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Metodi Per L'analisi Di Immagini

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Metodi Per L'analisi Di Immagini Metodi per l’analisi di immagini AFM Prof. Claudio Rivetti Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare Università degli Studi di Parma Corso di perfezionamento in TECNICHE DI MICROSCOPIA A FORZA ATOMICA - Parma 29 febbraio 2012 Sommario Che cosa è un’immagine e come viene rappresentata Tipi di immagine: RGB, Indexed, Grayscale, Black and white Formato dei file di immagini Filtri e trasformazioni per elaborare immagini AFM Riconoscimento e misura di oggetti Software disponibili Che cosa è un’immagine R G B R 79 R 141 R 112 G 46 G 109 G 78 B 16 B 21 B 20 R 112 R 248 R 241 G 80 G 216 G 184 B 48 B 104 B 104 R 56 R 207 R 241 G 24 G 116 G 148 B 8 B 60 B 48 2563 = 16.777.216 colori 256 colori Color Table Index R G B i 240 i 220 i 215 1 125 43 55 2 230 56 90 3 22 220 102 4 34 130 179 5 55 133 140 i 80 i 201 i 221 6 140 21 77 7 150 28 61 8 140 10 14 … … … … 254 8 89 98 i 4 i 208 i 180 255 220 100 199 256 11 202 251 I 54 I 114 I 85 I 87 I 219 I 195 I 33 I 141 I 172 0 1 0 0 11 0 1 0 Profondità del colore dell’immagine La profondità di colore (color depth) è la quantità di bit necessari per rappresentare il colore di un singolo pixel in un'immagine 1 bit 4 bit 1 bit 21 = 2 colori 2 bit 22 = 4 colori 4 bit 24 = 16 colori 8 bit 28 = 256 colori 12 bit 212 = 4096 colori 8 bit 24 bit 16 bit 216 = 65536 colori 24 bit 224 = 16.777.216 colori B G R I Un’immagine grayscale può essere resa a colori utilizzando una scala di falsi colori Salvare un immagine su disco in un file Contiene informazioni relative Header all’immagine Contiene la matrice o le matrici (nel caso di RGB) di numeri che rappresentano l’immagine Data La dimensione del file dipende, dalla dimensione dell’immagine, dal tipo di immagine (RGB, grayscale, indexed) dai byte utilizzati per rappresentare il valore dei pixel. La matrice dell’immagine può essere compressa per ridurre la dimensione del file. In questo caso la dimensione del file dipende anche dal soggetto dell’immagine Immagine di 400x266 pixels => 400 x 266 x 3 = 319200 byte = 305 KB 120 KB 32 KB Diverso grado di compressione 120 KB 20 KB Stesso grado di compressione Compressione Lossless (non viene persa informazione) Tipi di compressione: Compressione Lossy (viene persa dell’informazione) Lossless Lossy Formati immagine Format name: TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) Extension: tif Type: bitmapped Compression algorithm: CCITT-RLE, CCITT-FAX3, CCITT-FAX4, LZW, OJPEG, JPEG, CCITT-RLEW, Packbits, Deflate Color depth: up to 48 bits Platforms: all Format name: JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) Format name: PNG (Portable Network Graphic) Extension: jpg, jpeg, jfif,jfl Extension: png Type: bitmapped Type: bitmapped Compression algorithm: JPEG (lossy) Compression algorithm: Deflate (lossless) Color depth: 24 bits Color depth: up to 48 bits Platforms: all Platforms: all Format name: GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) Format name: RAW (Image raw data) Extension: gif Extension: any (binary or ascii) Type: bitmapped Type: bitmapped Compression algorithm: LZW (lossless) Compression algorithm: without compression Color depth: up to 8 bits Color depth: any Platforms: all Platforms: all Format name: Bitmap (Microsoft Windows Bitmap) PROPRIETARY FORMAT Extension: bmp, dib, rle Type: bitmapped Compression algorithm: RLE (lossless), without compression Color depth: up to 32 bits Platforms: Windows, OS/2 Inoltre esiste la possibilità di catturare direttamente l’immagine sullo schermo in un buffer. Per esempio in windows lo si ottiene premendo il tasto ‘Stamp’. TIFF Export e JPEG Export salvano uno screen capture. ASCII Export può salvare anche i valori in nm. ASCII export \Exported image units: nm 3.281598 1.116525 1.606810 1.035802 4.647939 2.760723 3.861953 4.885859 4.732911 3.286696 5.914014 1.869372 2.209258 1.655244 4.350539 5.982841 4.503488 5.616614 4.591858 2.418288 2.900076 2.319721 1.451313 5.747470 4.732911 6.007482 1.113126 2.884781 1.241433 2.254293 1.142866 2.622219 4.800038 3.256106 1.713025 1.697730 2.787064 1.690082 5.922511 1.035802 3.726848 4.823830 2.735231 2.710590 2.447178 2.578884 1.155612 6.848700 2.315472 