Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04308-4 — Empire of Hell Hilary M

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aboriginal tribes Secondary Punishments,70–74 Select Committee on, 1837, 121 and Richard Whately, 70, 114 Aborigines Protection Society, 45, 221 Atcherley, Robert acts of parliament swindling parson, 140 Act for Abolishing the Ofﬁce of Atkins, Thomas, 141 Superintendent of Convicts, 1846, 270 Auburn penitentiary, 187 Church Acts (NSW, VDL), 1836, 1837, Auburn Prison, 303 64, 67, 134, 204 Australasian Anti-Transportation League, First Reform Act, 1832, 102 219, 237, 241 Gaol Act, 1823, 52, 84 Penitentiary Act, 1779, 26, 38 Backhaus, George, 251 Roman Catholic Relief Act, 1829, 60, 102 Backhouse, James, 57, 77, 274 Security from Violence Bill, 1863, 305 in Cape Town, 87 Test Acts, 1828, 38, 60, 102 on convict reformation, 96 Transportation Act, 1717, 10 on Macquarie Harbour, 90–91 Adderley, Charles Bowyer, 237, 295 on mark system, 164 Adshead, Joseph, 187 on Norfolk Island, 95, 140 age of atonement, 26–29 on Parramatta, 88 Alderson, Richard, 209 on prisoner reformation, 100 Amphitrite, 114 press criticism of, 90 Anderson, Joseph, 95, 140 against public ﬂogging, 94 Anley, Charlotte, 97–98 support for convict gardens, 93 Anstey, Chisholm, 214 support for transportation, 90 anti-Catholicism travelling under concern, 80 and Protestant identity, 124 on Wellington Valley, 88 Anti-Convict Association, 219, 233, 238 Bacon, Francis, 114 Anti-Corn Law League, 80, 242 Bannister, Saxe, 307 anti-slavery, 78–80 Baptist Missionary Society, 31 Anti-Slavery Society, 45 Batchelor, Frederick Shum, 207 anti-transportation Bathurst, Henry, 48 petitions, 230 Baylee, Pery, 91 Anti-Transportation Association, Beaumont, Gustave de, 187 Launceston, 241 reviewed by Earl Grey, 119 Archer, John Lee, 74 Beccaria, Cesare, 6 Arnold, Thomas, 105 Bell, Andrew, 172 Arthur, Eliza née Orde, 89 Bennet, Henry Grey, 47 Arthur, George, 99 Bennett, William, 208 Defence of transportation,74–75 Bentham, Jeremy, 4–5, 108 evaluations of, 54–56 Bermuda, 232 Evangelical views, 56–61 convict schools, 279 Methodist ministry for convicts, 61–65 convicts, 259 penal theories of, 65–69 prisoner assaults, 267

353

354 Index

Bigge Reports, 22, 48–52 Chatham riots, 1861, 280 Bigge, John Thomas Cheek, Mosley, 38 instructions, 48 Childs, Joseph, 180 Bishop, Henry, 137 Christian Observer, 33–34 Blaxland, Gregory, 222 Christian Utilitarians, 102 Blomﬁeld, Charles, 204 Church Acts, NSW and VDL, 64 Booth, Charles O’Hara, 207 Church Missionary Society, 29, 32–33, 57, Bourke, Richard, 37, 64, 93–94, 99, 117, 61, 88, 224 130, 157, 163, 167, 316 Church of Scotland, 272 on Judge Burton, 132 Clapham Sect, 29–30, 33–34 Boyd, James, 216 Clarke, Marcus, 7, 18, 209 Brady, John, 160, 290 Clarkson, Thomas, 173, 312 British and Foreign Bible Society anti-slavery map, 98 South African auxiliary, 235 Clay, John, 189 British and Foreign School Society, 172 Clay, Walter, 173 British Ladies’ Society for Promoting the Congregationalists, 246 Reformation of Female Prisoners, 85 Connolly, Philip, 62 Broughton, William Grant, 40, 55, 58, convict clergy, 159 72–74, 110, 247 convict Gothic, 9, 123 Browne, W.H., 40 convict narratives. See horrors of Browning, Colin Arrott, 199, 231 transportation Broxup, John Christian inﬂuences, 149 Life, 1850, 148 unpublished, 148 Burton, William Westbrooke, 123, 129–132 convict voyage, 199 charge to the minor jury, 1835, 130 convictism, 316 on Myall Creek massacre, 133 shame of, 315 on Norfolk Island, 131 convicts Buxton, Thomas Fowell, 30, 45, 56, 83, 86 and Aborigines, 121 Byles, John, 300 Catholic, 124–127 French Guiana, 14 Callow, Edward Bannister, 152 numbers, 10–13 Calvinism, 27 Presbyterian, 259 Campbell, Duncan, 7, 264 Russian Empire, 6, 15 Cape Colony, 228 sexuality, 202 anti-convict protest, 238 Western Australia, 285 convict exiles for, 223 Western Australia, reformation of, 297 Dutch Reformed Church in, 223 women, 82–86, 166 frontier wars, 223 Conybeare, William John, 31 Xhosa, 235 corn laws, 107 Capper, John Henry, 264, 267 Cowper, Charles, 225, 251 Carnarvon, Lord, 278 Cowper, William, 33–34, 36, 51 Carpenter, Mary, 152, 265 Crawford, William, 186 Cartwright, Robert, 51 criminal laws Carvosso, Benjamin, 61–62 HL Select Committee on, 1847, 180, Cash, Martin, 317 210, 214 Catholic church, 133, 272–273 Cunningham, Peter Miller, 110 Catholic Church Curr, Edward, 227 conservatism of, 129 penal theory, 129 Daly, Dominick, 301 Catholics Darby, John Nelson, 117 in British and Irish prisons, 124 Darling, C.H., 301 cellular chapel, 185, 303 Dartmoor, 281 Chalmers, Thomas, 105–107 Davey, Thomas, 41 chaplains Denison, William, 181, 194, 199, 300 gaol, 42 Dickens, Charles, 190, 292

