Representations of Gender and Age in the 1920S
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Uncertainty and Hyperinflation: European Inflation Dynamics After World War I
FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF SAN FRANCISCO WORKING PAPER SERIES Uncertainty and Hyperinflation: European Inflation Dynamics after World War I Jose A. Lopez Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Kris James Mitchener Santa Clara University CAGE, CEPR, CES-ifo & NBER June 2018 Working Paper 2018-06 https://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/working-papers/2018/06/ Suggested citation: Lopez, Jose A., Kris James Mitchener. 2018. “Uncertainty and Hyperinflation: European Inflation Dynamics after World War I,” Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper 2018-06. https://doi.org/10.24148/wp2018-06 The views in this paper are solely the responsibility of the authors and should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco or the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Uncertainty and Hyperinflation: European Inflation Dynamics after World War I Jose A. Lopez Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Kris James Mitchener Santa Clara University CAGE, CEPR, CES-ifo & NBER* May 9, 2018 ABSTRACT. Fiscal deficits, elevated debt-to-GDP ratios, and high inflation rates suggest hyperinflation could have potentially emerged in many European countries after World War I. We demonstrate that economic policy uncertainty was instrumental in pushing a subset of European countries into hyperinflation shortly after the end of the war. Germany, Austria, Poland, and Hungary (GAPH) suffered from frequent uncertainty shocks – and correspondingly high levels of uncertainty – caused by protracted political negotiations over reparations payments, the apportionment of the Austro-Hungarian debt, and border disputes. In contrast, other European countries exhibited lower levels of measured uncertainty between 1919 and 1925, allowing them more capacity with which to implement credible commitments to their fiscal and monetary policies. -
Writing Home from Around the World, 1926–1927
Writing Home from Around the World, 1926–1927 A keen and amused observer, Tom Johnson is an articulate and conscien- tious letter writer. The reader has the feeling he was writing for himself as much as his family as he makes sentences and paragraphs of his impressions of the world at the height of colonialism. By THOMAS H. JOHNSON Edited with an introduction by LAURA JOHNSON WATERMAN y father, Thomas H. Johnson, the writer of these letters, was born in 1902 on the Connecticut River Valley farm known as Stone Cliff, located one mile north of the vil- Mlage of Bradford. In 1926, upon his graduation from Williams College, Tom Johnson embarked on a world cruise that was to last the length of a school year—September to May. He had been invited to teach Eliza- bethan Drama and American Literature (subjects he soon found to be not particularly relevant) on the fi rst ever student travel experiment. This was launched on a large scale with over fi fty faculty and four hun- dred and fi fty students, one hundred and twenty of them women. A. J. McIntosh, president of the University Travel Association, saw this as an opportunity to combine formal education with travel, and orga- nized the adventure by reaching out to colleges across the country. The project became known as the Floating University and was considered . LAURA JOHNSON WATERMAN is the author of Losing the Garden (2005), a memoir of thirty years of homesteading in East Corinth, Vermont. She co-authored with her late husband, Guy Waterman, fi ve books on the history of climbing the moun- tains of the Northeast and related environmental issues, among them, Forest and Crag (1989), Backwoods Ethics (1993), and Wilderness Ethics (1993). -
Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1891-1957, Record Group 85 New Orleans, Louisiana Crew Lists of Vessels Arriving at New Orleans, LA, 1910-1945
Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1891-1957, Record Group 85 New Orleans, Louisiana Crew Lists of Vessels Arriving at New Orleans, LA, 1910-1945. T939. 311 rolls. (~A complete list of rolls has been added.) Roll Volumes Dates 1 1-3 January-June, 1910 2 4-5 July-October, 1910 3 6-7 November, 1910-February, 1911 4 8-9 March-June, 1911 5 10-11 July-October, 1911 6 12-13 November, 1911-February, 1912 7 14-15 March-June, 1912 8 16-17 July-October, 1912 9 18-19 November, 1912-February, 1913 10 20-21 March-June, 1913 11 22-23 July-October, 1913 12 24-25 November, 1913-February, 1914 13 26 March-April, 1914 14 27 May-June, 1914 15 28-29 July-October, 1914 16 30-31 November, 1914-February, 1915 17 32 March-April, 1915 18 33 May-June, 1915 19 34-35 July-October, 1915 20 36-37 November, 1915-February, 1916 21 38-39 March-June, 1916 22 40-41 July-October, 1916 23 42-43 November, 1916-February, 1917 24 44 March-April, 1917 25 45 May-June, 1917 26 46 July-August, 1917 27 47 September-October, 1917 28 48 November-December, 1917 29 49-50 Jan. 1-Mar. 15, 1918 30 51-53 Mar. 16-Apr. 30, 1918 31 56-59 June 1-Aug. 15, 1918 32 60-64 Aug. 16-0ct. 31, 1918 33 65-69 Nov. 1', 1918-Jan. 15, 1919 34 70-73 Jan. 16-Mar. 31, 1919 35 74-77 April-May, 1919 36 78-79 June-July, 1919 37 80-81 August-September, 1919 38 82-83 October-November, 1919 39 84-85 December, 1919-January, 1920 40 86-87 February-March, 1920 41 88-89 April-May, 1920 42 90 June, 1920 43 91 July, 1920 44 92 August, 1920 45 93 September, 1920 46 94 October, 1920 47 95-96 November, 1920 48 97-98 December, 1920 49 99-100 Jan. -
The Kodak Magazine; Vol. 7, No. 7; Dec. 1926
December 1926 Published in the interests of the men and women of the Kodak organi3ation by Eastman Kodak Company. Rochester. N. Y. MONTHLY ACCIDENT REPORT OCTOBER, 1926 Accident Cases Accidents per 1000 PLANT Employees 19~6 19~5 19~6 19~5 Kodak Office . .. .. .. 1 0 .77 0 Camera Works . .. ·. ... 7 2 2 .38 1.25 Hawk-Eye Works .. ... 0 1 0 3 .12 Kodak Park Works . 21 15 3.25 2.58 --- Total- Rochester Plants 29 18 2 .59 1.97 I I NATURE OF ACCIDENTS DURING MONTH 13 cases of injury through bruises, burns and lacerations, etc. 4 cases of injury through falling and slipping. l cases of injury through falling material. 1 case of injury through stepping on nail. 1 case of injury through sprains and strains. 2 cases of injury around press. 2 cases of injury through saw. 2 cases of injury through machine of special nature. 29 Employees' accident cases during month. A Merry Christmas and a Happy New rear to every one ofyou AT THE LANDING By Mary Callaghan, member, Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences From a recent Kodak Park Camera Club Interchange Exhibit VoL. VII DECEMBER, 19~6 No.7 VALUE $1.98 "ARAG and a bone and a hank of hair." do without iron? Of what use would your How is that for a description of a muscles and nerves be without all three woman? Recently comes this as the make and ten or so others besides? up of an "average man" (I suspect it fits Did you ever have that "run-down" an "average woman" as well)-"Four and feeling and go to your doctor and have a half pails of water, including the blood him tell you to build up your blood? And which .courses his veins, twenty-three whe.n you asked him how to do it you pounds offat, one-eighth of an ounce of iron, found that part of the prescription meant one-eighth of ~n ounce of sugar, one-half to eat foods which had plenty lime, iron, of an ounce of salt, one pound of lime, a phosphorus and the ten or so other min little potash, phosphorus, sulphur, etc. -
Federal Reserve Bulletin October 1922
FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN (FINAL EDITION) ISSUED BY THE FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD AT WASHINGTON OCTOBER, 1922 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1922 Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD. Ex officio members: -, Governor. A. W. MELLON, EDMUND PLATT, Vice Governor. Secretary of the Treasury, Chairman. ADOLPH C. MILLER. D. R. CRISSINGER, CHARLES S. HAMLIN. Comptroller of the Currency. I JOHN R. MITCHELL. W. W. HOXTON, Secretary. j WALTER WYATT, General Counsel. W. L. EDDY, Assistant Secretary. j WALTER W. STEWART, I Director, Division of Analysis and Research. W. M. IMLAY, Fiscal Agent. M. JACOBSON, Statistician. J. F. HERSON, E. A. GOLDENWEISER, Associate Statistician. Chief, Division of Examination and Chief Federal E. L. SMEAD, Reserve Examiner. Chief, Division cf Bank Operations. FEDERAL ADVISORY COUNCIL. (For the year 1922.) DISTRICT NO. 1 (BOSTON) PHILIP