Thermopylae Their Own

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Places to be visited – “Last week of the life of the Lord” tour 2018 BC 480 for three days until betrayed by one of Thermopylae their own. Etymology In Greek Thermopylae means “hot gates” due to its situation and sulphur springs. Location/Description View of the Thermopylae pass from the area of the Phocian Wall. In ancient times, the coastline would have been much closer to the mountain, near the road to the right. This is a result of sedimentary deposition. Thermopylae is a place in modern Greece where a narrow coastal passage existed in antiquity. It derives its name from its renowned hot sulphur springs. The Hot Gates is “the place of hot springs” and in Greek mythology it is the cavernous entrance to “Hades”. A main highway now splits the pass. It has many turns and has been the site of many vehicular accidents. The hot springs from which the pass derives its name still exist close to the foot of the hill. Brief history Thermopylae is primarily known for the battle that took place there in 480 BC, in which a hugely outnumbered Greek force, probably of around seven thousand (including the famous 300 Spartans, 500 warriors from Tegea, 500 from Mantinea, 120 from Arcadian Orchomenos, 1,000 from the rest of Arcadia, 200 from Phlius, 80 from Mycenae, 400 Corinthians, 400 Thebans, 1000 Phocians and the Opuntian Locrians) held off a substantially larger force of Persians under Xerxes. Probably about one thousand Greeks remained in the pass when most of the army Famous characters retreated. The 300 Spartans and their compatriots from For three days they held a narrow route the Greek city states who defied the massive between the hills and the sea against Xerxes’ army of the Persian Empire under Xerxes in vast cavalry and infantry force, before being outflanked on the third day via a hidden goat 1 Places to be visited – “Last week of the life of the Lord” tour 2018 path named the Anopaea Pass. According to the Greek legend, a traitor named Ephialtes of Trachis showed the path to the invaders. The following epitaph by Simonides was written on the monument: “Go tell the Spartans, stranger passing by, that here obedient to their laws we lie.” The Hot Springs of Thermopylae today Sources: Wikipedia (Compiler – John Tierney) 2 .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Early Mycenaean Arkadia: Space and Place(S) of an Inland and Mountainous Region
Early Mycenaean Arkadia: Space and Place(s) of an Inland and Mountainous Region Eleni Salavoura1 Abstract: The concept of space is an abstract and sometimes a conventional term, but places – where people dwell, (inter)act and gain experiences – contribute decisively to the formation of the main characteristics and the identity of its residents. Arkadia, in the heart of the Peloponnese, is a landlocked country with small valleys and basins surrounded by high mountains, which, according to the ancient literature, offered to its inhabitants a hard and laborious life. Its rough terrain made Arkadia always a less attractive area for archaeological investigation. However, due to its position in the centre of the Peloponnese, Arkadia is an inevitable passage for anyone moving along or across the peninsula. The long life of small and medium-sized agrarian communities undoubtedly owes more to their foundation at crossroads connecting the inland with the Peloponnesian coast, than to their potential for economic growth based on the resources of the land. However, sites such as Analipsis, on its east-southeastern borders, the cemetery at Palaiokastro and the ash altar on Mount Lykaion, both in the southwest part of Arkadia, indicate that the area had a Bronze Age past, and raise many new questions. In this paper, I discuss the role of Arkadia in early Mycenaean times based on settlement patterns and excavation data, and I investigate the relation of these inland communities with high-ranking central places. In other words, this is an attempt to set place(s) into space, supporting the idea that the central region of the Peloponnese was a separated, but not isolated part of it, comprising regions that are also diversified among themselves.
