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O. BAB 1 (Bab1.Pdf) BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Serial drama adalah rangkaian acara televisi dengan alur cerita saling berkesinambungan dalam beberapa episode secara berurutan. Serial drama merupakan media komunikasi massa yang mempunyai fungsi untuk memberi pengaruh, memberi informasi dan mendidik. Melalui serial drama, khalayak penonton dapat mengetahui suatu informasi mengenai isu atau masalah sosial yang terjadi di masyarakat. Menurut Kuswandi (1996:130) serial drama diminati khalayak karena : Pertama, isinya pesannya sesuai dengan realita sosial yang sedang terjadi di masyarakat. Kedua, isi pesannya mengandung cerminan tradisi nilai luhur dan budaya yang ada dalam masyarakat. Ketiga, isi pesannya lebih banyak mengangkat permasalahan atau persoalan yang terjadi dalam kehidupan. Netflix merupakan salah satu perusahaan layanan media streaming online yang sedang gencar-gencarnya memproduksi serial drama dan film untuk menyampaikan isu sosial hangat yang sedang terjadi di dunia. Netflix Originals, yang memproduksi serial drama dan film original di bawah naungan Netflix tidak ragu untuk menaruh konten-konten yang tabu dan berani untuk menyadarkan masyarakat akan hal yang terjadi di dunia saat ini. Contohnya serial animasi Bojack Horseman yang membahas depresi, bunuh diri, serta penyalahgunaan narkoba, lalu ada serial drama Orange is the New Black yang membahas topik mengenai LGBT dan ketidakadilan gender, serial drama Sex Education yang baru tayang sejak 11 Januari 2019 yang membahas mengenai seks saat remaja, dan yang paling menghebohkan pada tahun 2017 adalah serial drama 13 Reasons Why musim pertama (season 1). 1 Gambar 1.1 Tayangan-tayangan Netflix Originals (Sumber : www.google.com/netflix-originals/) Serial drama “13 Reasons Why” season 1 yang dirilis 31 Maret 2017 merupakan serial mengenai seorang gadis bernama Hannah Baker yang mengakhiri hidupnya karena perlakuan buruk dari teman-temannya yang mempengaruhi reputasinya di sekolah. Sebelum melakukan aksi bunuh diri, Hannah meninggalkan tiga belas alasan mengapa ia menghilangkan nyawanya dan alasan tersebut direkam di dalam 7 kaset untuk dibagikan ke 13 orang yang bertanggungjawab atas kematian Hannah. 7 kaset tersebut pertama diberi pada orang yang disebutkan dalam kaset satu sebagai alasan pertama Hannah bunuh diri. Setelah orang tersebut selesai mendengarkannya harus mengopernya ke orang yang disebutkan dalam kaset selanjutnya, dan seterusnya hingga akhirnya Clay Jensen menerima 7 kaset tersebut di depan rumahnya. Serial ini merupakan adaptasi dari novel best seller karya Jay Asher pada tahun 2007. Gambar 1.2 Homepage serial Netflix “13 Reasons Why Season 1” (Sumber : www.netflix.com/) 2 Serial drama buatan Netflix ini menjadi tren dan viral di media sosial seperti para netizen yang membuat meme mengenai Hannah, memperdebatkan keputusan Hannah bunuh diri serta berdiskusi mengenai topik-topik yang dibahas karena banyaknya topik yang masih tabu dan kontroversial di sebagian kalangan. Topik yang dibahas di serial ini adalah bullying, pelecehan seksual, pemerkosaan, depresi serta aksi bunuh diri yang semua ditayangkan secara jelas dan nyata sehingga menimbulkan kontroversi bagi sebagian pihak. Tak hanya kontroversi karena graphic nya yang realistis, namun karena serial ini dianggap meromantisasi aksi bunuh diri yang dikhawatirkan dapat menimbulkan para remaja mengikuti aksi karakter Hannah mengakhiri hidupnya dengan cara yang dramatis, penuh balas dendam serta meninggalkan banyak rahasia yang dianggap mengesankan. Menurut penelitian berjudul Thirteen Reasons Why : The Impact of Suicide Portrayal on Adolescents Mental Health pada 25 Oktober tahun 2018, dari 7004 remaja yang diteliti, 23,7% nya mencoba mencari mengenai hal yang berkaitan dengan aksi bunuh diri di internet setelah menonton seluruh 13 episode serial drama “13 Reasons Why Season 1” dan suasana hatinya memburuk hingga menyebabkan putus asa. Namun sebagian pihaknya lagi menyebut bahwa acara ini sangat menggambarkan kehidupan para remaja di sekolah. Menurut penelitian Exploring How Teens and Parents Responded to 13 Reasons Why yang dirilis pada tahun 2018, 80% dari 7009 remaja dan dewasa muda di Amerika Serikat menyatakan bahwa orang-orang seusia mereka mengalami isu yang sama dengan karakter di serial “13 Reasons Why” seperti yang ditunjukkan pada tabel berikut : Tabel 1.1 Relatabilitas “13 Reasons Why” bagi penonton berdasarkan usia (Sumber : https://13reasonsresearch.soc.northwestern.edu/) 3 Penyebab Hannah bunuh diri adalah bagaimana dirinya dibuat rumor dan diberi label sebagai pelacur dan sebagai pemilik pantat terbaik hingga dirinya diperkosa yang intinya dari serial ini adalah Hannah diberi perlakuan slut shaming hingga ia putus asa dan depresi. Dan dari sini para khalayak remaja