Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(5): 659-666

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 05 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.805.077

Quantification of Agricultural Mechanization Status for Etawah District of Uttar Pradesh, India

Tarun Kumar Maheshwari* and Ashok Tripathi

Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, VSAET, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (SHUATS), Allahabad-211 007, UP, India

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

District Etawah falls in western part of Uttar Pradesh. The district has 8 blocks and 696 villages. The net sown area of the district is 1.48 lakh ha with cropping intensity of 210 %. Normal annual rainfall of the district is 792 mm. Three main levels of mechanization K e yw or ds technologies need consideration: human power, animal power and mechanical power technologies, with varying degrees of sophistication within each level, on the basis of Mechanization capacity to do work, costs, precision and effectiveness. After selection of variables, a index, Power Availability, Total questionnaire was prepared to collect primary data from Etawah district of Uttar Pradesh. energy, Mechanical A Stratified Multistage Sampling Design was applied considering district and blocks as Ener gy Cropping strata. The villages were selected from each block of Etawah district using random Intensity sampling and 4 blocks out of 8 blocks of Etawah district were taken for the study. Then from each blocks, villages and then from each villages, 15 farmers were selected using Article Info random sampling. Primary data were collected from 600 farmers from 40 villages. The

Accepted: Mechanization index, Power availability, Total energy, Mechanical energy, Human energy 10 April 2019 is highest in Basrehar block significantly in comparison to other three blocks ie 0.953, Available Online: 1.877 kW/ha, 1990.32 kWh/ha, 1930.57 kWh/ha, 59.59 kWh/ha,. The average value of 10 May 2019 Mechanization index, Power availability, Total energy, Mechanical energy, Human energy, cropping intensity, Irrigation intensity, farmers income and input cost in Etawah district is 0.9416, 1.53 kW/ha, 1250.59 kWh/ha, 1199.73 kWh/ha, 50.95 kWh/ha, 210 %,

799.84 %, Rs.143885 and Rs. 53729 respectively. Introduction and Yamuna rivers. The net sown area of the district is 1.48 lakh ha with cropping intensity District Etawah falls in western part of Uttar of 155%. Normal annual rainfall of the Pradesh and is surrounded by Mainpuri, Agra, district is 792 mm. More than 74% of the net Auraiya and state Madhya Pradesh. The sown area is irrigated and over 69% land is district has 8 blocks and 696 villages. The cultivated. The net irrigated area of the total area of the district is 2434 square km, district is 1.34 lakh ha. The climate is semi- supporting a population of 15.82 lakh with arid arid the soil type is alluvium calcareous population densely as 684 persons per square clay. km. The district is endowed with Chambal

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In modern era, agricultural mechanization Li =Land area cultivated in the production draws a major controversy that it is unit `a`, considered as the application of mechanical TLi = Total farm land ownership of power technology, particularly tractors. production unit `a`, However, three main levels of mechanization n = Number of farms. technologies need consideration: human power, animal power and mechanical power The MI index, proposed by Andrade and technologies, with varying degrees of Jenkins, 2003 is an indication of the amount sophistication within each level (Rijk, 1989), of machinery a given farmer uses for farm on the basis of capacity to do work, costs, and work compared with the average in the precision and effectiveness (Morris, 1985). region. The second term in Equation (1) Agricultural mechanization technology includes a ratio between the land area further varies from location to location and cultivated with soybean crop and the total crop to crop. Thus the quality of inputs of land ownership. This term was introduced mechanization, and consequently land and because it reflects the importance of land labour productivity may differ considerably demand for cultivation. The LOM index is (Gifford and Rijk, 1980). So, mechanization based on the premise that a mechanized planning requires the quantification of level farmer is the one that finds a way to utilize of mechanization for each crop production. amounts of mechanical energy that are higher Several authors developed different methods than the typical values using locally available to quantify the level of mechanization based technology. on power or energy availability, and its impact in agricultural and labour productivity.

Zangeneh et al., (2010) defined Mechanization Index (MI) and Level of Where, LOM = level of mechanization, Mechanization (LOM), to characterize Pi= power of tractors, farming system of potato in the Hamadan η = correction factor for utilized power (0.75). province of Iran. These indicators are defined mathematically as equations (1) and (2) Field capacity was multiplied by rated power respectively. The MI elaborated here is an so the quantification of energy expenditure expression of the deviation of the actual was made in work units (kWh). The regional amount of motorized farm work from the normal will be obtained after compiling a full normal values at the regional level. dataset of all respondents and then it would be defined the mode for the number of passes for each operation as well as the mode in tractor size and field capacity.

Where, The level of mechanization is calculated by the following formula (Almasi et al., 2000). MI = Mechanization Index for the production unit `a`, Mechanization level Me (i) = Overall input energy due to machinery in the production unit `a`, Mav = Regional-average energy due to The Total power of existing tractors (hp) = machinery, Average nominal power of one tractor x Number of working tractors.

