煉金術:論象徵概念與創作意識之源 Alchemy: a Study of the Symbols’ Conceptions and Creative Consciousness

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煉金術:論象徵概念與創作意識之源 Alchemy: a Study of the Symbols’ Conceptions and Creative Consciousness 國立臺灣師範大學美術研究所繪畫創作理論組 博士論文 指導教授:陳淑華 博士 論文題目: 煉金術:論象徵概念與創作意識之源 Alchemy: A Study of the Symbols’ Conceptions and Creative Consciousness 研究生:張欽賢 撰 2013/03/20 1 煉金術:論象徵概念與創作意識之源 中文摘要 煉金術是註記人類探索自我意識與物質世界的廣袤史觀。它是宗教神 話思想,以及個人洞察自身認知根源的集合體。煉金術統合物質形式的象 徵意識以及精神心靈的昇華幻化,並將之轉變成思想與技藝之間的關鍵聯 繫。藝術家藉此以助於學習外在與內在、題材與創作活性的整合,使繪畫 與其它視覺藝術如同煉金術一般,成為聯接物質與心理世界的範例。回顧 典籍所載,古人所言之藝術與藝術家,亦與煉金術士一般,充滿了神秘難 解之奇幻異數,而非今日所使用詞彙之實質意含。 本篇研究要旨在於探索煉金術思想脈絡以及其象徵系統,各篇皆以傳 統象徵系統引導創作之源,論述象徵體系之中,煉金術為之詮釋作為創造 者的終極創生,指引創作者所需之超越智慧的自然共感,與追尋超越物質 與精神世界的開放思想,以及深刻的創作情緒。本篇論文亦以此尋思古代 習藝者以及現代心理與美學理論,研究存於內心的信仰與創作程序以何種 圖面形式再現虛無的想像。以象徵系統,作為探究抽象概念轉化為繪畫創 作因素之工具與潛意識攫取想像的能力。 關鍵詞:煉金術,四元素,哲人石,曼陀羅,象徵心理,異教藝術。 i Alchemy: A Study of the Symbols’ Conceptions and Origin Consciousness of Creation Abstract Alchemy is the history of humanity’s self-awareness and marvel with the physical world. It is collective and individual research for perspicacity and the origins of religion, mythology, and personal self-identity. Alchemy is at once a symbolic consciousness of substantial forms and a symbolic utterance of the spiritual and psychological transformations of the spirit, became a connection between wisdom and art. The artist has been given the possibility of integrating his outward and inward creation, his subject matter and his creative activity. Painting and other visual arts are one intent example of communication between physical and psychological world, and other is alchemy. If we look back at the whole art history existence, the appearance of art and artist, just like alchemist, seems a curious phenomenon indeed, an ethereal secret that cannot easily be explained in terms of contemporary lexicon that we may real understand. While the thrust of this study is directed at elucidating the history of alchemy and system of symbols, every chapter includes explicable the form of symbols from the origin of traditions. Alchemy has always been representative of what is ultimate creation about creator in the symbolic system. Perhaps what we need is not more sophistication but more sympathy, a thoughtful openness to the synesthesie that beyond physical and psychological world, a profound passion of creation. This study also describes both how ancient practitioners believed alchemy worked and how modern psychological and aesthetical theory can illuminate the processes of imagination. Uses the symbols for the tools to investigate how conceptions were considered effective causations of creative activity in painting and what captured the imagination was the efficacy of the ii unconscious. Keywords: Alchemy, Four Elements, Philosopher’s Stone, Mandalas, Symbolic Psychology, Occult Art. iii 目次 表錄............................................................................................................................ vii 圖錄.......................................................................................................................... viii 緒論.............................................................................................................................. 1 第一節 研究動機 ............................................................................................... 