perempuan yang mengalami masalah slut shaming yang sama seperti Hannah mendapat kesempatan untuk membuka percakapan mengenai masalah yang tabu dibicarakan satu sama lain dan cenderung dihindari namun sesungguhnya dialami oleh para perempuan di Amerika Serikat setiap harinya yaitu pelecehan seksual, labeling seksualitas serta bullying. Ketiga topik tersebut sangat berat untuk dibicarakan karena dapat menimbulkan penilaian yang salah mengenai korbannya dan juga takut mendapat hukuman dari orang lain dan orangtua maka dari itu dengan menyinggung serial drama ini dengan orangtua, para remaja perempuan ingin menunjukkan dan menjelaskan agar orangtua mengerti akan hal yang harus mereka hadapi setiap harinya di lingkungan sekolah. Serial drama “13 Reasons Why” bekerjasama dengan Northwestern University untuk melakukan penelitian yang dirilis pada tahun 2018 mengenai dampak dari acara mereka terhadap para remaja yang menonton serial tersebut, menunjukkan 71% remaja mulai membuka percakapan dengan orangtuanya mengenai acara ini serta kaitannya dengan kehidupan mereka (seperti pelecehan seksual, labeling seksual, dan bullying) di sekolah setiap harinya, dan 81% nya menceritakannya pada sahabat. Menurut Baumister dan Twenge (2002:166), slut shaming merupakan bentuk penindasan terhadap seksualitas perempuan melalui suatu kalimat buruk yang identik dengan perempuan. Slut shaming adalah ketika istilah slut (pelacur) dan banyak sinonimnya digunakan dengan maksud untuk merendahkan, mempermalukan perempuan dan menghukum seksualitas mereka (Turnbull, 2016). Pengertian lainnya yaitu slut shaming didefinisikan sebagai tindakan memfitnah perempuan karena dugaan perilaku seksual yang umum di kalangan anak muda Amerika Serikat (Armstrong, et al., 2014). Berdasarkan penelitian Pickel dan Gentry (2016) dalam artikel jurnal berjudul “Slut Shaming in a School Bullying Case”, slut shaming termasuk dalam bullying yang dimana bentuk bullying secara seksual untuk merendahkan perempuan yaitu pelecehan seksual. Jadi bisa dikatakan pelecehan seksual adalah salah satu bentuk dari slut shaming yang dapat mempengaruhi 4 korbannya hingga dampak terburuk seperti depresi, terisolasi dan bahkan praktik bunuh diri. Gambar 1.3 Infografis mengenai slut shaming (Sumber : nobullying.com) Permasalahan slut shaming berupa pelecehan seksual seakan tak pernah bertemu ujungnya dan solusinya masih jauh dari kata selesai. Tingkat pelecehan seksual terhadap perempuan masih cukup tinggi dan para korban pelecehan seksual tidak berani melaporkannya. Berdasarkan penelitian dari organisasi Stop Street Harassment! pada Januari 2018, dari 2.000 responden dari seluruh daerah di Amerika Serikat yang terdiri dari perempuan dan laki-laki, 81 persen perempuan telah dilecehkan secara seksual selama masa hidupnya. 77 persen dari pelecehan seksual pada perempuan merupakan pelecehan secara verbal, 51 persen dilecehkan dengan dipegang bagian tubuhnya seperti payudara atau pantatnya, dan 27 persen perempuan menjadi survivor dari penyerangan seksual seperti pemerkosaan. 5 Gambar 1.4 Hasil penelitian mengenai pelecehan seksual tahun 2018 (Sumber : stopstreetharassment.org/resources/statistics) Pengaruh dari slut shaming sendiri dapat menyebabkan korbannya mengalami putus asa, merasa diri tidak berharga, terhina dan bahkan depresi yang berujung kematian. Seperti dalam serial drama “13 Reasons Why Season 1” yang menunjukkan karakter Hannah Baker yang dibully dan dilecehkan secara seksual, bahkan diperkosa akibat labelling pelacur yang diberi teman-temannya hingga ia akhirnya tidak kuat menahan beban dari perlakuan-perlakuan slut shaming pada dirinya ia memutuskan untuk bunuh diri. Tabel 1.2 Tabel alasan karakter Hannah melakukan bunuh diri (Sumber : https://13reasonsresearch.soc.northwestern.edu/) Dalam serial drama “13 Reasons Why Season 1” memiliki banyak topik sensitif dan tabu, salah satunya yaitu masalah slut shaming yang dialami remaja perempuan melalui pelecehan seksual serta pelabelan seksual di lingkungan sekolah. Para remaja menganggap serial drama ini adalah serial yang paling menggambarkan secara nyata bagaimana kehidupan sosial di sekolah tingkat SMA di Amerika Serikat kesehariannya dan menjadi pelajaran bagi orangtua serta para remaja mengenai topik-topik permasalahan yang sering kali ditolak untuk dibicarakan secara langsung seperti bullying, depresi, penyerangan seksual, dan sebagainya. 6 Tabel 1.3 Topik-topik yang dibahas dalam serial drama “13 Reasons Why” (Sumber : https://13reasonsresearch.soc.northwestern.edu/) Melalui serial drama ini remaja perempuan menjadi ingin lebih mengetahui mengenai penyerangan seksual serta macamnya seperti yang ditunjukkan dari penelitian Northwestern University (2018) bahwa setelah menonton serial drama “13 Reasons Why Season 1”, 22% remaja perempuan mencari
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