Nosferatu. Revista De Cine (Donostia Kultura)

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Nosferatu. Revista De Cine (Donostia Kultura) Nosferatu. Revista de cine (Donostia Kultura) Título: Julio César. A Welles lo que es de Shakespeare y a Mankiewicz lo que es de Welles Autor/es: Riambau, Esteve Citar como: Riambau, E. (2001). Julio César. A Welles lo que es de Shakespeare y a Mankiewicz lo que es de Welles. Nosferatu. Revista de cine. (38):63-73. Documento descargado de: http://hdl.handle.net/10251/41250 Copyright: Reserva de todos los derechos (NO CC) La digitalización de este artículo se enmarca dentro del proyecto "Estudio y análisis para el desarrollo de una red de conocimiento sobre estudios fílmicos a través de plataformas web 2.0", financiado por el Plan Nacional de I+D+i del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno de España (código HAR2010-18648), con el apoyo de Biblioteca y Documentación Científica y del Área de Sistemas de Información y Comunicaciones (ASIC) del Vicerrectorado de las Tecnologías de la Información y de las Comunicaciones de la Universitat Politècnica de València. Entidades colaboradoras: • A Welles lo que es de Shakespeare y a Mankiewicz lo que es de Welles Julio César :ihakes¡Jearen ::.a fe porro ka tu a. .1 fanki eLI'icz ::.inen/arm IJl'ste ermldoi /)(fl f!n urmtsei _¡(m'(li/ zm saiatu zen: Orson 1/ e//e.)- i. 1 /ala. clramagile i11rLJre /esean o/iwrrituz eo"Ot' kitu :::. ihle/1 pantailamko .]ulius Caesar elrt Oeopah·a /ml(lk, 11ahi::. eta azkm kosu honelan George Bemard Shmu-ren oura erl' f'm uili :wen Í Slwkespearekiko ZI/ C'/7 lf'ial!asuna gomlwlwro . .1/m zki('II'Ú:::.ek ez ::.ituen lorluko lf effesek forf 11 Ú /1/ l'/7 IIIW"fak Esteve Riambau on frontar los nombres de Mankiewicz y Welles implica, ante todo, refe­ rirse a la controversia sobre la autoría de Ciudadano Kan e (Citizen Kane, 194 1). Los moti vos de inspiración que dieron lugar a esta película, el forcejeo entre Will iam Randolph Hearst y la RKO para que se destruyese el negativo de un retrato que éste consideraba ofensivo y, por últi ­ donar esta región de niebla inte­ taj es teatrales de un va ri ado reper­ mo, la pol émica desencadenada lectual. Hace algún tiempo, la torio. Una versión ele La Boheme por Pauline Kael al poner en duda ciudad de Los Ángeles se de:finió di rig ida en el Metropolilan de la participación de vVe lles en el a sí misma de 1111 modo edifican­ Nueva York en 1952 supuso la guión por el cual bab ía recibido el te. El diario The M irror había or­ única experiencia de Mankiewicz único Osear de su carrera han si­ ganizado 1111 rejerénd11111 pam de­ en el escenari o, pero el tea tro, en tuado a Hennan Manki ewicz en el signar al más distinguido de los SU fi lmografía, OCUpa Ull lugar es­ ojo de un vio lento huracán. El habitantes del lugar dumnte el pecial mente destacado a través de guionista era un asiduo in vitado a mio 1950 y el galardón .fue otor­ sucesivas adaptaciones de John las recepciones que el magnate de gado al equipo de fútbol ameri­ P. Marquand y George S. Kau f­ la prensa ofrecía en su mansión cano de UCLA . Dios desea, sin man (T ite Late George Apley, de San Simeón, y hay motivos duda, que Los Angeles se convier­ 194 7), Curl Goetz (People W ill más qu e sufi cientes para pensar ta en un desierto, ya que su exis­ Tal k, 195 1), Ben Jonson (Muje­ que influyó decisivamente en la tencia conw ciudad es 1111 desafio res en Venecia; Tite Honey Poi, escri tura de un guión que, un a a Su Voluntad. Algún día alguien 1967), Tennessee Williams (De vez escuchadas todas las partes apretará el botón adecuado y la r e¡>en te, el Íl ltimo ver a no; implicadas, parece evident e que ciudad regresará o la nado" (2). Suddenly, Los/ Summer, 1959) o fu e fru to de un laborioso proceso Anthony Shaffer (La huell a ; de colaboración qu e desmenti ría Nacido seis años antes que We­ Sleuth, 1972). A ellas hay que las mali ciosas acusaciones de la ll es, Joseph L. Mankiewicz no ai1ad ir sus respecti vas versiones Kael, pero que no aleja las sospe­ fu e un niilo prodigio ta n precoz, de Julio César (Julius Caesar, chas que se ciñeron sobre la crea­ pero respiró los ambientes inte­ 1953) y Cleo patra (Cieopotra, ti vidad de Well es (1). lV[a nkiewicz lectuales de una fam ilia en la que 1963) y una especial admiración ya había fa ll ecido en el momento el padre ejercía corno profesor hacia Wi lliam Shakespeare, el úni­ en que se desencadenó esta polé­ un iversitario y desarrolló un a co autor tea tral que Welles se mi ca y, pri vado de este testimonio ampli a labor de apoyo hacia los atrevió