Bathymetry and Geomorphology of Shelikof Strait and the Western Gulf of Alaska
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The Exchange of Water Between Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska Recommended
The exchange of water between Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska Item Type Thesis Authors Schmidt, George Michael Download date 27/09/2021 18:58:15 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/5284 THE EXCHANGE OF WATER BETWEEN PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND AND THE GULF OF ALASKA RECOMMENDED: THE EXCHANGE OF WATER BETWEEN PRIMCE WILLIAM SOUND AND THE GULF OF ALASKA A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE by George Michael Schmidt III, B.E.S. Fairbanks, Alaska May 197 7 ABSTRACT Prince William Sound is a complex fjord-type estuarine system bordering the northern Gulf of Alaska. This study is an analysis of exchange between Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska. Warm, high salinity deep water appears outside the Sound during summer and early autumn. Exchange between this ocean water and fjord water is a combination of deep and intermediate advective intrusions plus deep diffusive mixing. Intermediate exchange appears to be an annual phen omenon occurring throughout the summer. During this season, medium scale parcels of ocean water centered on temperature and NO maxima appear in the intermediate depth fjord water. Deep advective exchange also occurs as a regular annual event through the late summer and early autumn. Deep diffusive exchange probably occurs throughout the year, being more evident during the winter in the absence of advective intrusions. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Appreciation is extended to Dr. T. C. Royer, Dr. J. M. Colonell, Dr. R. T. Cooney, Dr. R. -
Kodiak Alutiiq Heritage Thematic Units Grades K-5
Kodiak Alutiiq Heritage Thematic Units Grades K-5 Prepared by Native Village of Afognak In partnership with: Chugachmiut, Inc. Kodiak Island Borough School District Alutiiq Museum & Archaeological Repository Native Educators of the Alutiiq Region (NEAR) KMXT Radio Station Administration for Native Americans (ANA) U.S. Department of Education Access additional resources at: http://www.afognak.org/html/education.php Copyright © 2009 Native Village of Afognak First Edition Produced through an Administration for Native Americans (ANA) Grant Number 90NL0413/01 Reprint of edited curriculum units from the Chugachmiut Thematic Units Books, developed by the Chugachmiut Culture and Language Department, Donna Malchoff, Director through a U.S. Department of Education, Alaska Native Education Grant Number S356A50023. Publication Layout & Design by Alisha S. Drabek Edited by Teri Schneider & Alisha S. Drabek Printed by Kodiak Print Master LLC Illustrations: Royalty Free Clipart accessed at clipart.com, ANKN Clipart, Image Club Sketches Collections, and drawings by Alisha Drabek on pages 16, 19, 51 and 52. Teachers may copy portions of the text for use in the classroom. Available online at www.afognak.org/html/education.php Orders, inquiries, and correspondence can be addressed to: Native Village of Afognak 115 Mill Bay Road, Suite 201 Kodiak, Alaska 99615 (907) 486-6357 www.afognak.org Quyanaasinaq Chugachmiut, Inc., Kodiak Island Borough School District and the Native Education Curriculum Committee, Alutiiq Museum, KMXT Radio Station, & the following Kodiak Contributing Teacher Editors: Karly Gunderson Kris Johnson Susan Patrick Kathy Powers Teri Schneider Sabrina Sutton Kodiak Alutiiq Heritage Thematic Units Access additional resources at: © 2009 Native Village of Afognak http://www.afognak.org/html/education.php Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Unit 4: Russian’s Arrival (3rd Grade) 42 Kodiak Alutiiq Values 4 1. -
Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program
Technical Report Number 36 Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program Sponsor: Bureau of Land Management Alaska Outer Northern Gulf of Alaska Petroleum Development Scenarios Sociocultural Impacts The United States Department of the Interior was designated by the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Lands Act of 1953 to carry out the majority of the Act’s provisions for administering the mineral leasing and develop- ment of offshore areas of the United States under federal jurisdiction. Within the Department, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has the responsibility to meet requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) as well as other legislation and regulations dealing with the effects of offshore development. In Alaska, unique cultural differences and climatic conditions create a need for developing addi- tional socioeconomic and environmental information to improve OCS deci- sion making at all governmental levels. In fulfillment of its federal responsibilities and with an awareness of these additional information needs, the BLM has initiated several investigative programs, one of which is the Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program (SESP). The Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program is a multi-year research effort which attempts to predict and evaluate the effects of Alaska OCS Petroleum Development upon the physical, social, and economic environ- ments within the state. The overall methodology is divided into three broad research components. The first component identifies an alterna- tive set of assumptions regarding the location, the nature, and the timing of future petroleum events and related activities. In this component, the program takes into account the particular needs of the petroleum industry and projects the human, technological, economic, and environmental offshore and onshore development requirements of the regional petroleum industry. -