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Total real power of tractors= Total power of Degree of mechanization (MD) existing tractors x Conversion coefficient (0.75). It is one of the quantitative measure of mechanization, by which the degree of Animal energy (hp-h) = Total existing animal mechanization of different operations in a power x Annual functional hours. cropping system like land preparation, sowing, weeding, irrigation, spraying, Annual functional hours = Number of harvesting, threshing, transportation of agri- functional days x Mean functional hours cultural produce and etc. can be assessed. It is during a day. the ratio of mechanization area accomplished to the area to be mechanized (Almasi et al., Total existing animal power (hp) = Produced 2000). The degree of mechanization of power of animal x Number of animals. particular implements used in a particular agricultural operation can be given as: Human energy (hp-h) can also be calculated in the same manner. Degree of Mechanization =Mechanized area/ Area to be Mechanized. . .,(4) Materials and Methods In other words, the degree of mechanization After selection of variables, a questionnaire can be used to evaluate the extent of different was prepared to collect primary data from agricultural operations performed using Etawah district of Uttar Pradesh. A Stratified machinery or improved implements to the Multistage Sampling Design was applied operations performed by humans, animals or considering district and blocks as strata. The traditional implement ie Area under bullocks, villages were selected from each block of cultivator, power tiller, disc plough, M B Etawah district using random sampling and 4 plough, deshi hal (local plough), seed cum blocks out of 8 blocks of Etawah district were fertilizer drill, diesel engine, electric pump, taken for the study. Then from each blocks, sprinkler, dripper, sprayer (manually villages and then from each villages, 15 operated), sprayer (tractor operated), manual farmers were selected using random harvesting, thresher and combine harvester. sampling. Primary data were collected from 600 farmers from 40 villages. As Level of mechanization (power availability) mechanization is a multi-dimensional concept, thus the following indices were Farm power is an essential input in evaluated to study the mechanization status in agricultural production system to operate target region. different types of equipment for timely field completion of agricultural works to increase To study the mechanization status of Etawah productivity and maintain sustainability of district of Uttar Pradesh, many variables were farm. The mobile power is used for different selected based on requirements to estimate field jobs like land preparation, sowing, degree of mechanization, level of weeding, spraying, and harvesting etc., mechanization (Power availability), whereas stationary power is used for lifting mechanization index, cropping intensity, water, operating irrigation equipment, irrigation intensity, input cost and farmers threshing, cleaning and grading of agricultural income. The following variables were produce. The main sources of mobile power selected: are human, draught animal, tractors, power

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(5): 659-666 tiller and self-propelled machines (combines, j = 1 k dozers, reapers, sprayers and etc.) where as = 1 the source of stationary power is oil engines s t p and electric motors. In this study, power r s (M × M jk + H jk × ∑ p t availability was also evaluated for Etawah [ ∑ jk M jk + district of Uttar Pradesh. The main sources of j = 1 k = mobile power were human, draught animal, 1 p t tractors and combines whereas the sources of A jk × A jk ] … (6) stationary power were oil engines, electric motors and threshers in the Etawah District. Where, The power availability was evaluated using formula given by Eq. 5 MIi = Mechanization Index of ith farm

p Power availability (hp/ha) = Total Power/ Net M jk = Power of machine used in kth Cultivated Area . ..(5) operation in jth crop (including stationary and movable) Where, t M jk = Time taken by machine to perform kth p Total power = Total mobile power + Total operation in jth crop H jk = Power of human stationary power used in kth operation in jth crop (including stationary and movable) Net Cultivated Area = Net Cultivated Area of t Target Region Villages wise number of H jk = Time taken by human to perform kth tractor, combine harvester, bullocks, operation in jth crop agricultural workers, power tiller, diesel p engines and electric pump A jk = Power of animal used in kth operation in jth crop (including stationary and movable) Mechanization index (MI) t A jk = Time taken by animal to perform kth Farm operation wise mechanization index is operation in jth crop one of the quantitative measures of mechanization and it can be defined as per i = 1 to n, where n is number of farm j = 1 to capita power in terms of hp per hectare for a r, where r is number of crop cultivated in a particular region. Evaluation of operation calendar year wise mechanization index first then Farmers wise human power, animal power and k = 1 to s, where s is no of farm practices in machinery power availability like tractor, jth cro thresher, combine. In this study, a new approach to evaluate Mechanization Index Results and Discussion was used to overcome the demerits in the previous methodology to evaluate The graphical representation of variation of Mechanization Index and is given below: Mechanization index, Power availability, Total energy, Human energy, Mechanical r s energy, Degree of mechanization, Cropping MIi intensity, Irrigation intensity, Farmers income = ( ∑ ∑ M pjk × M tjk) / and Input cost in four blocks i.e. Mahewa,

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Saifai, Badpura, Basrehar are shown in figure were also studied using one way ANOVA. It from 1 to 13. The average value of above was observed that Mechanization index, mentioned parameters are also given in Table Power availability and other parameters 2. The several farm mechanization parameters varied significantly among blocks (Table 1). and their variability among different blocks