[Show full text]
Ancient History Sourcebook: 11Th Brittanica: Sparta SPARTA an Ancient City in Greece, the Capital of Laconia and the Most Powerful State of the Peloponnese
Ancient History Sourcebook: 11th Brittanica: Sparta SPARTA AN ancient city in Greece, the capital of Laconia and the most powerful state of the Peloponnese. The city lay at the northern end of the central Laconian plain, on the right bank of the river Eurotas, a little south of the point where it is joined by its largest tributary, the Oenus (mount Kelefina). The site is admirably fitted by nature to guard the only routes by which an army can penetrate Laconia from the land side, the Oenus and Eurotas valleys leading from Arcadia, its northern neighbour, and the Langada Pass over Mt Taygetus connecting Laconia and Messenia. At the same time its distance from the sea-Sparta is 27 m. from its seaport, Gythium, made it invulnerable to a maritime attack. I.-HISTORY Prehistoric Period.-Tradition relates that Sparta was founded by Lacedaemon, son of Zeus and Taygete, who called the city after the name of his wife, the daughter of Eurotas. But Amyclae and Therapne (Therapnae) seem to have been in early times of greater importance than Sparta, the former a Minyan foundation a few miles to the south of Sparta, the latter probably the Achaean capital of Laconia and the seat of Menelaus, Agamemnon's younger brother. Eighty years after the Trojan War, according to the traditional chronology, the Dorian migration took place. A band of Dorians united with a body of Aetolians to cross the Corinthian Gulf and invade the Peloponnese from the northwest. The Aetolians settled in Elis, the Dorians pushed up to the headwaters of the Alpheus, where they divided into two forces, one of which under Cresphontes invaded and later subdued Messenia, while the other, led by Aristodemus or, according to another version, by his twin sons Eurysthenes and Procles, made its way down the Eurotas were new settlements were formed and gained Sparta, which became the Dorian capital of Laconia.
[Show full text]
Thucydides Sparta
102528_Prelims.qxp_Layout 1 27/11/2020 09:26 Page iii THUCYDIDES AND PROOFSSPARTA edited by Anton Powell† and Paula Debnar Contributors Jean Ducat, Thomas J. Figueira, Maria Fragoulaki, Emily Greenwood, Polly Low, Ellen Millender The Classical Press of Wales 102528_Prelims.qxp_Layout 1 27/11/2020 09:26 Page iv First published in 2020 by The Classical Press of Wales 15 Rosehill Terrace, Swansea SA1 6JN [email protected] www.classicalpressofwales.co.uk Distributor in North America. E-book distributor world-wide ISD, 70 Enterprise Drive, Suite 2, Bristol, CT 06010, USA Tel: +1 (860) 584-6546 Fax: +1 (860) 516-4873 www.isdistribution.com © 2020 All rights reserved.PROOFS No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN hard-back 978-1-910589-75-5; ebook 978-1-910589-99-1 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Typeset by Louise Jones, and printed and bound in the UK by Gomer Press, Llandysul, Ceredigion, Wales ––––––––––––––––– The Classical Press of Wales, an independent venture, was founded in 1993, initially to support the work of classicists and ancient historians in Wales and their collaborators from further afield. It now publishes work initiated by scholars internationally, and welcomes contributions from all parts of the world. The symbol of the Press is the Red Kite. This bird, once widespread in Britain, was reduced by 1905 to some five individuals confined to a small area known as ‘The Desert of Wales’ – the upper Tywi valley.
[Show full text]
The Temples of Pallantion: Archaeological Collaboration in Arcadia
THE TEMPLES OF PALLANTION: ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLABORATION IN ARCADIA Erik Østby Hardly anybody with some knowledge of art and history would have diffi- culties in recognizing a Doric temple; hardly any other manifestation of Classical Greek culture has the same immediate and direct appeal to us as these buildings have. In today's world, where comparatively few people are equipped with the linguistic competance and cultural insight which is essential in order to fully understand the literature and much of the figu- rative art of the ancient Greeks, the strict, clear, and purely abstract character of the Doric temple strikes chords which we recognize in our own culture, and the Doric temple is perhaps the most accessible statement of some of the deepest forces of the ancient Greek civilization. For good reasons the Parthenon, generally acclaimed as the supreme masterpiece of the Doric style, is today considered the principal symbol of the finest mo- ment in Greek history. When the Parthenon was conceived and constructed in the years after 450 BC, the Doric style had already been developing for a period of about 200 years. In order to fully understand and appreciate a building such as the Parthenon, it is obviously necessary to know as much as possible about its background in the Doric tradition, a tradition which is known to us exclu- sively through the buildings from an earlier period which happen to be preserved. Unfortunately, only a limited number of Doric temples antedat- ing the Parthenon are preserved to such an extent that their visual effect can be immediately appreciated; most of these are located in Southern Italy and Sicily.
