Notes De Lecture Numéro 45

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Notes De Lecture Numéro 45 Cahiers du Genre, n° 45/2008 Notes de lecture Notes de lecture Jean Bobby Noble – Masculinities gence de la masculinité trans Without Men? Female Masculinity comme catégorie spécifique, plus in Twentieth-Century Fictions précisément de la manière dont (2004). Vancouver, University of British celle-ci devient intelligible et Columbia Press, 180 p. dicible. En se situant au croisement Si le corps n’est pas le fonde- des cultural studies, des gender ment ni l’élément stabilisateur de studies et des théories queer, dans l’identité de genre, comme le mon- la lignée de Judith Butler, Teresa de trent les théories queer, alors la Lauretis, Eve Kosovsky Sedgwick masculinité n’est pas l’apanage des mais aussi de Richard Dyer et corps mâles – voire, elle pourrait Michel Foucault, Noble mobilise bien en être parfois totalement dis- trois romans et un film mettant en sociée. Judith Halberstam avait scène des personnages en quête déjà investi cette réflexion avec d’identité et de reconnaissance : The Female Masculinity en 1998 Well of Loneliness de Radcliffe (Durham, Duke University Press), Hall (1928), Sacred Country de à travers l’analyse notamment de Rose Tremain (1992), Stone Butch The Well of Loneliness de Blues de Leslie Feinberg (1993), Radcliffe Hall. Jean Bobby Noble, et Boys Don’t Cry de Kimberly avec Masculinities Without Men?, Peirce (1999). Bien que tous ces réengage un examen critique de personnages entretiennent des rela- l’émergence et de la production tions amoureuses/sexuelles avec de female masculinities depuis le des femmes, leurs identités se dis- XIXe et tout au long du XXe tinguent d’une identité lesbienne, siècle, de manière plus radicale et constituant ‘autre chose’, un es- approfondie. pace autre, un ‘hors-champ’, qui À l’heure où émergent les trans ne peut se dire dans un premier studies, où la visibilité trans, et temps que par la négation : « I’m notamment ftm, se déploie peu à not a dyke [gouine] », « I’m not a peu – depuis le début des années woman », ainsi que se reconnaît 1980 aux États-Unis et la fin des Brandon Teena dans Boys Don’t années 1990 en France –, la néces- Cry (p. 145). C’est cet espace que sité d’une histoire trans s’impose, Noble théorise, montrant la ma- et avec elle une analyse de l’émer- nière dont il est construit par les 200 Notes de lecture discours et les pratiques, non pas œuvres et les structures narratives à partir de rien, mais grâce à une de chacune de ces fictions (le troi- réarticulation des catégories et élé- sième chapitre étant consacré aux ments disponibles. romans de Feinberg et Tremain, Masculinities without Men? est et le quatrième au film de Peirce), une mise en œuvre exemplaire de Noble met en lumière des ana- la théorie foucaldienne du pou- logies thématiques et discursives. voir. Celui-ci n’est jamais unila- Les notions de genre et de sexe y téral, il n’est jamais uniquement apparaissent comme fondamenta- répression, mais un rapport de lement imbriquées avec celles de force, qui produit lui-même des classe et de ‘race’ : la masculinité moyens de résistance et de sub- n’est qu’un mot, autrement dit. version. Ainsi Noble consacre un Elle se construit et s’affirme, en premier chapitre à l’analyse des tant que domination, en lien avec discours de la sexologie du XIXe une domination de ‘race’ et de siècle et à la manière dont ceux-ci classe. Les fictions étudiées par furent mobilisés lors du procès Noble dans ce livre mettent en pour obscénité contre le roman de scène une masculinité blanche, Hall, pour y pointer les contradic- coloniale, patriote, chrétienne, tions qui rendent possibles des aristocrate ou ouvrière. Et la mise stratégies de résistance. La théo- en crise de cette masculinité rie de l’inversion, et l’argument ‘essentialisée’ (masculinité des essentialiste qui la sous-tend, ou- hommes ou s’incarnant dans des vrent une porte à la revendication corps mâles) par l’affirmation de identitaire, à une affirmation de masculinités queer est indissocia- légitimité – si l’inversion est ble d’une mise en question des ‘naturelle’, alors elle n’est pas un frontières géopolitiques, des fron- vice ni une maladie, et il faut tières de classe et de la hiérarchie l’accepter. Le second chapitre éla- raciale. L’anxiété que suscite la bore une lecture de The Well of transgression des frontières de Loneliness comme l’amorce d’un genre s’inscrit dans un contexte retournement foucaldien du dis- d’anxiété à propos des frontières cours, l’émergence de cette reven- en général, qui se sédimente au dication identitaire, à travers le cours du XXe siècle et notamment personnage de Stephen, qui trouve autour des deux guerres mondiales. dans la sexologie et dans la Bible Les personnages de Stephen, Jess, des catégories qu’il intériorise, pour Martin et Brandon sont resitués par ensuite les transformer en se