Table.1 ANOVA for mechanization parameters

Source DF p-values Model 3 Mechanization Total Human Mechanical Power Index Energy Energy Energy availability (kWh/ha) (kWh/ha) (kWh/ha) (kW/ha) Error 16 0.0067 0.0050 0.0474 0.0056 0.0241 Total 19 R2 - 0.258 0.541 0.382 0.534709 0.248 CV - 1.668 47.120 38.18 48.81804 62.031

Table.2 Comparison of mechanization parameters

Parameters Block LSD Mahewa Basrehar Badpura Saifai - Mechanization Index 0.9416c 0.9535a 0.9378b 0.9333b 0.0285 Total Energy (kWh/ha) 1164.25b 1990.32a 987.49c 860.70d 1042.7 Human Energy 43.46c 59.59a 50.24b 50.53b 33.969 (kWh/ha) Mechanical Energy 1120.80b 1930.73a 937.25c 810.17d 1036.8 (kWh/ha) Power availability 1.1184d 1.8777a 1.5945b 1.5248b 1.7793 (kW/ha)

Fig.1–13

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The comparisons of parameters for different References blocks has been performed using LSD values and presented in (Table 2). It can be seen that Anonymous. 2018. Agriculture Census 2015- Mechanization index, Power availability Total 16 (Phase I) Provisional Results, energy, Human energy and Mechanical Department of Agriculture, Cooperation energy varied significantly in different across and Farmers Welfare, Government of blocks (Table 2). India (GOI). Report of Agriculture census 2015-16. In conclusion, the Mechanization Index, Anonymous, 2018. Annual Report 2017-18, Power availability, Total energy, Mechanical Department of Agriculture, Cooperation energy, Human energy is highest in Basrehar and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of block significantly in comparison to other Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, three blocks as mentioned in above Table 2. Government of India, New Delhi, 93 p. Buts the Badpura and Saifai have almost same Roy Ramendu and Hasib Ahmad, 2015: State insignificant value Mechanization Index and Agricultural Profile of Uttar Pradesh. Power availability. The average value of Report of Agriculture profile 2014-15. Mechanization Index, Power availability, Almasi, M., S. Kiani, and N. Loui-mi. 2000. Total energy, Mechanical energy, Human Principles of Agricultural energy, cropping intensity, Irrigation Mechanization. Ma soumeh (PBUH) intensity, farmers income and input cost in Publication. Ghom, Iran. PP. 19-40. Etawah district is 0.9416, 1.53 kW/ha, Gifford, R.C., and A.G. Rijik. 1980. 1250.59 kWh/ha, 1199.73 kWh/ha, 50.95 Guidelines for Agricultural kWh/ha, 210, 799.84, Rs.143885 and Rs. mechanization strategy in development. 53729 respectively. Economic and Social Commission for

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Asia and the Pa-cific (ESCAP), Vol. V. June 2003. Regional Network for Agricultural Ramirez, A.A., A. Oida, H. Nakashi-ma, J. machinery. Miyasaka, and K. Ohdoi. 2007. Morris, J., 1985. The economics of small farm Mechanization index and machinery mechanization. In „Small Farm energy ratio assessment by means of an Mechanization for Developing Artificial Neural Network: A Mexican Countries‟ (eds P. Crossley and case study. Agricultural Engineering Kilgour), pp. 171-184, John Wiley and International. Manuscript PM 07002, 2. Sons: New York. Rijk, A. G. 1989. Agricultural mechanization Nowacki, T., 1978. Methodology used by policy and strategy- the case of ECE Countries in fore-casting Thailand. Asian Productivity mechanization developments. United Organization, Tokyo, Japan. Nations Economic Commission for Singh, G., and D. De. 1999. Quantification of Europe, AGRI/ MECH Report No. 74. a mechanization indicator for Indian Nowacki, T., 1984. Changes and trends in the agriculture. Applied Engineering in quantity and balance of energy Agriculture, 15(3): 197-204. consumption in agriculture (general Singh, G., 2006. Estimation of a methodology). FAO/ mechanization index and its impact on ECE/AGRI/MECH Report, No. 105, production and economic factors- A Geneva p. 36. case study in India. Bio-systems Andrade, P., and B. Jenkins. “Identification of Engineering, 93(1): 99-106 Patterns of Farm Equipment Utilization Zangeneh, M., M. Omid, and A. Akram. in Two Agricultural Regions of Central 2010. Assessment of agricultural and Northern Mexico”. Agricultural mechanization status of potato Engineering International: the CIGR production by means of Artificial Journal of Scientific Re-search and Neural Network model. Australian Development. Invited Overview Paper. Journal of Crop Science, 4(5): 372-377.

How to cite this article:

Tarun Kumar Maheshwari and Ashok Tripathi. 2019. Quantification of Agricultural Mechanization Status for Etawah District of Uttar Pradesh, India. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(05): 659-666. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.805.077

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