[Show full text]
The Mt. Lykaion Excavation and Survey Project Survey and Excavation Lykaion Mt
excavating at the Birthplace of Zeus The Mt. Lykaion Excavation and Survey Project by david gilman romano and mary e. voyatzis www.penn.museum/expedition 9 Village of Ano Karyes on the eastern slopes of Mt. Lykaion. The Sanctuary of Zeus is above the village and beyond view of this photograph. in the 3rd century BCE, the Greek poet Callimachus wrote a Hymn to Zeus asking the ancient and most powerful Greek god whether he was born in Arcadia on Mt. Lykaion or in Crete on Mt. Ida. My soul is all in doubt, since debated is his birth. O Zeus, some say that you were born on the hills of Ida; others, O Zeus, say in Arcadia; did these or those, O Father lie? “Cretans are ever liars.” These two traditions relating to the birthplace of Zeus were clearly known in antiquity and have been transmitted to the modern day. It was one of the first matters that the village leaders in Ano Karyes brought to our attention when we arrived there in 2003. We came to discuss logistical support for our proposed project to initiate a new excavation and survey project at the nearby Sanctuary of Zeus. Situated high on the eastern slopes of Mt. Lykaion, Ano Karyes, with a winter population of 22, would become our base of operations, and the village leaders representing the Cultural Society of Ano Karyes would become our friends and collaborators in this endeavor. We were asked very directly if we could prove that Zeus was born on Mt. Lykaion. In addition, village leaders raised another historical matter related to the ancient reference by Pliny, a 1st century CE author, who wrote that the athletic festival at Mt.
[Show full text]
Cleomenes in Arcadia (And After): Sane Or Mad?
APPENDIX 14 CLEOMENES IN ARCADIA (AND AFTER): SANE OR MAD? 1 According to §§74–5, Cleomenes fled Sparta and united the Arcadians against Sparta; the Spartans feared this, brought him home, and confirmed his kingship. He then went mad and committed sui- cide. This Appendix looks at the narrative from several interrelated perspectives: what were his plans, how did the Arcadians judge those plans, and so what were they prepared to do; and whether we should accept the madness, and in turn whether his activities in Arcadia were the first signs of that madness. 2 We should first look at the two parties. Herodotus has some 16 passages about him (Carlier (1977) 68–9 summarises them; all are referred to in this book).1 Their substantial accuracy is accepted (even allowing for some of the sources being hostile; and see n. 10), and he attracts judgments such as “undoubtedly the most powerful Spartan king since Polydoros, and his like was not to reappear until . Agesilaos” (Cartledge (1979) 143); cf Carlier (1984) 259 with n. 116, referring to Carlier (1977) and H&W Appx XVII; Bultrighini (2003) 90–7; cf Cawkwell (1993b). The other information we have about him is in character. Plut Apophth Lac 223a–224b attributes several aphorisms and witty sayings to him.2 Thuc 1.126.12 has him dig- ging up the bones of dead Alcmaeonids in c508. Steph Byz sv ÉAnyãna says that he flayed a corpse at Anthene and wrote oracles on the 1 They include his presence at Plataea, §108; the two invasions of Attica in c510 and c508, the third abortive invasion in c506, and the proposed further one of c504, in all of which he was probably the moving spirit (see note to §§49.2–55, para 4); his dealings with Aristagoras (pp.