les Noble dans ce contexte, déplaçant appropriant. Le sujet parlé se met certaines frontières et en renfor- à parler lui-même avec le langage çant d’autres. dont il dispose, lui faisant subir Mais l’auteur, à travers l’étude une reconfiguration. En analysant de ces narrations, montre aussi la les contextes de réception des manière dont les frontières sont à Cahiers du Genre, n° 45/2008 201 la fois synonymes d’enfermement en particulier en ce qui concerne le et de construction de soi, permet- genre, et les rapports de pouvoir tant de se distinguer des autres : s’effectuant dans les discours, le la masculinité trans se distingue langage et la mise en scène : de la masculinité lesbienne mais toute revendication passe en pre- aussi de la masculinité des hommes, mier lieu par la possibilité de se les renie pour s’y opposer tout en dire et de se montrer, d’accéder à s’y référant. Ainsi se créent des une connaissance de soi qui per- espaces de proximité, d’identifi- mette la visibilité. Masculinities cation, qui permettent de souligner, Without Men? est riche, à ce titre, d’une part, que la female mas- aussi bien du point de vue de culinity n’est pas homogène, mais l’analyse littéraire et cinématogra- bien plurielle comme l’indique le phique, que de celui du féminisme titre de cet ouvrage ; d’autre part, et des théories queer, offrant des que si la masculinité « n’a parfois outils pour repenser radicalement rien à voir avec les hommes » les politiques de genre, et pour (p. ix), elle n’est pas sans relation mieux cerner les enjeux contem- avec eux. Elle n’est pas non plus porains des mouvements de reven- sans relation avec la féminité, et dications identitaires. En désarti- Noble montre, à travers les per- culant radicalement l’amalgame sonnages des amantes et compa- sexe / genre / sexualité / pouvoir, gnes des héros des différentes Noble montre que l’élément sta- fictions, comment la construction bilisateur de l’identité n’est pas le de la masculinité trans, ou queer, corps, mais la narration, qui ex- est en corrélation avec celle de la prime le désir de soi et permet la féminité queer, ce que jusque-là réalisation de ce désir. Ainsi est- « ni le féminisme ni les théories il possible de lire les personnages queer n’ont adéquatement concep- mis en scène dans ces quatre fic- tualisé » (p. 22). tions comme des sujets qui de- La littérature et le cinéma viennent leur genre bien plus apparaissent comme des supports qu’ils ne le transcendent. de la construction de soi, comme Julie Guillot des vecteurs de résistances épis- Étudiante en master de sociologie (EHESS) témologiques et politiques. Noble Susan Stryker & Stephen Whittle examine les liens entre les (eds) – The Transgender Studies auteur·e·s et leurs personnages, Reader compare les différentes lectures déjà effectuées de chacune des (2006). New York, Routledge, 752 p. œuvres, et inclut une dimension The Transgender Studies Reader autobiographique en analysant sa retrace l’émergence des politiques, propre position de lecteur. Son cultures et théories trans. Cette im- ouvrage illustre la forte dimen- portante compilation, qui rassem- sion critique des cultural studies, ble plus d’une cinquantaine d’ar- 202 Notes de lecture ticles, revient sur les dialogues et et se clôt sur un article de tensions noués entre les auteur·e·s Richard Juang plaidant pour « la féministes, queer et transgenres reconnaissance des transgenres dans les années 1990, tout autant comme sujets des discours des qu’il démontre la vivacité et droits civiques dans les sociétés l’actualité des transgender studies, démocratiques » (p. 706). Stryker aussi bien sur les plans politique et Whittle tracent une généalogie et théorique qu’épistémologique. des études trans qui trouve sa sour- Cartographiant les multiples chan- ce dans le féminisme et la théorie tiers ouverts par le mouvement queer, mettant aussi bien en relief trans, de sa remise en cause radi- les proximités et filiations (le cale des catégories de ‘sexe’ et de groupe Transgender Nation est né ‘genre’ à son combat contre la au sein de Queer Nation) que les pathologisation psychiatrique dont tensions et divergences politiques. les personnes trans font encore Whittle note au début du livre l’objet dans la majeure partie de que « la circulation d’une parole l’Occident, l’ouvrage ouvre la voie et d’une conscience trans dans à un véritable agenda transgenre, l’espace public a non seulement prenant son autonomie face aux influencé les études sur le sexe et agendas féministes et queer. le genre, mais a aussi eu un im- Avec cette anthologie, Susan pact sur les personnes trans elles- Stryker et Stephen Whittle visent mêmes, […] faisant émerger de clairement à délimiter un espace nouvelles façons d’être activistes, intellectuel et disciplinaire pour le aussi bien que de nouvelles fa- développement des études trans en çons d’être trans » (p.
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