a llevar a la pantalla tras de primera mano, el realizador alemanes emigrados a Estados previas experi encias en el teatro y tu vo que arrastrar la sombra de Unidos. Graduado en bellas artes, en la radio. una duda que ni siquiera su bri llan­ Mankiewcz viajó a Europa cuatro le réplica -articulada a través de su años antes que Well es, si bien Tanto Mankiewicz como Welles fi lm ensayo F raude (Question con Alemania, en lu gar de 1rlancla extrajeron del teatro no sólo un lvfark, 1973), una sut il reflexión y España, como desti no. Ambos soporte narrativo sino ta mbién sobre el arte, sus falsificaciones y entraron en Ho llywood por puer­ una concepción dramatúrgica del el poder de la moviola como ele­ tas dist in tas. Gracias a las in­ espectáculo cinematográfico que, mento de creación a partir de imá­ fl uencias de su hermano, el pri­ a través ele su admiración bacia el genes ajenas- pudo disipar. mero comenzó a trabajar en la in­ actor, la evidencia del artificio es­ dustria del ci ne como redactor ele cénico y la importancia ele la pala­ No fue Hennan, sin embargo, el rótulos para películas muelas y, a bra, implican una determi nada único Mankiewicz relacionado partir de 1929, como guionista puesta en escena. El primero lle­ con Well es. La trayectoria ele Jo­ ele la Paramoun t. Cuatro años garía a uti lizar el término "teatro seph Leo, hermano del coguionis­ más tarde firmó dos libretos para filmado" para reivindicar que la de Ciudadano Kane, permite la RKO, la fut ura productora ele "mis películas, con raras excep­ establecer nuevos puntos de cou­ C iudadano Kane, pero habría ciones, habrían podido ser textos tacto. Algunos son sutiles, qui zá que es perar hasta 1939 para qu e teatrales, lwbríon podido ser per­ fruto de la casualidad que une a V•/ell es suscribiese con esta em­ fectamente recitados en un esce­ dos de los reali zadores más inte­ presa un privilegiado contrato nario" (3) . El segundo, ta n pron­ lectuales de Hollywood. Otros, en que le permitiría debu tar simultá­ to pisó el plató ele Ciudadano cambio, delatan voluntarias apro­ neamente como productor, di­ Kane, sorprendió al reputado di­ ximaciones por parle del di rector rector, guionista y actor sin ne­ rector de fotografia Gregg Toland de Eva al desnudo (A 11 A bout cesidad de ascender po r los labo­ con una técnica de ilum inación di­ Eve, 1950) hacia el cineasta radi­ riosos peldaños del meritoriaje. rectamente importada de los esce­ cal que él también habría querido narios y que justifica buena parte ser si se hubiese atrevido a cum­ Mientras Mankiewicz escri bía ele los hallazgos visuales del film. plir las amenazas qu e maní fes taba casi una treintena de guiones y, a en 195 1, tempranamente decep­ parti r ele 1936, también ejercía Sometido a una mayor disciplina cionado - como Welles- tras ha­ como productor para Metro Gold­ de estudio, Maukiewicz observó ber bri llado en el firmamento de wyn Mayer, Welles triunfaba en una estricta fidel iclad a los géne­ Hollywood: "Me gustaría aban- Broadway con innovadores mon- ros clásicos a través de una fi l- N OSFERATU 38 mografia que abarca diversas co­ nado por Humphrey Bogar! borra La condesa descalza, esté basa­ medias dra máti cas y melodramas, cui dadosament e cualquier hue ll a da en un guión origi nal escrito en un film de espías, dos hi stóri cos, que pueda delata r paralelismos solitario, Ma nkiewicz es un autor un musica l o un weslern, además con Mankiew icz o Welles, la pelí­ tan indiscutible como pueda serl o de los inclasifica bles Muj eres en cula arranca desde la muerte ele la Well es. Tras los problemas preci­ Venecia y La huella. En cam­ prot agonista para recomponer su samente suscitados a raíz de la bio, más all á de insertar El extra­ biografía a través ele di versos autoría de Ciudadano Kane, éste ño (The Stmnger, 1946), La .flash -backs, trazados desde el no vo lvería a compartir los crédi­ dama de Sbanghai (The Lady punto de vista de distintos narra­ tos del gui ón de sus películas, .fj-o111 S/w nghai, 1947), Mister dores . aunque sólo dos ele ell as, Mistcr Arkadin (Mister Arkadin 1 Con­ Arkadin y el ensayo Fraude, ca­ .fidential Reporl, 1957) y Sed de En el orden estéti co, aunque Man­ recen de antecedentes literarios y mal (Touc/1 of Evil, 1957) dentro ki ewicz es menos barroco que son íntegramente origi nales. Para de unos generosos márgenes del \Velles, no rechaza el reiterado re­ Ma nkiewi cz, ''el 'autor de filmes' cine negro, el resto ele la obra ele curso visual a escaleras, laberin­ sería nuestro autor-realizador.
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