[Show full text]
1 Reading Athenaios' Epigraphical Hymn to Apollo: Critical Edition And
Reading Athenaios’ Epigraphical Hymn to Apollo: Critical Edition and Commentaries DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Corey M. Hackworth Graduate Program in Greek and Latin The Ohio State University 2015 Dissertation Committee: Fritz Graf, Advisor Benjamin Acosta-Hughes Carolina López-Ruiz 1 Copyright by Corey M. Hackworth 2015 2 Abstract This dissertation is a study of the Epigraphical Hymn to Apollo that was found at Delphi in 1893, and since attributed to Athenaios. It is believed to have been performed as part of the Athenian Pythaïdes festival in the year 128/7 BCE. After a brief introduction to the hymn, I provide a survey and history of the most important editions of the text. I offer a new critical edition equipped with a detailed apparatus. This is followed by an extended epigraphical commentary which aims to describe the history of, and arguments for and and against, readings of the text as well as proposed supplements and restorations. The guiding principle of this edition is a conservative one—to indicate where there is uncertainty, and to avoid relying on other, similar, texts as a resource for textual restoration. A commentary follows, which traces word usage and history, in an attempt to explore how an audience might have responded to the various choices of vocabulary employed throughout the text. Emphasis is placed on Athenaios’ predilection to utilize new words, as well as words that are non-traditional for Apolline narrative. The commentary considers what role prior word usage (texts) may have played as intertexts, or sources of poetic resonance in the ears of an audience.
[Show full text]
Politics and Policy in Corinth 421-336 B.C. Dissertation
POLITICS AND POLICY IN CORINTH 421-336 B.C. DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by DONALD KAGAN, B.A., A.M. The Ohio State University 1958 Approved by: Adviser Department of History TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ................................................. 1 CHAPTER I THE LEGACY OF ARCHAIC C O R I N T H ....................7 II CORINTHIAN DIPLOMACY AFTER THE PEACE OF NICIAS . 31 III THE DECLINE OF CORINTHIAN P O W E R .................58 IV REVOLUTION AND UNION WITH ARGOS , ................ 78 V ARISTOCRACY, TYRANNY AND THE END OF CORINTHIAN INDEPENDENCE ............... 100 APPENDIXES .............................................. 135 INDEX OF PERSONAL N A M E S ................................. 143 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................... 145 AUTOBIOGRAPHY ........................................... 149 11 FOREWORD When one considers the important role played by Corinth in Greek affairs from the earliest times to the end of Greek freedom it is remarkable to note the paucity of monographic literature on this key city. This is particular ly true for the classical period wnere the sources are few and scattered. For the archaic period the situation has been somewhat better. One of the first attempts toward the study of Corinthian 1 history was made in 1876 by Ernst Curtius. This brief art icle had no pretensions to a thorough investigation of the subject, merely suggesting lines of inquiry and stressing the importance of numisihatic evidence. A contribution of 2 similar score was undertaken by Erich Wilisch in a brief discussion suggesting some of the problems and possible solutions. This was followed by a second brief discussion 3 by the same author.
[Show full text]
A HISTORY of the PELASGIAN THEORY. FEW Peoples Of
A HISTORY OF THE PELASGIAN THEORY. FEW peoples of the ancient world have given rise to so much controversy as the Pelasgians; and of few, after some centuries of discussion, is so little clearly established. Like the Phoenicians, the Celts, and of recent years the Teutons, they have been a peg upon which to hang all sorts of speculation ; and whenever an inconvenient circumstance has deranged the symmetry of a theory, it has been safe to ' call it Pelasgian and pass on.' One main reason for this ill-repute, into which the Pelasgian name has fallen, has been the very uncritical fashion in which the ancient statements about the Pelasgians have commonly been mishandled. It has been the custom to treat passages from Homer, from Herodotus, from Ephorus, and from Pausanias, as if they were so many interchangeable bricks to build up the speculative edifice; as if it needed no proof that genealogies found sum- marized in Pausanias or Apollodorus ' were taken by them from poems of the same class with the Theogony, or from ancient treatises, or from prevalent opinions ;' as if, further, ' if we find them mentioning the Pelasgian nation, they do at all events belong to an age when that name and people had nothing of the mystery which they bore to the eyes of the later Greeks, for instance of Strabo;' and as though (in the same passage) a statement of Stephanus of Byzantium about Pelasgians in Italy ' were evidence to the same effect, perfectly unexceptionable and as strictly historical as the case will admit of 1 No one doubts, of course, either that popular tradition may transmit, or that late writers may transcribe, statements which come from very early, and even from contemporary sources.
