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Doğal Tekellerde Özelleştirme Ve Regülasyon

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Doğal Tekellerde Özelleştirme Ve Regülasyon DPT – UZMANLIK TEZLERİ DOĞAL TEKELLERDE ÖZELLEŞTİRME VE REGÜLASYON TEMMUZ 1996 YAYIN NO : DPT: 2455 DOĞAL TEKELLERDE ÖZELLEŞTİRME VE REGÜLASYON Recep ÇAKAL Uzmanlõk Tezi İKTİSADİ SEKTÖRLER VE KOORDİNASYON GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ SEKTÖR PROGRAMLARI DAİRESİ TEMMUZ 1996 Çakal Doğal Tekellerde Özelleştirme ve Regülasyon ISBN 975 – 19 – 1447-7 (basõlõ nüsha) Bu Çalõşma Devlet Planlama Teşkilatõnõn görüşlerini yansõtmaz. Sorumluluğu yazarõna aittir. Yayõn ve referans olarak kullanõlmasõ Devlet Planlama Teşkilatõnõn iznini gerektirmez; İnternet adresi belirtilerek yayõn ve referans olarak kullanõlabilir. Bu e-kitap, http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/ adresindedir. Bu yayõn 325 adet basõlmõştõr. Elektronik olarak, 1 adet pdf dosyasõ üretilmiştir. http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/kit/cakalr/tekel.pdf Çakal Doğal Tekellerde Özelleştirme ve Regülasyon İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa 1. GİRİŞ ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM EKONOMİK ETKİNLİK KAVRAMI VE EKONOMİDE DEVLET MÜDAHALESİNİN RASYONELİ 1. SERBEST REKABET PİYASALARI VE EKONOMİK ETKİNLİK............................................................. 5 1.1 EKONOMİK ETKİNLİK ......................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1.1 Tahsiste Etkinlik (Allocative Efficiency) ........................................................................................................... 6 1.1.2 Üretimde Etkinlik (Productive Efficiency)........................................................................................................ 6 1.2 TAM REKABETİN BAŞARISIZ OLDUĞU HALLER: PİYASA AKSAKLIKLARI VE DEVLET MÜDAHALESİ ............................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 PİYASA AKSAKLIKLARI...................................................................................................................................... 8 1.3.1 Dõşsal Ekonomiler (Externalities)..................................................................................................................... 8 1.3.2 Bilgi Yetersizliği (Information Asymmetry) ..................................................................................................... 9 1.3.3 Kamusal Mallar (Public Goods): Mallarõn Sõnõflandõrõlmasõ ......................................................................10 1.3.4 Eksik Rekabet Piyasalarõ (Imperfect Competition) ve Devlet Müdahalesi: Tekellerin Regülasyonu ve Rekabet Kanunlarõ ....................................................................................................................................................15 1.3.4.1 Rekabet Veya Anti-Tekel Kanunlarõ............................................................................................................................. 16 1.3.4.2 Doğal Tekellerin Regülasyonu ...................................................................................................................................... 16 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM DOĞAL TEKELLERDE REGÜLASYON 1. DOĞAL TEKEL PİYASALARI...........................................................................................................................17 1.1 DOĞAL TEKELİN TANIMI .................................................................................................................................17 1.2 DOĞAL TEKELLERİN ÖZELLİKLERİ..............................................................................................................18 1.3 DOĞAL TEKEL PİYASALARINDA ARZIN DÜZENLENME ŞEKİLLERİ .................................................18 1.3.1 Regüle Edilmeyen Özel Tekel..........................................................................................................................19 1.3.2 Kamu İşletmeciliği ...........................................................................................................................................20 1.3.3 Regülasyona Tabi Özel Tekeller .....................................................................................................................21 i http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/kit/cakalr/tekel.pdf Çakal Doğal Tekellerde Özelleştirme ve Regülasyon Sayfa 2. ÖZEL KESİM TARAFINDAN İŞLETİLEN DOĞAL TEKELLERİN REGÜLASYONU.......................21 2.1 DOĞAL TEKELLERİN REGÜLASYONUNDA OPTİMAL FİYATLANDIRMA YÖNTEMLERİ............22 2.1.1 Ramsey Fiyatlandõrmasõ (Ramsey Pricing)....................................................................................................23 2.1.2 İki Kõsõmlõ Tarife (Two Part Tariff).................................................................................................................23 2.1.3 Kademeli Fiyatlandõrma (Nonlinear