starting from Tortonian. Three reservoirs have been identified in the In the Plio-Quaternary, regional tectonic Kızıldere region: First reservoir is Sazak For- factors initiated the formation of grabens and mation between Pliocene units. Second reser- the effects of these factors can still be observed voir is Igdecik Formation of Menderes Meta- today. The known and registered earthquakes morphics and third reservoir is gneiss and also confirm this fact. The faults generating the quartzite under the micaschists. Pliocene aged grabens and horsts are generally parallel to each clay, marl and sandstone alterations represent other and normal slipped. Also reverse faults’ the caprock in the geothermal system. Besides developments are conformable to graben these discovered reservoirs, recent research tectonics. studies indicate the possibility of a fourth and Tectonic: The term of neo-tectonic means all undiscovered reservoir with a temperature the tectonism within a time from last tectonic varying between 250-260°C. To prove the change in regime in any region until today existence of this new reservoir, a new explo- (Sengör, 1980).