DOCSLIB.ORG

(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2008/0035538A1 Cormier Et Al

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2008/0035538A1 Cormier Et Al US 2008.0035538A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2008/0035538A1 Cormier et al. (43) Pub. Date: Feb. 14, 2008 (54) APPARATUS FOR AND METHOD OF Related U.S. Application Data DENTRIFYING WASTEWATER (63) Continuation-in-part of application No. 60/796,893, (76) Inventors: Murphy J. Cormier, Lake Charles, LA filed on May 3, 2006. (US); Ronald R. Suchecki JR., China Spring, TX (US); Robert K. Pertuit, Publication Classification Sulphur, LA (US); Donald L. Brown, Flint, TX (US); Troy L. Cormier, Lake (51) Int. C. Charles, LA (US) BOID 2L/30 (2006.01) BOID 24/38 (2006.01) Correspondence Address: (52) U.S. Cl. ............................................ 210/104; 210/139 EMERGING STRATEGIES, PLLC 544.031ST STREET, N.W. WASHINGTON, DC 20015-1346 (US) (57) ABSTRACT (21) Appl. No.: 11/721,995 Disclosed is a method of denitrifying a solution including PCT Fed: May 4, 2007 introducing into the Solution an amount of a carbon source (22) within a duration and at a frequency so that indigenous (86) PCT No.: PCT/USO7/68288 heterotrophic bacteria deplete dissolved oxygen in the solu tion and decompose oxygen from nitrate in the Solution to S 371(c)(1), obtain its combined oxygen. Related apparatuses and com (2), (4) Date: Jun. 18, 2007 pounds also are disclosed. Patent Application Publication Feb. 14, 2008 Sheet 1 of 3 US 2008/0035538A1 Fig. 2 Patent Application Publication Feb. 14, 2008 Sheet 2 of 3 US 2008/0035538A1 Fig. 3 Patent Application Publication Feb. 14, 2008 Sheet 3 of 3 US 2008/0035538A1 500 Y 505 Measuring a Parameter of Wastewater and Defining a Measurement 510 Comparing the Measurement with a Predetermined Value 515 introducing into the Wastewater an Amount of a Carbon Source, Wherein One or More of a Frequency of Said Introducing, a Duration of Said introducing and the Amount Is Determined According to a Relationship Between the Measurement and the Predetermined Value Fig. 4 US 2008/0035538 A1 Feb. 14, 2008 APPARATUS FOR AND METHOD OF Nitrite (NO, ) is unstable and is easily converted into DENTRIFYING WASTEWATER nitrate. The total conversion of ammonia (NH) to nitrate (NO-) requires 4.6 parts oxygen and 7.1 parts alkalinity to REFERENCE TO EARLIER APPLICATIONS convert 1 part ammonia (NH). 0001. This application incorporates by reference and is a 00.15 Denitrification is the conversion of nitrate (NO ) National Phase of International Patent Application No. PCT/ to nitrogen gas (N). Heterotrophic bacteria use nitrate US07/68288, filed May 4, 2007. This application claims (NO ) as an oxygen source under anoxic conditions to priority to and incorporates by reference Patent Application break down organic Substances as follows: Ser. No. 60/796,893, filed May 5, 2006. Nitrates (NO-)+Organics--Heterotrophic bacteria= Nitrogen Gas--Oxygen-Alkalinity BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 0016. In practice, only certain forms of nitrogen are monitored in wastewater treatment facilities with special 0002 Denitrification of solutions is useful for many ized testing equipment. Testing for TKN involves a test that reasons, such as limiting the total nitrogen discharged in many wastewater treatment facility laboratories are not wastewater to comply with local permits. Other reasons equipped to perform. If testing for TKN is not possible, other include: improving freshwater quality; controlling alkalinity methods are used for monitoring the nitrogen cycle. and oxygen recovery, producing stabilized effluent, and reducing issues Stemming from sludge accumulation in the 0017. Typically, ammonia (NH) values are approxi clarifier. mately 60% of the TKN values, and the organic nitrogen generally is removed to the settled sludge. Also, total 0003 Removing nitrogen from wastewater requires Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) generally equals 15-20% of the understanding the different forms of nitrogen and some Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of the raw sewage. commonly referred to terms: Testing the following aid in monitoring and controlling the 0004 Total Nitrogen (TN) is the sum of all nitrogen nitrogen cycle: pH, alkalinity, ammonia (NH), nitrite forms or: (NO ) and nitrate (NO ). All major laboratory supply companies sell field test kits that are inexpensive, easy to Total Nitrogen=TKN--NO +NO use, and provide quick relatively accurate results. where: 0018. Having a good understanding of the form and 0005 TKN stands for Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen, which is extent of nitrogen in a wastewater treatment