STOCKTON. DISTRICT NO. 2 (NEW YORK) PAUL M. WARBURG, Vice President. DISTRICT NO. 3 (PHILADELPHIA) L. L. RUE, President. DISTRICT NO. 4 (CLEVELAND) CORLISS E. SULLIVAN. DISTRICT NO. 5 (RICHMOND) J. G. BROWN. DISTRICT NO. 6 (ATLANTA) EDWARD W. LANE. DISTRICT NO. 7 (CHICAGO) „ JOHN J. MITCHELL. DISTRICT NO. 8 (ST. LOUIS) FESTUS J. WADE. DISTRICT NO. 9 (MINNEAPOLIS) G. II. PRINCE. DISTRICT NO. 10 (KANSAS CITY) E. F. SWINNEY. DISTRICT NO. 11 (DALLAS) R. L. BALL. DISTRICT NO. 12 (SAN FRANCISCO) D. W. TWOHY. II Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis OFFICERS OF FEDERAL RESERVE BANKS. Federal Reserve Bank of— | Chairman. Governor. Deputy governor. Cashier. Boston Frederic H. Curtiss.. Chas. A. Mores C. -
John R. Mcneill University Professor Georgetown University President of the American Historical Association, 2019 Presidential Address
2020-President_Address.indd All Pages 14/10/19 7:31 PM John R. McNeill University Professor Georgetown University President of the American Historical Association, 2019 Presidential Address New York Hilton Trianon Ballroom New York, New York Saturday, January 4, 2020 5:30 PM John R. McNeill By George Vrtis, Carleton College In fall 1998, John McNeill addressed the Georgetown University community to help launch the university’s new capital campaign. Sharing the stage with Georgetown’s president and other dignitaries, McNeill focused his comments on the two “great things” he saw going on at Georgetown and why each merited further support. One of those focal points was teaching and the need to constantly find creative new ways to inspire, share knowledge, and build intellectual community among faculty and students. The other one centered on scholarship. Here McNeill suggested that scholars needed to move beyond the traditional confines of academic disciplines laid down in the 19th century, and engage in more innovative, imaginative, and interdisciplinary research. Our intellectual paths have been very fruitful for a long time now, McNeill observed, but diminishing returns have set in, information and methodologies have exploded, and new roads beckon. To help make his point, McNeill likened contemporary scholars to a drunk person searching for his lost keys under a lamppost, “not because he lost them there but because that is where the light is.” The drunk-swirling-around-the-lamppost metaphor was classic McNeill. Throughout his academic life, McNeill has always conveyed his ideas in clear, accessible, often memorable, and occasionally humorous language. And he has always ventured into the darkness, searchlight in hand, helping us to see and understand the world and ourselves ever more clearly with each passing year. -
L. F. H. Neer and Pauline Neer (U.S.A.) V. United Mexican States
REPORTS OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRAL AWARDS RECUEIL DES SENTENCES ARBITRALES L. F. H. Neer and Pauline Neer (U.S.A.) v. United Mexican States 15 October 1926 VOLUMEIV pp. 60-66 NATIONS UNIES - UNITED NATIONS Copyright (c) 2006 60 MEXICO/U.S.A. (GENERAL CLAIMS COMMISSION) and introduction of further evidence but, after expiration of time allowed for this purpose, no further evidence was produced, claim dismissed. (Text of decision omitted.) WELLS FARGO BANK AND UNION TRUST COMPANY (U.S.A.) v. UNITED MEXICAN STATES. (October 7, 1926. Page 71.) PROCEDURE, MOTION FOR LEAVE TO FILE MEMORIAL.—AMENDMENT OF MEMORIAL. Motion for leave to file a memorial under a different name from that in the memorandum denied without prejudice to procedure of filing memorial on basis of memorandum followed by filing of motion to amend such memorial. (Text of decision omitted.) L. F. H. NEER AND PAULINE NEER (U.S.A.) v. UNITED MEXICAN STATES. (October 15, 1926. concurring opinion by American Commissioner, undated. Pages 71-80.) DENIAL OF JUSTICE.—FAILURE TO APPREHEND OR PUNISH.—INTERNATIONAL STANDARD. In absence of evidence establishing that action of authorities in failing to apprehend or punish those guilty of murder of American citizen amounted to an outrage or such a failure to reach international standard that would be conceded by every reasonable man, claim disallowed. Cross-references: Annual Digest, 1925-1926, p. 213; British Yearbook, Vol. 8, 1927, p. 183. Comments: Edwin M. Borchard, "Important Decisions of the Mixed •Claims Commission, United States and Mexico," Am. J. Int. Law, Vol. 21, 1927, p. 516 at 521; Joseph Conrad Fehr, "International Law as Applied by U.S.-Mexico Claims Commission," A.B.A. -
