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Chapter 5* Maratha Power (1761—1818) Peshva Madhav Rav

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Chapter 5* Maratha Power (1761—1818) Peshva Madhav Rav CHAPTER 5* MARATHA POWER (1761—1818) PESHVA MADHAV RAV. THE BATTLE OF PANIPAT IS THE GREAT DIVIDING LINE of Maratha history. “Never was a defeat more complete”, writes Elphinstone, “and never was there a calamity that diffused so much consternation. Grief and despondency spread over the whole Maratha people : all felt the destruction of the army as a death-blow to their national greatness”. “ Most disastrous of all was the blow to the prestige of the Pesva, the one unifying influence in Maratha Government. The weakened power of the Pesva paved the way to English interference in Maratha affairs. Panipat in other words was the prelude to Assaye and Kirkee.”1 The consequence of the disaster did not lie concealed from friends or foes alike. For the grand army that Bhau led against the Abdali the Deccan had been denuded of all its best troops. What remained behind were second-line troops and country militia. When the grand army was annihilated Maratha domination in the north was no longer tenable. The northern potentates refused to respect their Maratha masters. The Jats, the Rajputs, the Bundelas, the Rohillas revolted against Maratha rule, seized their outposts and drove out Maratha garrisons. Najib-ud-daula marched on Delhi, took over the administration in his hands; the Rajputs talked of driving the Marathas south of the Narmada. Maratha dominion in the north became aflame with revolts of petty rulers, risings of local militias and disturbances of hill tribes and the next few years witnessed the shrinkage of Maratha frontiers and withdrawing of their rule south of the Cambal.2 Balaji Rav was aware of these coming consequences. Reports of revolts in Bundelkhand and Malva had already reached him. He likewise knew that his southern neighbours were watching the struggle in Hindustan with no friendly eye and when therefore the * This Chapter is contributed by Dr. V. G. Dighe. 1 Cambridge History of India, vol. IV, p. 425. 2 Marathyancya Itihasaci Sadhane, (Rajwade), I, 285, 288, 293, 297-99; S. P. D., vol. XXIX, pp. 5-50. 92 MAHARASHTRA STATE GAZETTEER news of the disaster at Panipat reached him, the blow dazed him and broke his heart. From Malva he returned to his capital and died mourning for his son and cousin. Nizam Ali’s attack on Poona. Balaji Rav was succeeded in the Pesvaship by his second son, Madhav Rav1 a young boy of sixteen years. The Pesvas brother, Raghunath Rav was now the sole elderly survivor in the family. Void of all qualities of leadership except boundless ambition, mean and selfish, this man of weak and vacillating mind posed now as the saviour of the Maratha cause and tried to seize all authority in his hands. But few around the court had faith in his abilities and everybody suspected his intentions. The Pesvas mother, Gopika Bai, a masterful lady resented that her son should be ignored in the conduct of administration and urged him to take his rightful place. When these family dissensions came to be known, the Nizam’s Court decided to profit by them. Nizam Ali, brother of Salabat Jang, who had attained a predominant position at Hyderabad, occupied the Raicur Doah ceded to the Pesva last year and marched upon Poona desolating the country and destroying Hindu temples in his line of march. The Pesva called to his aid his chiefs and halted the enemy’s advance near Uruli within less than one day’s march of Poona. Nizam Ali was surrounded and some of his subordinates went over to the Marathas. Raghunath Rav who guided the affairs of his young nephew, came to terms with the Nizam by handing over to him territory yielding an annual revenue of twenty-seven lakhs (Jan. 1762). It was suspected that the gesture was meant to win Nizam Ali’s friendship in a future contest with the nephew. Battle of Raksasbhuvan. In the course of the year Madhav Rav decided to assert his rights. The uncle and the nephew disagreed violently in their march southward after Nizam Ali’s discomfiture. Raghoba in resentment resigned his office as regent and retired to Poona. He then came out with a demand for a separate jagir worth ten lakhs of rupees and five important fortresses. When this was opposed Raghoba withdrew to the neighbourhood of Nasik, called together his partisans and prepared for war, secretly obtaining the support of Janoji Bhosle and Nizam Ali. The two opposing armies fought a series of actions between 7th and 12th November and Madhav Rav despairing of successful resistance, gave himself up into his uncle’s power. Nizam Ali was generously rewarded with a territory yielding an annual revenue of Rs. fifty lakhs including the fort of Daulatabad for the aid given to Raghoba. The