4.477146 4.515384 8.369689 3.704756 1.767406 3.414153 2.307825 1.410526 3.618935 6.316779 3.704756 4.996322 9.686747 9.533798 1.654394 1.073190 1.099531 5.396538 6.506265 3.900190 2.319721 5.829042 9.941661 1.350197 2.373253 8.505643 4.075231 5.706683 2.028269 1.650146 8.038300 1.319607 2.134483 4.928345 3.273101 5.965846 4.941091 1.262676 1.355295 6.058465 4.393025 1.167508 1.215092 2.323970 4.494141 1.886366 1.783551 2.268738 2.710590 7.842866 5.287774 5.326861 5.365948 4.873963 2.257692 1.419873 2.974001 4.435510 4.274065 5.493405 5.536741 4.517083 2.968053 7.061129 2.256842 1.684134 4.673430 7.987318 3.341078 4.985276 3.443893 2.294230 1.240583 6.593786 6.092454 9.559290 6.551300 6.338871 9.975650 5.055802 1.359543 1.010311 6.211414 1.283069 5.242739 9.346861 4.077781 2.444629 2.404692 1.302613 2.005327 1.753811 6.525808 1.263526 7.180089 2.669803 4.962333 9.780215 1.459810 1.410526 1.893164 2.374952 4.715916 9.873684 3.514420 2.405542 1.828586 7.214077 1.461509 6.313380 5.608117 1.516741 9.006975 3.986011 2.883931 1.781852 6.797717 6.389854 1.662042 1.622105 1.079138 6.228408 3.081915 1.983234 2.477768 1.911008 2.406392 2.370704 1.272873 2.243247 2.931515 4.700621 3.590894 4.075231 3.497425 1.858326 7.511477 3.568801 1.220190 1.461509 4.633494 2.994394 1.886366 1.309410 1.264375 6.891186 1.130120 9.610273 1.476804 2.542346 1.448763 1.948396 8.539632 2.914521 1.321306 2.285732 1.214242 6.984654 2.189715 1.096132 1.064692 5.030311 4.715916 9.720735 9.414838 1.082536 1.031554 3.380165 1.225289 1.724071 2.222853 2.192264 2.160824 1.598313 1.283069 6.440837 2.416588 2.389398 1.831985 1.804794 7.163094 3.721750 9.295878 8.497146 6.015980 3.754889 2.133633 2.105593 1.546481 2.049512 2.021471 1.462359 9.270387 3.832213 3.289245 2.193963 1.630602 1.597464 1.565174 1.532885 1.500596 9.091947 6.083957 3.169436 2.604375 2.039315 2.005327 1.440266 1.406278 8.420672 1.292416 2.337565 3.580697 3.008840 4.030197 3.458339 2.356259 7.239569 1.529486 9.125935 8.981484 3.444743 2.877134 1.780152 1.744464 1.708776 6.117945 4.588459 1.138618 1.125022 4.658985 3.554356 2.980799 1.875320 2.363906 1.790349 1.217641 2.379201 3.075967 2.922169 1.828586 2.327368 2.827001 1.733418 1.171756 1.671389 8.284718 1.345098 4.031896 2.928117 1.824337 1.253329 1.212543 1.096132 5.998985 1.737666 1.722372 1.456411 3.534813 8.437666 2.719087 7.621940 1.784401 1.744464 9.210907 9.074952 2.639214 2.069055 1.499746 1.461509 1.423272 1.385885 1.348497 2.693595 2.566138 2.575485 2.008725 1.973887 1.407977 1.903361 2.693595 2.948510 3.305390 8.480152 3.279898 2.187165 1.624654 2.125986 3.483830 6.542803 9.516804 7.689917 2.260241 2.701243 1.079138 2.112391 2.083500 2.054610 9.644261 4.061636 3.449841 7.018643 3.103158 1.464908 8.888015 1.906760 2.693595 2.260241 3.483830 4.673430 8.072289 3.504223 1.875320 2.369854 2.334166 1.236335 6.704248 1.165808 1.099531 2.147229 Formato dei file Nanoscope \*File list \Version: 0x05300003 \Date: 01:05:57 PM Fri Mar 13 2009 00111001 => 57 => 9 \Start context: OL \Data length: 40960 \Navigator note: col(-5), row(4) \Engage X Pos: -19783.4 um \Engage Y Pos: -42151.3 um \*Equipment list \Description: Extended MultiMode \Controller: IIIA \Microscope: MultiMode \Extender: Basic \Tip Exchange: None \Vision: None \Zoom System: Motorized Header \Scanner file: 2211e.scn \Profile name: claudio \*Scanner list \Scanner type: AFM ù Ù \Serial number: 2211E \Piezo size: E 249 217 \File name: 2211e.scn \Motor direction: Reverse \Retracted offset der: 0.7 \Extended offset der: 6.15 \Allow rotation: Allow ùÙ = 1111100111011001 = 63961 \Piezo cal: 440 \X sensitivity: 22.6356 \X derate: 0.03101 \X mag: 1.3 ... CTRL-Z Image EOF \*File list \Xs-Yf coupling: 0.005002 \Profiler profiling: Disabled \Version: 0x05300003 \Xs-Yf coupling derating: -1.354e-005 \Profiler length goal: 500 \Date: 01:05:57 PM Fri Mar 13 2009 \Ys-Xf coupling: 0.01305 \Profiler length actual: 0.001 \Start context: OL \Ys-Xf coupling derating: 3.866e-006 \Profiler speed: 1 \Data length: 40960 \X offset sens: 35 \Profiler scan time: 0.001 \Navigator note: col(-5), row(4) \Y offset sens: 35 \Profiler resolution: 0.001 \Engage X Pos: -19783.4 um \Bias derate: 0 \Profiler x position: 0 \Engage Y Pos: -42151.3 um \Z min: -220 \Profiler y position: 0 \*Equipment list \@Sens.
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