facility requires the sum of NH+Organic Nitrogen; a good sampling program that gives a complete profile of the system. The first sampling point should test the raw influent, 0006 NH3 stands for Ammonia Nitrogen or Ammonium or primary effluent if the system has a primary clarifier. ion (NH ); Typically, what enters the system is high in alkalinity and 0007 Organic Nitrogen is derived from amino acids, ammonia (NH) with little to no nitrite (NO-) or nitrate proteins, urea, uric acid, etc.; (NO, ). A quick way to determine if additional alkalinity may be needed is to multiply the amount of ammonia (NH) 0008) NO represents a Nitrite ion: by 7.1 mg/L. If this number exceeds the influent alkalinity 0009) NO represents a Nitrate ion; and concentration, Sodium hydroxide or lime may be needed to be added to the aeration tank. 0010 N represents Nitrogen Gas. 0019 pH is significant because, when ammonia (NH) 0011 Refractory Nitrogen cannot be decomposed bio begins converting to nitrate (NO-) in the aeration tank, logically. many hydrogen ions are released. When alkalinity drops 0012 Alkalinity is defined as the ability to resist a drop below 50 mg/L, pH can drop dramatically. The pH of the in pH. For every part ammonia (NH) converted to nitrate aeration tank should never drop below 6.5, otherwise desired (NO, ), 7.1 parts of alkalinity are depleted, and for every biological activity will be inhibited and toxic ammonia part nitrate (NO ) removed, 3.6 parts of alkalinity are (NH) can bleed through the system to the environment. recovered. 0020 Ammonia (NH) should have extremely low con 0013 An anoxic Zone is a basin, or portion that is mixed, centrations. Nitrite (NO, ) should be very low to non but not aerated. The dissolved oxygen levels must be less detectable, with the majority of the nitrogen in the nitrate than 1.0 mg/L, and avoid as low as 0.0 mg/L. In an anoxic (NO, ) form. If a suitable environment is maintained in the Zone, denitrifying bacteria derive oxygen from the nitrate aeration tank, most of the ammonia (NH) will be converted (NO-) compounds. to nitrate (NO ) by the time it leaves the tank. 0021 All tested nitrite (NO, ) levels should be very 0014) Nitrification and denitrification are two terms that low. High levels of nitrite (NO, ) in the system indicate an are commonly misunderstood. Both are individually distinct existing or anticipate problem with the nitrification cycle. processes. Nitrification is the conversion of ammonia (NH) to nitrate (NO ). This is a two-step process involving 0022 Nitrosomonas bacteria are hardier than Nitrobacter oxygen and two types of bacteria, Nitrosomonas and Nitro bacteria. If the Nitrobacter bacteria die off, the Nitrosomo bacter, known collectively as nitrifiers, represented as fol nas bacteria will continue working on the ammonia (NH) lows: and the cycle will overload with high levels of nitrite Ammonia (NH)+Oxygen (O2)+Alkalinity+Ni (NO ). An effluent with high nitrite (NO, ) concentra trosomonas=Nitrite (NO2—)+Oxygen (O2)+Alkalin tions is difficult to disinfect because of the tremendous ity+Nitrobacter=Nitrate (NO-) chlorine demand it poses. US 2008/0035538 A1 Feb. 14, 2008 0023. Other problems also can occur during nitrification. other words, the carbon Source-to-microorganisms ratio A decrease in the aeration tank pH due to insufficient should be in the proper range, on the lower end, for the type alkalinity causes ammonia (NH) to bleed through the of process operating. The pH of the anoxic Zone should be system, which causes decreased microbiological activity. close to neutral (7.0) and never drop below 6.5. Other factors that prevent complete nitrification include: a lack of dissolved oxygen; high mixed liquor suspended 0030 Optimal denitrification occurs when as much as Solids; low mean cell retention time; and cold temperatures. possible of the nitrate (NO ) is converted into nitrogen gas (N2). Achieving this requires a Sufficient amount of a 0024 All of these factors can inhibit the nitrification carbon source so that the indigenous heterotrophic bacteria cycle. High ammonia (NH) discharges can affect toxicity will consume all of the dissolved oxygen as well as the testing. High nitrite (NO, ) levels will cause a tremendous oxygen from the nitrate (NO ), thereby converting as chlorine demand making disinfection difficult, jeopardizing much as possible of the nitrate (NO-) into nitrogen gas fecal coliform limits. Leaving sludge that is high in nitrate (N). (NO ) too long in a secondary clarifier can cause it to rise to the Surface when the nitrogen gas is released. This is 0031 Many carbon sources for denitrification have been messy and jeopardizes TSS limits. studied and utilized in wastewater treatment