terms of the treaty were, however never implemented. The Pesvas partisans were removed from office and Raghoba returned to the regency with Sakharam Bapu as his Divan. But he was not destined to remain 1 The main source for the career of Madhav Rav Pesva is Aitihasik Lekha Sangraha, vols. 1- 4, edited by Khare. These should be supplemented by Selection from Pesva Daftar, vols. 19, 29, 37, and 38 and Persian Calendars, vols. 1-4, Marathyancya Itihasaci Sadhane, Ed., Rajwade, vols. 1, 12, 13, 14, Hingne Daftar and vol. I, Purandare Daftar. HISTORY – MARATHA PERIOD 93 in power for long. In the attempt to reward his partisans, Raghoba incurred the enmity of the Patvardhans, the Pratinidhi and other Maratha chieftains. The Nizam whose appetite had been whetted by easy gains of his earlier alliance decided again to fish in troubled waters. His Divan Vitthal Sundar invited the disgruntled Maratha element to join his master the Nizam and with this formidable accession he denounced the former treaties and gave out his intention of subverting the Pesva’s regency by that of Janoji Bhosle ; he peremptorily called on the Pesva to deliver all territory east of the Bhima and accept his advisers in the ministry. The Nizam sacked Poona in May 1763. The Nizam’s interference in Maratha affairs temporarily closed the rift between uncle and nephew. Acting on the advice of Malhar Rav Holkar, a Maratha army ravaged the Nizam’s territory while, Maratha diplomacy lured back his new Maratha allies. As the Moghal army was crossing the Godavari in its march towards Aurangabad, it was attacked and decisively defeated at Raksasbhuvan (10th August 1763). Young Madhav Rav was chiefly instrumental in securing this signal victory and the result was that he soon took the reins of administration in his hands and retained them for the next nine years of his career. Nizam Ali threw the blames of his late errors on Vitthal Sundar and implored pardon. He gave up his vaunted claims, confirmed cessions made at Udgir in 1760 and added to them territory worth twenty-two lakhs. The treaty remained in operation for the next thirty-two years. The brilliant victory won by the Pesva went a long way in restoring Maratha prestige. Haidar-Maratha contest. The next problem the Pesva had to grapple with was the advance of Haidar Ali of Mysore in the south Maratha country. Haidar to start with was a petty officer in Mysore infantry. But his organizing capacity, his military discipline, his daring and his genius for intrigue brought him to the notice of Nanjraj, the Mysore Commander, and in 1755 he became the governor of Dindigal. In 1759 he actively opposed Maratha advance in Mysore and wrested back the territory ceded a year earlier. By 1761 Haidar Ali became the head of the administration and seized supreme authority. As Maratha power waned, Haider Ali’s grew in proportion. He occupied old Maratha territory in Karnatak, forced the Navabs and Hindu chieftains to pay him tribute, and conquered the kingdoms of Gooty and Bednore; in 1763 Maratha districts north of the Tungabhadra were overrun, Dharvar was captured and Haidar now menaced the entire Maratha country south of the Krsna. There was BO choice for the Pesva but to fight back this threat on his southern frontier. Haidar Ali however was too powerful a foe to be checked by the Pesva’s subordinate feudatories and for the next eight years the Pesva’s entire resources were directed to reduce if not exterminate Haidar’s power. The fighting became bitter on account of the novel method pursued by the Mysore ruler. He knew that his small force was no match for the numerous Maratha horse and he would not venture out in the open. Sheltering behind the woods in the western ghats, his infantry sallied forth at night to surprise 94 MAHARASHTRA STATE GAZETTEER the enemy. Madhav Rav Pesva met Haidar’s wiles with great skill and tenacity and wore him out. While one Maratha force would keep Haidar Ali immobilized, another would devastate the country, stop supplies reaching the enemy’s camp and thus force him out of his wooded defences. At the end of eight years campaigning Haidar had lost half his kingdom and held the remaining half in fee to the Pesva. The first Haidar-Maratha campaign lasted from April 1764 to March 1765. Dharvar was besieged and there was severe fighting at Rattehalli, Jadi Anavadi and Bednore in which Haidar was decisively beaten. He agreed to pay a tribute of thirty-two lakhs, restored to Murar Rav Ghorpade the fortress of Gooty and the surrounding districts and gave up all claims on Savanur. The offensive against Haidar Ali was resumed towards the close of 1766. A strong army invaded Haidar’s north-eastern districts took Sira, Hoskot and Madgiri and forced him to surrender all previous Maratha conquests in Karnatak.
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