Germany 1919-1941 U.S
U.S. MILITARY INTELLIGENCE REPORTS : GERMANY 1919-1941 U.S. MILITARY INTELLIGENCE REPORTS: GERMANY, 1919-1941 Edited by Dale Reynolds Guide Compiled by Robert Lester A Microfilm Project of UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA, INC. 44 North Market Street • Frederick, MD 21701 Copyright© 1983 by University Publications of America, Inc. All rights reserved. ISBN 0-89093^26-6. Note on Sources The Documents in this Collection are from the National Archives and Record Service, Washington, D.C., Record Group #165. Mil- itary Intelligence Division Files: Germany. TABLE OF CONTENTS Red Index 1 Reel I 1 Reel II 6 Reel III 10 Reel IV 15 Reel V 18 Reel VI 22 Reel VII 25 Reel VIII 29 Reel IX 31 Reel X 33 Reel XI 33 Reel XII 34 Reel XIII 35 Reel XIV 38 Reel XV 39 Reel XVI 41 Reel XVII 43 Reel XVIII 45 Reel XIX 47 Reel XX 49 Reel XXI 52 Reel XXII 54 Reel XXIII 56 Reel XXIV 58 Reel XXV 61 Reel XXVI 63 Reel XXVII 65 Reel XXVIII 68 Subject Index 71 Dates to Remember February 3,1917 Severance of U.S. Diplomatic Relations with Germany; Declara- tion of War November 11,1918 Armistice December 1, 1918 U.S. Troops of the 3rd Army cross the Rhine and Occupy the Rhine Province July 2,1919 Departure of the U.S. 3rd Army; the U.S. Army of the Rhine Occupies Coblenz in the Rhine Province December 10, 1921 Presentation of Credentials of the U.S. Charge d'Affaires in Berlin April 22, 1922 Withdrawal of U.S. -
The Ends of Four Big Inflations
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Inflation: Causes and Effects Volume Author/Editor: Robert E. Hall Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBN: 0-226-31323-9 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/hall82-1 Publication Date: 1982 Chapter Title: The Ends of Four Big Inflations Chapter Author: Thomas J. Sargent Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c11452 Chapter pages in book: (p. 41 - 98) The Ends of Four Big Inflations Thomas J. Sargent 2.1 Introduction Since the middle 1960s, many Western economies have experienced persistent and growing rates of inflation. Some prominent economists and statesmen have become convinced that this inflation has a stubborn, self-sustaining momentum and that either it simply is not susceptible to cure by conventional measures of monetary and fiscal restraint or, in terms of the consequent widespread and sustained unemployment, the cost of eradicating inflation by monetary and fiscal measures would be prohibitively high. It is often claimed that there is an underlying rate of inflation which responds slowly, if at all, to restrictive monetary and fiscal measures.1 Evidently, this underlying rate of inflation is the rate of inflation that firms and workers have come to expect will prevail in the future. There is momentum in this process because firms and workers supposedly form their expectations by extrapolating past rates of inflation into the future. If this is true, the years from the middle 1960s to the early 1980s have left firms and workers with a legacy of high expected rates of inflation which promise to respond only slowly, if at all, to restrictive monetary and fiscal policy actions. -
Transcript Huntington Diaries 1926 January 1, 1926
TRANSCRIPT HUNTINGTON DIARIES 1926 JANUARY 1, 1926 Louisburg, N.S. Jan. 1, 1926 Clergymen in charge of the various congregations of this town: Anglican, Rev. L. H. Draper Roman Catholic, Rev. M. J. Wallace Calvin United Church, Rev. D. A. MacMillan St. James United Church, Rev. H. D. Townsend By the Act of Union of the Presbyterian Methodist and Congregational Churches in Canada which was consummated on June 10th, 1925, Calvin Presbyterian and St. James Methodist Churches of this town automatically became Calvin United and St. James United Churches respectively. Town Officials: Mayor, Alonzo A. Martell Councillors, Clarence Peters Jeremiah Smith Guy B. Hiltz Arthur Cann Thomas Peck M. S. Huntington Town Clerk, B. M. Spencer Public School Staff: Principal, James M. Fraser Vice Principal, Miss Helen Holland Miss Christine McRury Miss Rachael McLeod Miss Jessie Beaton Miss Bessie