1 第二節 研究架構 ............................................................................................... 6 第三節 文獻探索 ............................................................................................... 8 第一章 煉金術之歷史探索 ............................................................................ 17 第一節 古希臘時代:存在的內向探索 ...................................................... 18 第二節 中國:燒金與煉丹............................................................................ 34 第三節 阿拉伯:煉金仙藥的傳承............................................................... 48 第四節 西歐:物質的彌賽亞 ....................................................................... 54 小結 ..................................................................................................................... 68 第二章 煉金術之象徵概念 ............................................................................ 71 第一節 煉金術象徵之形成背景 ................................................................... 74 第二節 靈魂的原型:元素與反應物 .......................................................... 78 第三節 精神的原型:動物與植物............................................................. 100 第四節 肉身的原型:人與神衹 ................................................................. 116 第五節 宇宙的原型:程序與蒸餾瓶 ........................................................ 133 小結 ................................................................................................................... 158 第三章 煉金術對繪畫藝術的影響 ........................................................... 163 第一節 煉金術對繪畫媒材的影響............................................................. 164 第二節 煉金術與曼陀羅繪畫 ..................................................................... 180 第三節 煉金術對繪畫觀念的影響............................................................. 199 小結 ................................................................................................................... 211 第四章 煉金術象徵之創作識語:《造夢者與無感的偽詩》 ...... 213 第一節 原型意識與媒介:物質因............................................................. 216 第二節 曼陀羅場域:形式因.......................................................................... 225 第三節 潛意識的塗層:動力因...................................................................... 238 iv 第四節 自性的完整:目的因 ..................................................................... 249 小結 ................................................................................................................... 264 結論.......................................................................................................................... 265 參考書目................................................................................................................ 275 附圖.......................................................................................................................... 285 v vi 表錄 表 1 研究脈絡 頁:8 表 2 煉金術重要古籍之時間沿革 頁:13 表 3 影響煉金術觀念之古希臘時期哲學家 頁:32 表 4 中國煉丹術術語表 頁:41 表 5 煉金術之星辰、金屬、與肉身對應關係 頁:64 表 6 煉金術元素與反應物之象徵 頁:97 表 7 煉金術之動物象徵 頁:111 表 8 煉金術之植物象徵 頁:113 表 9 煉金術之肉身象徵 頁:130 表 10 煉金術之神祇象徵 頁:131 表 11 煉金程序表 頁:140 表 12 煉金程序相關名詞表 頁:140 表 13 煉金術之工具象徵 頁:154 表 14 煉金術之建築象徵 頁:154 表 15 煉金術之宇宙與自然象徵 頁:155 表 16 煉金術象徵體系表 頁:159 表 17 「四元素」之方位對應與色彩之對偶 頁:221 表 18 煉金術反應物與油畫媒介對照 頁:224 表 19 黃金比例與圓周率之契合 頁:230 表 20 煉金術與心靈昇華之對應 頁:266 表 21 繪畫創作程序概念 頁:270 表 22 共時性象徵化過程之超驗體驗之詞組與主要意涵 頁:271 表 23 繪畫創作之現階段目標與未來目標 頁:273 vii 圖錄 (圖一) 《哲人的玫瑰花壇》 ( Rosarium Philosophorum) 頁:2、285 第七插圖:〈王與后的交合〉(La conjonction du roi et la reine)。