Index 355

Dissent Gibraltar anti-Corn Law, 243 convicts, 259–263 Dodd, Charles, 70 Gibson, Chris Dowling, Christopher Vincent, 160 on mark system, 168 Dowling, James, 131 Gipps, George, 65, 173, 179, 226 Druitt, George, 51 on Maconochie, 173, 176 Dumaresq, Henry, 40, 98 on Molesworth SC on Transportation, Durham, Edward, 206–207 135 Dutch East India Company, 12 Gladstone, William Ewart Dutch Reformed Church, 234 attempts resumption of transportation, 224 Eager, Edward, 50 dismissal of Wilmot, 196 Eastman, George, 208 Graham, James, 187 Easy, Henry, 149 Gray, Robert, 223, 238 Eclectic Society, 31–33 Gregory, Henry, 160 Edwards, Charles, 274 Gregory, John, 162 Edwards, John, 236 Grellet, Stephen, 80, 83 Elliot, Charles, 270 Grey, Earl, 13, 108–109, 116, 119–120, Elliot, Thomas Frederick, 304 122, 170, 181, 189, 202, 221, 224, Elliott, Charles, 226 227–229, 231, 234–235, 239, and Irish prisoners, 270–273 243–244, 248, 250, 253–254, 265, Elliott, Henry, 210 270, 273, 295 Evangelicalism Irish famine girls, 227 and Quakers, 80 on reformative transportation, 119 definitions of, 25 Grey, George, 299 Eveleigh, John, 105 Grey, Henry George, 135 exiles, 13, 222, 226, 231 Griffith, Raymond, 235 Port Philip, 227–229 Griffiths, Arthur, 43 Exiles, 229 Guilding, John Melville, 23, 257, 276–280 Gurney, John, 83 Fairfax, John, 242 Gurney, Joseph John, 46, 84 Ferguson, Adam, 102, 104 Field, Barron, 51 Hale, Matthew, 290 Fitchett, W.H., 16 on reformative transportation, 291 FitzRoy, Charles Augustus, 230 Hale, Matthew Blagdon, 282, 294 Forster, Matthew, 162, 192, 207 Hall, Edward Smith, 231 Forster, T.H., 210 Hampton, John, 181 Fox, George, 79 Harding, Lewis, 160 Franklin, John, 138, 161 Harris, Alexander, 240 on Molesworth SC on Transportation, Hashemy, 1849 135 protests, 232 Free Church of Scotland, 259 Hawkins, Ernest, 122, 207, 285 free emigrants, 230 hell Freeman’s Journal, 239 convict metaphors, 7–8 Fry, Elizabeth, 30, 45–46, 77, 79–80, 82, Hill, Matthew Davenport, 182, 215 112 Hinds, Samuel, 107, 113 correspondence with James Backhouse, as co-author with Richard Whately, 113 86 Hoare, Samuel, 30, 45, 47 Ladies’ Committees, 83, 99 Holford, George Peter, 30, 43 Fry, Henry Phibbs, 199, 201 homosexuality. See unnatural crime Fulton, Henry, 37 Horrocks, Joseph Lucas, 317 Gwalla non-denominational church, 318 gaols in England and Wales horrors of transportation, 147–153 Select Committee on, 1835, 84 Howard, John, 4 Geoghehan, Patrick, 200 Howitt, William and Mary, 81