systems. The most popular include the simple alcohols methanol 15 and 0025. Although problematic, nitrifying wastewater is ethanol 3. Acetate in the form of either acetic acid 1 or important for many reasons. Aside from permit limits, some acetate salt, e.g. sodium acetate 7), has also been ammonia (NH) is toxic to fish and other aquatic life. used. "Acetate' refers to either the ion, as in sodium acetate, Ammonia (NH) discharges also place a very high oxygen or the substituent group, as in ethyl acetate 6). The studies demand on the receiving streams. Nitrification also aids in frequently indicate acetate 7 as the most effective of these producing a highly stabilized effluent. listed, and the many other compounds Subjected to these 0026.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Triacetin Cas N°:102-76-1
    OECD SIDS TRIACETIN FOREWORD INTRODUCTION TRIACETIN CAS N°:102-76-1 UNEP PUBLICATIONS 1 OECD SIDS TRIACETIN SIDS Initial Assessment Report For SIAM 15 Boston, 22-25 October 2002 1. Chemical Name: Triacetin 2. CAS Number: 102-76-1 3. Sponsor Country: Japan National SIDS Contact Points in Sponsor Country: Mr. Yasuhisa Kawamura Director Second Organisations Div. Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2–2-1, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 110 4. Shared Partnership with: 5. Roles/Responsibilities of the Partners: • Name of industry sponsor Dr. Tsuneo Baba /consortium Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd. E-mail: [email protected] • Process used 6. Sponsorship History • How was the chemical or This substance is sponsored by Japan under the ICCA category brought into the Initiative and is submitted for first discussion at SIAM 15 OECD HPV Chemicals Programme ? 7. Review Process Prior to The industry consortium collected new data and prepared the the SIAM: updated IUCLID, draft versions of the SIAR and SIAP. Japanese government peer-reviewed the documents, audited selected studies. 8. Quality check process: No testing (X) Testing ( ) 9. Date of Submission: 13 August 2002 Deadline for Circulation: 9 August 2002 10. Date of last Update: 11. Comments: The Industry contact point is Dr. Tsuneo Baba, Daicel Chemical Industries Ltd acting on behalf of the Triacetin Consortium 2 UNEP PUBLICATIONS OECD SIDS TRIACETIN Industries, Ltd. acting on behalf of the Triacetin Consortium (consortium members: Bayer AG, Cognis Deutschland GmbH, Eastman Chemical Company, Tessenderlo Chemie NV and Uniqema) UNEP PUBLICATIONS 3 OECD SIDS TRIACETIN SIDS INITIAL ASSESSMENT PROFILE CAS No. 102-76-1 Chemical Name Triacetin CH2 OCOCH3 Structural Formula CHOCOCH3 CH OCOCH 2 3 SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS OF THE SIAR Human Health Triacetin is readily hydrolyzed to free glycerol and acetic acid, when incubated with rat intestine in vitro.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Safety and Waste Management Manual
    Chemical Safety and Waste Management Manual University of Alabama at Birmingham Department of Occupational Health & Safety Chemical Safety Division 2002 EDITION 1. INTRODUCTION In a comparatively short time, the University of Alabama at Birmingham has gained significant recognition as a center of excellence for teaching, medical services and research programs. This is a highly commendable achievement and one that could not have been realized without the continued support and dedication of faculty, staff members, and employees. Similar unfailing cooperation and support are necessary for the institution to be equally successful in its development of a comprehensive occupational health and safety program for the protection of University personnel, students, and the surrounding community. An important part of this program is concerned with the safe and prudent handling of chemicals and their proper legal disposal as regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM). Almost every laboratory and many allied and support personnel at UAB use chemicals in their daily activities. It is the purpose of this manual to describe the operation of the Chemical Safety Program and to provide guidance in establishing safe work practices for the use of chemicals. This program applies to all work operations at this University where employees may be exposed to hazardous substances under normal working conditions or during an emergency. The Chemical Safety and Waste Management Manual combines both the Chemical Hygiene Plan for laboratories and the Hazard Communication Program for maintenance, environmental services, and other support personnel. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Hazard Communication Standard may be found at : http://www.osha- slc.gov/OshStd_data/1910_1200.html.