翻 攝自:Perrot, Etienne, Le Rosaire des Philosophes, Paris: La Fontaine de Pierre, 2008, p.73。 (圖二) 米流斯(Johnn Daniel Mylius)原著《黃金的解剖 頁:3、286 學 》( Anatomia Auri), 1628 年原版插畫。翻攝自: Rola, Stanislas Klossowski de: The Golden Game, Paris : Editions Thames and Hudson SARL, 1997, p.202。 (圖三) 〈哲人石〉(La Pierre Philosophale)。翻 攝 自:Rola, 頁:5、286 Stanislas Klossowski de: The Golden Game, Paris : Editions Thames and Hudson SARL, 1997, p.163。 (圖四) 《哲人的玫瑰花壇》 (Rosarium Philosophorum) 頁:12、287 第十一插圖:〈新生〉(La nouvelle naissance)。翻 攝自:Perrot, Etienne, Le Rosaire des Philosophes, Paris: La Fontaine de Pierre, 2008, p.120。 (圖五) 《玫瑰十字之神秘形象》(Les Figures Secrètes des 頁:17、288 Rose-Croix),1785 年原版插圖:〈哲學家之山〉(Mont des Philosophes)。翻攝自: Roob, Alexander, Le Musée Hermé tique: Alchimie & Mystique, Köln: Taschen, 2006, p.286。 (圖六) 《羊泉之書》(Lambsprinck)插圖。翻攝自:Rola, 頁:60、289 Stanislas Klossowski de: The Golden Game, Paris : Editions Thames and Hudson SARL, 1997, p.195。 (圖七) 《雙重宇宙》(Utriusque Cosmi)插 圖 。翻攝自: Roob, 頁:84、289 Alexander, The Hermetic Museum : Alchemy & Mysticism, Köln: Taschen, 1997, p.285。 (圖八) 《水銀的復活》(Mercurius Redivivus)插圖。翻攝 頁:85、290 自 : Mclean, Adam: The Alchemical Mandala : A Survay of the Mandala in the Western Esoteric viii Traditions, Grand Rapids: Phanes Press, 2002, p.99。 (圖九) 《水銀的復活》(Mercurius Redivivus)插圖。翻攝 頁:91、291 自 : Roob, Alexander, The Hermetic Museum : Alchemy & Mysticism, Köln: Taschen, 1997, p.440。 (圖十) 《哲人的玫瑰花壇》 (Rosarium Philosophorum), 頁:93、291 1550 年版,王與后的交合,翻攝自: Roob, Alexander, The Hermetic Museum : Alchemy & Mysticism, Köln: Taschen, 1997, p.453。 (圖十一) 《第一物質原石哲學》(Materia Prima Lapidis 頁:93、292 Philosophorum)插圖。翻攝自: Roob, Alexander, The Hermetic Museum : Alchemy & Mysticism, Köln: Taschen, 1997, p.441。 (圖十二) 《化學元素》(Elementa Chemicae)插圖。翻攝自: 頁:100、292 Roob, Alexander, The Hermetic Museum : Alchemy & Mysticism, Köln: Taschen, 1997, p.133。 (圖十三) 《化學元素》(Elementa Chemicae)插圖。翻攝自: 頁:100、293 Roob, Alexander, The Hermetic Museum : Alchemy & Mysticism, Köln: Taschen, 1997, p.135。 (圖十四) 《化學元素》(Elementa Chemicae)插圖。翻攝自: 頁:100、293 Roob, Alexander, The Hermetic Museum : Alchemy & Mysticism, Köln: Taschen, 1997, p.138。 (圖十五) 《羊泉之書》(Lambsprinck)插圖。翻攝自:Rola, 頁:101、294 Stanislas Klossowski de: The Golden Game, Paris : Editions Thames and Hudson SARL, 1997, p.192。 (圖十六) 《雷普利手卷》(Rouleau de Ripley),十六世紀原 頁:103、295 稿插圖:〈紅海〉(Mer Rouge),局部。翻攝自:Roob, Alexander, Le Musée Herm é tique: Alchimie & Mystique, Köln: Taschen, 2006, p.339。 (圖十七) 《迷宮》(De Goude Leeuw)插圖。翻攝自: Roob, 頁:104、296 Alexander, The Hermetic Museum : Alchemy & Mysticism, Köln: Taschen, 1997, p.37。 (圖十八) 《神聖的哲學》(Philosophia Sacra)插圖。翻攝自: 頁:106、296 Roob, Alexander, The Hermetic Museum : Alchemy & Mysticism, Köln: Taschen, 1997, p.60。 (圖十九) 《羊泉之書》(Lambsprinck)插圖。翻攝自:Rola, 頁:106、297 ix Stanislas Klossowski de: The Golden Game, Paris : Editions Thames and Hudson SARL, 1997, p.192。 (圖二十) 《秘術之館》(Musaeum Hermeticum) 插圖:〈紅海〉 頁:107、297 ( Mer Rouge )。翻攝自: Mclean, Adam: The Alchemical Mandala:A Survay of the Mandala in the Western Esoteric Traditions, Grand Rapids: Phanes Press, 2002, p.77。 (圖二十一) 《哲人的玫瑰花壇》 ( Rosarium
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