356 Index

Hughes, Robert, 17, 156, 182, 308 MacNamara, Francis, 9 hulks, 263–265 Maconochie, Alexander religious services, 265–270 on Arthur, 164 Hull, George, 253 debt to Bell and Lancasterian systems, Hunter, John, 37 173 Huskisson, William, 66 debt to Paley, Bentham and Whately, 175 Hutchins, William, 138, 164 early career, 161 Norfolk Island, 1847, 155 In hoc signo vinces religious views of, 171 motto of VDL Anti-Transportation Macquarie Harbour, 8, 52, 61–63, 66, League, 242 68–69, 89–91, 93–96, 99, 157, 206 indentured labour, 12 Macquarie, Lachlan Inglis, John, 268 Defence of administration, 1828, 110 Innes, Frederick Maitland, 58, 107 magistrates Ireland clerical, 35–36 convicts, 232 Maison de Force, Ghent, 15, 45, 127, 129 famine, 2, 107, 127, 225–226, 267, 271, Mantach, Robert, 267–269 274 Manton, John Allen, 63, 206 political prisoners, 226, 238 mark system, 136 Ison, John, 37 on Bermuda, 271 Marriott, Fitzherbert Adams, 201–203, Jebb, Joshua, 185, 270 220, 244 Johnson, Richard, 32, 37 Marsden, Samuel, 19, 33–34, 37, 47, Joliffe, William, 214 49–50, 53, 58, 98, 131, 134, 311 Mayhew, Henry, 186 Kat River Settlement, 14 McCauley, Catherine, 5 King, Charles Adolphus, 150 McEncroe, John, 160, 178, 239–241 Kingsmill, Joseph, 189 on Norfolk Island, 179 on Western Australia, 287 McGinn, William, 117 Knopwood, Robert, 41–42, 50, 62 Measor, Charles Pennell, 190 Melville, Henry Saxelby, 57 La Trobe, Charles Joseph, 193, 210 Meredith, Louisa Anne, 295, 316 Probation Report, 1847, 211 Merriman, Nathaniel James, 237 Lancaster, Joseph, 172 Methodism, 27, 318 Lang, John Dunmore, 6, 107, 137, 225, 240 Methodists, 28, 60 and Richard Whately, 119 Middleton, Charles, 32 Transportation and Colonization, Millbank penitentiary, 20, 43–44, 112, 152, 118–119 158, 185, 188, 207, 265, 270 Launceston Anti-Transportation League, Mitchel, John, 1–3, 20, 224 219 Molesworth SC on Transportation. See Laurie, Peter, 187 transportation, Select Committee on Lewis, George Cornewall, 116 1837–38 Liberal Anglicanism, 104–106 Molesworth, William, 12, 241 Lillie, John, 138 and convict homophobia, 135 Lindsey, Robert, 97–98 Montagu, John, 162 London Missionary Society, 14, 31, 224, convict system in Cape Colony, 215 234–235 Moore, Thomas, 239 London prisons More, Hannah, 78 Select Committee on, 1818, 84 Moreton Bay, 8, 13, 52, 89, 157, 196, 222, Lowe, Robert, 230, 241 231–232, 243 Lushington, Stephen, 47 Morris, George Sculthorpe, 295 Lyons, Michael, 203 Mortlock, J.A., 180 Mudie, James, 316 Macaulay, Zachary, 33, 56 Murdoch, Thomas, 202 Mackie, Frederick, 97–98 Murray, Freeman, 277–278