    [Show full text]
  • Revalorization of Glycerol: Comestible Oil from Biodiesel Synthesis
    food and bioproducts processing 8 7 (2009) 171–178 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Food and Bioproducts Processing journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fbp Revalorization of glycerol: Comestible oil from biodiesel synthesis Jordi Bonet a,∗, Jose Costa a, Romain Sire b, Jean-Michel Reneaume b, Alexandra Elena Ples¸uc, Valentin Ples¸uc, Grigore Bozga c a Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 6th Floor, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain b Ecole Nationale Supérieure en Génie des Technologies Industrielles, UPPA/LATEP Rue Jules Ferry, BP 7511, 64 075 PAU Cedex, France c Department of Chemical Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Centre for Technology Transfer in the Process Industries, 1 Polizu St., Building A, Room A-056, RO-011061, Sector 1, Bucharest, Romania abstract High dependence on fossil fuel has caused increase of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. The actual political trends are towards an increased use of renewable fuels from agricultural origin. One of the main products of the European biorefineries is biodiesel. The main reaction involved in biodiesel synthesis produces a large amount of glycerol as by-product. Two aspects are arising in this respect: the glycerol obtained as residue and the food conversion to fuel. This paper deals with the revalorization of the residual glycerol stream to obtain triacetin (glyceryl triacetate), the lightest comestible oil. The application of glycerol as raw material to produce triacetin is not new. The goal of this paper is to check the feasibility of this transformation in an efficient integrated continuous process which is suitable for processing high quantities of glycerol.
    [Show full text]
  • Essential Guide to Food Additives
    ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO FOOD ADDITIVES Third Edition Revised by Victoria Emerton and Eugenia Choi This edition first published 2008 by Leatherhead Publishing a division of Leatherhead Food International Ltd Randalls Road, Leatherhead, Surrey KT22 7RY, UK and Royal Society of Chemistry Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WF, UK URL: http://www.rsc.org Registered Charity No. 207890 Third Edition 2008 ISBN No: 978-1-905224-50-0 A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library © 2008 Leatherhead Food International Ltd The contents of this publication are copyright and reproduction in whole, or in part, is not permitted without the written consent of the Chief Executive of Leatherhead Food International Limited. Leatherhead Food International Limited uses every possible care in compiling, preparing and issuing the information herein given but accepts no liability whatsoever in connection with it. All rights reserved Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review as permitted under the terms of the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the Chief Executive of Leatherhead Food International Ltd, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licencing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to Leatherhead Food International Ltd at the address printed on this page.
    [Show full text]
  • E100 Curcumin (From Turmeric) E101 Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Formerly Called Lactoflavin E101a Riboflavin-5'-Phosphate E102 Tartr
    E100 Curcumin (from turmeric) E235 Natamycin, Pimaracin E366 Potassium fumarate E101 Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), formerly called E236 Formic acid E367 Calcium fumarate lactoflavin E237 Sodium formate E368 Ammonium fumarate E101a Riboflavin-5'-Phosphate E238 Calcium formate E370 1,4-Heptonolactone E102 Tartrazine (FD&C Yellow 5) E239 Hexamine (hexamethylene tetramine) E380 Triammonium citrate E103 Alkannin[11] E240 Formaldehyde E381 Ammonium ferric citrate E104 Quinoline Yellow WS E242 Dimethyl dicarbonate E383 Calcium glycerylphosphate E105 Fast Yellow AB E249 Potassium nitrite E384 Isopropyl citrate E106 Riboflavin-5-Sodium Phosphate E250 Sodium nitrite E385 Calcium disodium ethylene diamine E107 Yellow 2G E251 Sodium nitrate (Chile saltpetre) tetraacetate, (Calcium