Sheppard Miss Gertrude Stewart Policeman, Temperance Act Inspector, Truant Officer, Gaoler, Sanitary Inspector and Poundkeeper, Wesley Tanner Medical Health Officer, F. O’Neil M.D. JANUARY 1926 Friday 1 Louisburg Clear and moderately cold with light west and north west wind. Min temperature about 8 above zero. Max temperature about 20 above. General holiday. Had shop open for about 1 hour in the forenoon. Spent the greater part of the day at home where we had the following guests to dinner and the majority of them to supper. Mrs. Z. W. Townsend, Wesley Townsend, Emerson Grant, Mrs. Sarah Bagnall, Queenie Evas, John N. Spencer, Rev. and Mrs. H. D. Townsend and family consisting of 4. After supper, we went to the home of Rev. -
How Modern Is the French Revolution?
Review Essay Paradigms and Paranoia: How Modern Is the French Revolution? REBECCA L. SPANG It is a truth, widely acknowledged, that the study of history has changed dramatically 1 since the end of World War II. Cliometrics has come and gone; the new social history has become old hat; narrative has been revived. Structuralist approaches associated, at least in part, with the Annales school, have been superseded by the notionally poststructuralist turns of the linguistic screw; total history has yielded to micro history; we all recognize Eurocentrism when we see it. How surprising it is, then, to note how remarkably constant textbooks have been in 2 assessing the import of the French Revolution. From classics of Cold War "Western" historiography to recent efforts to write history within a global framework, the fundamental message remains the same: the Revolution of 1789 is the turning point of the modern world. 1 The wording may vary, but the substance does not. Said to mark "the beginning of modern history," the French Revolution is deemed "a decisive event in world history" that initiated a "century of rapid and tremendous change"; after the events of 1789–1815, "the clock could not really be set back." 2 Authors may emphasize different aspects of this modern period—political Liberalism, triumphant individualism, nationalistic militarism—but their accounts coincide in treating the revolution as an identifiable period of rapid, irreversible change. An evocative but, in this non-geological context, far from precise word—watershed—has provided one popular metaphor for conveying some sense of the revolution's relation to modernity. -
Changing the Narrative
Journal of Interdisciplinary History, XLVIII:3 (Winter, 2018), 313–334. Jan de Vries Changing the Narrative: The New History That Was and Is to Come In the mid-1970s, a broad range of scholars, spanning the ideological spectrum, was actively engaged in what has been called the New History. Some of the participants in this broad movement come under discussion below, but for now it is sufficient to mention the French Annales School, the American New Economic History, the British Marxist Social History, and Historical Sociology in several forms, including modernization theorists, comparative revolutions theorists, and world-systems theorists. The adherents to these different historical orientations disagreed with each other about most substantive matters. Their single point of agreement was a shared feindbegrif—the rejection of narrative history. It inspired Burke to introduce the final volume of the New Cambridge Modern History, which appeared in 1979, with the following declaration: “In the twentieth century we have seen a break with traditional narrative history, which, like the break with the traditional novel or with representational art or with classical music, is one of the important cultural discontinuities of our time.”1 Obviously, no single influence can claim full credit for this historiographical discontinuity, but the most profound factor must be the spread of an uncomfortable feeling that the narrative form greatly restricts the types of possible historical questions and feasi- ble modes of explanation. Narrative history has attached to it, like a ball and chain, the discrete, short-term historical event—l’histoire événementielle. If, by the time of Burke’s writing, several decades of Annales School preaching had done anything, it had undermined the notion that this concept should be the foundation stone of historical explanation.