Population Assessment, Ecology and Trophic Relationships of Steller Sea Liorq in the Gulf of Alaska
Al'lNUAL REPORT Contract #03-5-022-69 Research Unit #243 1 April 1978 - 31 Marc~ 1979 Pages: Population Assessment, Ecology and Trophic Relationships of Steller Sea LiorQ in the Gulf of Alaska Principal Investigators: Donald Calkins, Marine Mammal Biologist Kenneth Pitcher, Marine ~~mmal Biologist Alaska Department of Fish and Game 333 Raspberry Road Anchorage, Alaska 99502 Assisted by: Karl Schneider Dennis McAllister Walt Cunningham Susan Stanford Dave Johnson Louise Smith Paul Smith Nancy Murray TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction. • . i Steller Sea lions in the Gulf of Alaska (by Donald Calkins). 3 Breeding Rookeries and Hauling Areas . 3 I. Surveys • . 3 II. Pup counts. 4 Distribution and Movements . 10 Sea Otter Distribution and Abundance in the Southern Kodiak Archipelago and the Semidi Islands (by Karl Schneider). • • • • 24 Summary •••••• 24 Introduction • • • 25 Kodiak Archipelago 26 Background • • • • . 26 Methods•.•••. 27 Results and discussion • • • • • . 28 1. Distribution••• 30 2. Population size •••••. 39 3. Status. 40 4. Future. 41 Semidi Islands 43 Background • • 43 Methods ••••••••• 43 Results and discussion • 44 Belukha Whales in Lower Cook Inlet (by Nancy Murray) . • • • • • 47 Distribution and Abundance • 47 Habitat••..•••• 50 Population Dynamics •• 54 Food Habits•••••.••. 56 Behavior • . 58 Literature Cited. 59 Introduction This project is a detailed study of the population dynamics, life history and some aspects of the ecology of the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). In addition to the sea lion investigations, the work has been expanded to include an examination of the distribution and abundance of belukha whales (Detphinapterus Zeu~dS) in Cook Inlet and the distribution and abundance of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) near the south end of the Kodiak Archipelago. -
Stacy Studebaker P.O
Stacy Studebaker P.O. Box 970 Kodiak, AK 99615 (907) 486-6498 email: [email protected] PROFILE A highly creative, energetic individual, dedicated environmental educator and conservationist who thrives on wild places and natural history. Kodiak, Alaska has been Stacy’s home since 1980. She was born in La Jolla California in 1947 and grew up in Bronxville, New York and Woodside, California. After getting her Bachelor’s Degree, she worked in Yosemite National Park, Glacier Bay National Park, and Katmai National Park. She returned to college in 1977 and earned a Master’s in Science Teaching degree before moving to Kodiak Alaska where she taught high school biology until she retired in 2000. She has lived in Alaska for the last 35 years. EXPERIENCE Coordinator, Kodiak Gray Whale Project 2000-2010 In 2000, Stacy found a dead gray whale on a Kodiak beach and over a period of 8 years rallied 150 community members and partnered with the U.S. Fish and Wild- life Service to treat the bones and reconstruct the skeleton for a permanent display at the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge Visitor Center. She received a grant from the Alaska Conservation Foundation in 2005 to finance the project and formed her own nonprofit organization that continues to support ongoing educational and art projects that further the awareness of conservation issues surrounding Gray Whales and the marine environment. Field Botanist, Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge 2005-2010 Stacy has been studying and documenting coastal Alaskan botany since 1973. Since 2005, she has conducted botanical inventory and plant community research in the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge. -
Estimating Vertical Land Motion from Remote Sensing and In-Situ Observations in the Dubrovnik Area (Croatia): a Multi-Method Case Study
remote sensing Technical Note Estimating Vertical Land Motion from Remote Sensing and In-Situ Observations in the Dubrovnik Area (Croatia): A Multi-Method Case Study Marijan Grgi´c 1,* , Josip Bender 2 and Tomislav Baši´c 1 1 Faculty of Geodesy, Kaˇci´ceva26, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; [email protected] 2 Geo Servis Dubrovnik, Vukovarska 22, 20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 September 2020; Accepted: 26 October 2020; Published: 29 October 2020 Abstract: Different space-borne geodetic observation methods combined with in-situ measurements enable resolving the single-point vertical land motion (VLM) and/or the VLM of an area. Continuous Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements can solely provide very precise VLM trends at specific sites. VLM area monitoring can be performed by Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technology in combination with the GNSS in-situ data. In coastal zones, an effective VLM estimation at tide gauge sites can additionally be derived by comparing the relative sea-level trends computed from tide gauge measurements that are related to the land to which the tide gauges are attached, and absolute trends derived from the radar satellite altimeter data that are independent of the VLM. This study presents the conjoint analysis of VLM of the Dubrovnik area (Croatia) derived from the European Space Agency’s Sentinel-1 InSAR data available from 2014 onwards, continuous GNSS observations at Dubrovnik site obtained from 2000, and differences of the sea-level change obtained from all available satellite altimeter missions for the Dubrovnik area and tide gauge measurements in Dubrovnik from 1992 onwards. -
Spanning the Bering Strait
National Park service shared beringian heritage Program U.s. Department of the interior Spanning the Bering Strait 20 years of collaborative research s U b s i s t e N c e h UN t e r i N c h UK o t K a , r U s s i a i N t r o DU c t i o N cean Arctic O N O R T H E L A Chu a e S T kchi Se n R A LASKA a SIBERIA er U C h v u B R i k R S otk S a e i a P v I A en r e m in i n USA r y s M l u l g o a a S K S ew la c ard Peninsu r k t e e r Riv n a n z uko i i Y e t R i v e r ering Sea la B u s n i CANADA n e P la u a ns k ni t Pe a ka N h las c A lf of Alaska m u a G K W E 0 250 500 Pacific Ocean miles S USA The Shared Beringian Heritage Program has been fortunate enough to have had a sustained source of funds to support 3 community based projects and research since its creation in 1991. Presidents George H.W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev expanded their cooperation in the field of environmental protection and the study of global change to create the Shared Beringian Heritage Program. -
Flow of Pacific Water in the Western Chukchi
Deep-Sea Research I 105 (2015) 53–73 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Deep-Sea Research I journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/dsri Flow of pacific water in the western Chukchi Sea: Results from the 2009 RUSALCA expedition Maria N. Pisareva a,n, Robert S. Pickart b, M.A. Spall b, C. Nobre b, D.J. Torres b, G.W.K. Moore c, Terry E. Whitledge d a P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, 36, Nakhimovski Prospect, Moscow 117997, Russia b Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA c Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada d University of Alaska Fairbanks, 505 South Chandalar Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA article info abstract Article history: The distribution of water masses and their circulation on the western Chukchi Sea shelf are investigated Received 10 March 2015 using shipboard data from the 2009 Russian-American Long Term Census of the Arctic (RUSALCA) pro- Received in revised form gram. Eleven hydrographic/velocity transects were occupied during September of that year, including a 25 August 2015 number of sections in the vicinity of Wrangel Island and Herald canyon, an area with historically few Accepted 25 August 2015 measurements. We focus on four water masses: Alaskan coastal water (ACW), summer Bering Sea water Available online 31 August 2015 (BSW), Siberian coastal water (SCW), and remnant Pacific winter water (RWW). In some respects the Keywords: spatial distributions of these water masses were similar to the patterns found in the historical World Arctic Ocean Ocean Database, but there were significant differences. -
3. Kodiak Bear Habitat
3. Kodiak Bear Habitat Synopsis: Kodiak bears live throughout most of the Kodiak archipelago and use virtually all available habitats from the coast to alpine regions. The archipelago is considered high-quality bear habitat, containing ample food, water, cover, and space. While vegetation is a substantial part of the bears’ diet, salmon is the most important source of protein for most Kodiak bears. Currently, the human population and related human development have minimal impacts on bear habitat. Potential threats include seasonal human use of inland and coastal areas, future developments (e.g., road and energy development) and related problems (e.g., oil spills), and natural occurrences (e.g., reduction in salmon stocks). Bear habitat and bear-human relationship are intimately intertwined; if people are not willing to make an effort to live around bears, large expanses of wilderness areas are necessary for sustainable bear populations. With this information in mind, the Citizens Advisory Committee(CAC) makes a number of recommendations to protect bear habitat on the archipelago. These recommendations cover the following subject areas: land use, acquisition, and planning; activities on Afognak Island; minimizing habitat degradation; road building in bear habitat; motorized access; bear-use areas; human activities in bear habitat; introduced species; and salmon as a part of bear habitat. 3.1 Habitat Requirements Kodiak bears live throughout the archipelago, except on Chirikof and the Trinity islands, and use virtually all available habitats from the coast to alpine regions. An estimated 2,980 bears live within the 4,757-square–mile area, and bear densities vary by area and by season. -