[Show full text]
From Arcadia to Byzantium: a Study of the Picture of Dorian Gray in Light of Wilde's Changing Concept of Beauty
University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 1-1-1966 From Arcadia to Byzantium: A study of The Picture of Dorian Gray in light of Wilde's changing concept of beauty. Adrian T. Van Den Hoven University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Van Den Hoven, Adrian T., "From Arcadia to Byzantium: A study of The Picture of Dorian Gray in light of Wilde's changing concept of beauty." (1966). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 6455. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/6455 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. PROM ARCADIA TO BYZANTIUM; A STUDY OP THE PICTURE O? PORTAIT GRAY lU LIGHT OP WILDE'S CHANGING CONCEPT OP BEAUTY BY ADRIAN T. VAN DEN HOVEN A Thesis Submitted to the Paculty of Graduate Studies through the Department of English in Partial Pulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario 1966 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
[Show full text]
A Complete List of Terms to Know
Classical Drama and Theatre: A Complete List of Terms to Know Terms to Know From Section 1: Chapter 1 Theatre History Theatron Historiography Institution Historia Theatrical Herodotus Language Ionian Revolution Impersonation Primary Evidence Audience Secondary Evidence Positivism Inference Progress Cogent Primitive Tripartition E.K. Chambers Battle of Thermopylae Chorus Ibn Kahldun Chapter 2 Transitional Forms Herodotus Bronislaw Malinowski The Histories Aetiological Relics Claude Levi-Strauss Fossils Structuralism Aristotle Lumpers James Frazer, The Golden Bough Splitters Anthropology Mimetic Positivism Chapter 3 Age of Tyrants Pelasgians Tyrannos Indo-Europeans Pisistratus of Athens Proto-Indo-European Attic Ionians Age of Lawgivers Athens Solon Asia Minor Sicily Dorians Black Sea Peloponnese Age of Colonization Trojan War Magna Graecia Epic Phoenicians Homer Lyric Age The Iliad Lyre Heinrich Schliemann Lyric Poetry Troy Sappho Polis Classical Age 1 Chapter 4.1 City Dionysia Thespis Ecstasy Tragoidia "Nothing To Do With Dionysus" Aristotle Year-Spirit The Poetics William Ridgeway Dithyramb Tomb-Theory Bacchylides Hero-Cult Theory Trialogue Gerald Else Dionysus Chapter 4.2 Niches Paleontologists Fitness Charles Darwin Nautilus/Nautiloids Transitional Forms Cultural Darwinism Gradualism Pisistratus Steven Jay Gould City Dionysia Punctuated Equilibrium Annual Trading Season Terms to Know From Section 2: Chapter 5 Sparta Pisistratus Peloponnesian War Athens Post-Classical Age Classical Age Macedon(ia) Persian Wars Barbarian Pericles Philip
[Show full text]
4.2 Empires and Military Glory: Herodotus Relates the Story of Thermopylae
Part 4: Greece and the Hellenistic World 4.2 Empires and Military Glory: Herodotus Relates the Story of Thermopylae Imperialism often goes hand-in-hand with a tradition of martial heroism and a glorification of wartime exploits. In rationalizing their future imperial aspirations, the Greek city-states would often hark back to the deeds of valour during the Persian Wars (490–479 B.C.E.), as in this description of the Spartan stand at the pass of Thermopylae by the historian Herodotus. Source: Bernard Knox, ed.. The Norton Book of Classical Literature (N.Y.: W.W. Norton, 1993), p. 288–293. The Persian army was now close to the pass, and the Greeks, suddenly doubting their power to resist, held a conference to consider the advisability of retreat. It was proposed by the Peloponnesians generally that the army should fall back upon the Peloponnese and hold the Isthmus; but when the Phocians and Locrians expressed their indignation at that sug- gestion, Leonidas gave his voice for staying where they were and sending, at the same time, an appeal for reinforcements to the various states of the confederacy, as their numbers were inadequate to cope with the Persians. During the conference Xerxes sent a man on horseback to ascertain the strength of the Greek force and to observe what the troops were doing. He had heard before he left Thessaly that a small force was concentrated here, led by the Lacedaemonians under Leonidas of the house of Heracles. The Persian rider approached the camp and took a thorough survey of all he could see—which was not, however, the whole Greek army; for the men on the further side of the wall which, after its reconstruction, was now guarded, were out of sight.
[Show full text]