disodium EDTA) E110 Sunset Yellow FCF (Orange Yellow S, FD&C E252 Potassium nitrate (Saltpetre) E386 Disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate Yellow 6) E260 Acetic acid (preservative) (Disodium EDTA) E111 Orange GGN E261 Potassium acetate (preservative) E387 Oxystearin E120 Cochineal, Carminic acid, Carmine (Natural E262 Sodium acetates (i) Sodium acetate (ii) Sodium E388 Thiodipropionic acid Red 4) diacetate (sodium hydrogen acetate) E389 Dilauryl thiodipropionate E121 Citrus Red 2 E263 Calcium acetate (preservative) E390 Distearyl thiodipropionate E122 Carmoisine (azorubine) E264 Ammonium acetate E391 Phytic acid E123 Amaranth (FD&C Red 2) E265 Dehydroacetic acid E392 Extracts of rosemary E124 Ponceau 4R (Cochineal Red A, Brilliant Scarlet E266 Sodium dehydroacetate E399 Calcium
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Waste Registry – Updated 4/4/13
    Chemical Waste Registry – updated 4/4/13 2-Methyl-2-propanol 08FL 2-PAM 10TX Aatrex 10TX Abate 10TX Acenaphthene 10TX Acepromazine maleate 10TX AcetalÑ 08FL Acetaldehyde 08FL Acetaldehyde ammonia trimer 09FS Acetaldehyde sodium bisulfite 10TX Acetaldoxime 08FL Acetamide 10TX Acetamidine hydrochloride 10TX Acetamidobenzaldehyde, p- 10TX Acetamidobenzoic acid, p- 03CA Acetamino-1,3-dimethylbenzene, 4- 10TX Acetaminophen (2-Hydroxyacetanilide) 10TX Acetanilide 10TX Acetic acid 03CA Acetic acid:methanol 50/50 08FL Acetic anhydride 03CA Acetoacetanilide 10TX Aceto-aceto-toluidide 10TX Acetol (Hydroxyacetone) 08FL Acetonaphthone, 2'- 10TX Acetone 08FL Acetone sodium bisulfite 10TX Acetonedicarboxylic acid, 1,3- 03CA Acetonitrile 08FL Acetophenetidin 10TX Acetophenol 10TX Acetophenone 08FL Acetovanillone 10TX Acetoxime 10TX Acetyl bromide 14WS Acetyl chloride 14WS Acetyl ferrocene 10TX Acetyl fluoride 14WS Acetyl pyridine, 3- 10TX Acetyl-10-chlorophenarsazine, 5- 10TX Acetyl-2-phenyl hydrazine, 1- 10TX Acetyl-2-thiourea 10TX Acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine, N- 10TX Acetylaminofluorene, 2- 10TX Acetylanthranilic acid, N- 10TX Acetyl-beta-methylcholine chloride 10TX Acetylchlorophenarsazine, N- 10TX Acetylcholine bromide 10TX Acetylcholine chloride 10TX Acetylcholine iodide 10TX Acetylcyclohexanone, 2- 08FL Acetylene 07CG Acetylglycine 10TX Acetylimidazole, 1- 10TX Acetylneuraminic acid 10TX Acetylpenicillamine, N- 10TX Acetylphenoxylacetic acid, p- 03CA Acetylpiperidine, 1- 10TX Acid phosphatase 10TX Acid potassium phthalate 10TX Acotinic acid 10TX
    [Show full text]
  • Chernr'k- a Division of Mcbn 1135 Atlantlc Avenue Alarneda
    .. ChernR'k- A Division of Mcbn 1135 Atlantlc Avenue Alarneda. CA 94501 MEMORANDUM 415.52 1.5200 FAX 415.521.1547 DATE: 2, 1991 TO: Rocky Flats Health Advisory Committee FROM: Steve Ripple M SUBJEms TASK 1 REPORT Node has asked that I distribute copies of the revised Task 1 report. The changes- reflect your comments from the January HAP meeting. We received no further comments from the public. The primary changes to the report are: The insertion of a summary at the beginning of the report, e The removal of some of the information listings from the text and placement of them in tables (Section 4), Brief discussion of the general nature of information considered classified (Section 2), e Notation that inventory quantities for beryllium are incomplete (Table 4-1),-. and e Some minor corrections to the chemicals listings for consistency and accuracy (Appendices A, B, and C). 0402ALRl PROJECI' BACKGROUND ChemRisk is conducting a Rocky Flats Toxicologic Review and Dose Reconstruction study for The Colorado Department of Health. The two year study will be completed by the fall of 1992. The ChemRisk study is composed of twelve tasks that represent the first phase of an independent investigation of off-site health risks associated with the operation of the ~ Rocky Flats nuclear weapons plant northwest of Denver. The first eight tasks address the collection of historic information on operations and releases and a detailed dose reconstruction analysis. Tasks 9 through 12 address the compilation of information and communication of the results of the study. Task 1will involve the creation of an inventory of chemicals and radionuclides that have been present at Rocky Flats.
    [Show full text]