Pricing)................................................................................................23 2.1.4 Kapasite Kullanõmõna Göre (Zirve-Zirve Dõşõ) Fiyatlandõrma (Peak/Off Peak Pricing)............................24 3. DOĞAL TEKELLERDE REGÜLASYON YÖNTEMLERİ...........................................................................24 3.1 İÇ KARLILIK ORANI REGÜLASYONU (RATE OF RETURN REGULATION) ........................................24 3.1.1 Yöntemin İşleyişi ..............................................................................................................................................24 3.1.2 İKO Regülasyonunun Avantajlarõ...................................................................................................................25 3.1.3 Dezavantajlarõ..................................................................................................................................................26 3.2 TAVAN FİYAT REGÜLASYONU (PRICE-CAP REGULATION).................................................................28 3.2.1 Yöntemin İşleyişi ..............................................................................................................................................28 3.2.2 Avantajlarõ........................................................................................................................................................29 3.2.3 Dezavantajlarõ..................................................................................................................................................30 3.3 GÖRELİ REKABET (YARDSTICK COMPETITION)......................................................................................31 3.3.1 Yöntemin İşleyişi ..............................................................................................................................................31 3.3.2 Avantajlarõ........................................................................................................................................................32 3.3.3 Dezavantajlarõ..................................................................................................................................................32 4. DOĞAL TEKEL PIYASALARINDA REKABETÇİ ÇÖZÜM TEORİLERİ..............................................33 4.1 DEMSETZ REKABET TEORİSİ (DEMSETZ COMPETITION)....................................................................33 4.2 GİRİŞ/ÇIKIŞI KOLAY PİYASALAR TEORİSİ (CONTESTABLE MARKETS THEORY) ........................34 4.3 CHAMBERLINIAN TEKELCİ REKABET TEORİSİ (CHAMBERLINIAN MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION)...........................................................................................................................................................35 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM DOĞAL TEKELLERDE ÖZELLEŞTİRME VE REGÜLASYON UYGULAMALARI 1. TELEKOMÜNİKASYON SEKTÖRÜNDE ÖZELLEŞTİRME VE REGÜLASYON ..............................37 1.1 TELEKOMÜNİKASYONUN EKONOMİDEKİ YERİ VE ÖNEMİ ................................................................37 1.2 TELEKOMÜNİKASYON SEKTÖRÜNÜN YAPISI..........................................................................................39 1.3 TELEKOMÜNİKASYON SEKTÖRÜNDE YAPISAL DEĞİŞİM ...................................................................42 1.3.1 Sektörde Yeniden Yapõlanmaya Genel Bakõş .................................................................................................42 ii http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/kit/cakalr/tekel.pdf Çakal Doğal Tekellerde Özelleştirme ve Regülasyon Sayfa 1.3.2 Avrupa Topluluğu ve OECD Ülkelerinde Yeniden Yapõlanma.....................................................................43 1.3.2.1 Avrupa Topluluğu Bünyesinde Yürütülen Çalõşmalar ve Avrupa Telekomünikasyon Piyasasõnda Rekabet Baskõlarõ .................................................................................................................................................................................... 44 1.3.3 Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Yeniden Yapõlanma Çalõşmalarõ .......................................................................46 1.4 ÖZELLEŞTİRME VE REGÜLASYON UYGULAMALARINDA ÜLKE ÖRNEKLERİ ..............................47 1.4.1 AMERİKA BİRLEŞİK DEVLETLERİ.............................................................................................................47 1.4.2 İNGİLTERE......................................................................................................................................................53 1.4.3 ŞİLİ ...................................................................................................................................................................60 1.4.4 ARJANTİN........................................................................................................................................................63
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