Kodiak 18 Bear Essentials
The Grizzlies of Kodiak: up close and personal An unique, exclusive, six person photographic experience to the remote bear habitat of Alaska’s Kodiak Island with Andy Skillen. September 2018 GBP6,595; US$8,350 (based on double occupancy) The Bear Essentials… The largest bear ever killed in North America was from Kodiak Island with a total skull size of 30.75 in (78.1 cm), and 8 of the top 10 brown bears listed in the Boone and Crockett record book are from Kodiak. The Kodiak Brown Bear (Ursus arctos middendorffi), is the largest subspecies of brown bear. These bears can weigh up to 1500 lb. (682 kg) or more and they occupy the islands of the Kodiak Archipelago in Southwestern Alaska. The bears’ traditional name in the Alutiiq language is Taquka-aq (Tah-goo-kuk) Taxonomy Taxonomist C.H. Merriam was the first to recognize Kodiak bears as unique and he named the species in honor of the celebrated Russian naturalist Dr. A. Th. von Middendorff. Subsequent taxonomic revisions merged most North American brown bears into a single subspecies (Ursus arctos horribilis), but Kodiak bears are still considered to be a unique subspecies (Ursus arctos middendorffi). Recent investigations of genetic samples from bears on Kodiak have shown that they are closely related to brown bears on the Alaska Peninsula and Kamchatka, Russia. It appears that Kodiak bears have been genetically isolated since at least the last ice age (10,000 to 12,000 years ago) and there is very little genetic diversity within the population. Although the current population is healthy and productive and has shown no overt adverse signs of inbreeding, it may be more susceptible to new diseases or parasites than other more diverse brown bear populations. -
Identification and Mitigation of Geologic Hazards
AIPGprofessional geologists in all specialties of the science Identification and Mitigation of Geologic Hazards An important and practical application of and because earthquakes geology is identifying hazardous natural are of such a scale that phenomena and isolating their causes in they can affect several order to safeguard communities. According communities si-multane- to the USGS, the average economic toll ously, the risk to human life from natural hazards in the United States is is obvious.2 The largest approximately $52 billion per year, while recorded earthquake to hit the average annual death toll is approxi- the North American conti- mately 200.1 The primary causes are nent had a magnitude of earthquakes, landslides, and flooding, but 9.2, which occurred on other events, such as subsidence, volcanic March 27, 1964 in eruptions, and exposure to radon or asbes- Anchorage, Alaska. It dev- tos, also pose considerable danger. astated the town and sur- Awareness of the potential hazards that rounding area, and could persist in areas under consideration for be felt over an area of half Figure 2. Volcano Zones both private and community development a million square miles.2 is critical, and so geological consultants Land-slides caused most of the average global temperature by 2 and engineers are called in to survey land the damage, while a 30-foot high tsunami degrees Fahrenheit for 2 years.3 development sites and assist building con- generated by an underwater quake leveled tractors in designing structures that will coastal villages around the Gulf of Alaska, The role of geologists in mitigating such stand the test of time. -
Sky-View Factor As a Relief Visualization Technique
Remote Sens. 2011, 3, 398-415; doi:10.3390/rs3020398 OPEN ACCESS Remote Sensing ISSN 2072-4292 www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Article Sky-View Factor as a Relief Visualization Technique Klemen Zakšek 1,2,*, Kristof Oštir 2,3 and Žiga Kokalj 2,3 1 Institute of Geophysics, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 55, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany 2 Centre of Excellence Space-SI, Aškerčeva cesta 12, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 3 Institute of Anthropological and Spatial Studies, ZRC SAZU, Novi trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mails: [email protected] (K.O.); [email protected] (Z.K.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-40-42838-4921; Fax: +49-40-42838-5441. Received: 4 January 2011; in revised form: 10 February 2011 / Accepted: 14 February 2011 / Published: 23 February 2011 Abstract: Remote sensing has become the most important data source for the digital elevation model (DEM) generation. DEM analyses can be applied in various fields and many of them require appropriate DEM visualization support. Analytical hill-shading is the most frequently used relief visualization technique. Although widely accepted, this method has two major drawbacks: identifying details in deep shades and inability to properly represent linear features lying parallel to the light beam. Several authors have tried to overcome these limitations by changing the position of the light source or by filtering. This paper proposes a new relief visualization technique based on diffuse, rather than direct, illumination. It utilizes the sky-view factor—a parameter corresponding to the portion of visible sky limited by relief.