Index 357

Murray, J.G., 268 Penitentiary Chapel, Hobart, 74 Myall Creek massacre, 221, 240 penitentiary movement, 42–45 Pentonville Penitentiary, 187 Naylor, Thomas Beagly, 37, 159, 169, 208 chapel, 189 on Norfolk Island, 178 chaplain of, 185 Neptune, 226 Perry, John, 303 New South Wales, 5, 12, 19–20, 24, 26, 29, petitions 33, 47, 49, 116, 153, 193, 195, 214, anti-transportation, 203 221 Western Australia, 300 chaplains to, 34 Philip, John, 235–236 clerical magistrates in, 36 pietism, 27, 29 Commissioner Bigge in, 48 Platt, Joseph, 152 end of transportation to, 222 Pleydell, William, 40 and Judge Burton, 154 Polding, John Bede, 6, 157 Quaker missionaries in, 91 mission to convicts, 129 New York House of Refuge, 81 political economy New York State Prison, Auburn, 81 religious character of, 107 New Zealand, 228 political parsons, 219 Evangelical Alliance, 244 Port Arthur, 17, 59, 63, 68–69, 76, 87, 89, Maori objections to convicts, 228 91, 93, 95–97, 99, 144–146, 151, New Zealand Association, 229 181–182, 203, 206, 208, 215–216, Newgate Prison, 86, 152 287, 317 Newgate Prison, Bristol, 83 Port Macquarie, 13, 39, 89, 251 Nihil, Daniel, 30, 43 Port Phillip District, 13, 164, 223, 227 Nixon, Anna, 201, 208 Portland Prison, 280 Nixon, Francis Russell, 63, 67, 201, 210 Powell, Baden, 105 Noetics, Oriel, 105–106 Pownall, George, 294 Norfolk Island, 7–8, 13, 18, 22, 52, 68, 77, Pratt, Josiah, 32 87, 89, 93–96, 99–100, 131, 136, Price, Charles, 138 139–140, 144–146, 150–151, Price, James Stuart, 294 158–160, 167, 169, 171, 179–181, Price, John Giles, 180 191, 193, 195, 203–209, 214, 216, Priestley, Joseph, 102 222, 225, 232, 239, 255, 277, 286, prison 290, 296, 298–299, 302, 311, 313 enlightened, 5 Catholic chaplain for, 133 prison discipline Northern Australia, 295 Select Committee on, 1863, 303 Nova Scotia, 268 Select Committee, 1850, 189 Prison Discipline Society, 45–47, 49, Ordinary of Newgate, 149 52–53, 69, 74, 78, 84, 86, 90, 99 Orpen, Charles, 236 prisoners Orton, Joseph, 138 denominations of, 125–127 prisons Paley, William, 102–103 Newgate, 83 and Maconochie, 175 probation system, 191–193 panic, garrotting, 299, 305 and Franklin, 191 Parkes, Henry, 230 and Lord Stanley, 191 Parkhurst juvenile penitentiary, 188, 265, failure of, 195 303 schools, 211–212 Parramatta Female Factory, 6, 13 unnatural crime, alleged, 194, 203 Parry, Edward, 40 Purgatory, 10 Pasco, William Montagu, 278 Payne, Edmund, 236 Quakerism Peace Society, 1816, 80 evangelical, 81 Peel, Robert, 135 Quakers penal servitude, 282, 299, 305 and philanthropy, 80

358 Index

Quakers (cont.) Swan River, 283 and Prison Discipline Society, 78 on penal reform, 82 Tallach, William, 30 quietism, 79 Theal, George McCall, 237 Thomas Chalmers Rational Dissent, 81, 93 on English Poor Law, 106 Reading Gaol, 214 Thornhill, Henry, 294 rebellions Tocqueville, Alexis de, 187 Upper and Lower Canada, 14 reviewed by Earl Grey, 119 religious instructors Tories, 29, 52, 101, 222 Catholic, 200 Torrens, Robert, 121, 302 costs of, 197 transportation Robson, Thomas, 38 as a benefit to colonies, 221 Rogers, Thomas, 18, 36, 159, 181, 209 church celebrations marking end in VDL, Roman Catholic. See Catholic 314 Russell, John, 204 end in Western Australia, 303 Russell, Lady 'Fanny', 191 ends in NSW, 222 Russell, Lord John, 65, 101, 119, 135, 162, religious justification for, 14 165, 177, 184, 187, 191, 254 Royal Commission (Grey Committee), 1863, 299 salaries Select Committee on, 1837-38, 12, 138 religious instructors, 288 Select Committee on, 1856, 152, 292 San Michele, Rome, 15, 127 shame in, 315 Saunders, John, 225 Trollope, Anthony Schofield, William, 61, 63, 90 on Bermuda, 274 Scotland Highlands and Islands, 226 Ullathorne, William Bernard, 9, 19, 123, Scott, Thomas Hobbes, 50, 59 134, 137, 140, 245 secondary punishments and Catholic penal theory, 129 Select Committee on, 1831-32, 69 Catholic Mission, 1837, 142–145 separate system, 303 Horrors of Transportation, 1838, 145–147 Short, Augustus, 285 unnatural crime, 136, 174, 178, 194, 203, silent system, 303 244, 255, 278, 313, 316, 318 Simeon, Charles, 28, 36 on Bermuda, 275 Sisters of Charity, 6, 13, 133 and probation system, 194 Sisters of Mercy, 5 slavery, 2, 16, 48, 70, 77–78, 82, 87–88, 98, Van Diemen’s Land 100, 103, 135–136, 164, 166, 211, and Backhouse and Walker, 89 225, 239, 312, 316 and Bigge Report, 50, 53 equated with private assignment, 22 and Bishop of Tasmania, 67 slaves, 12 anti-transportation movement in, 240 Smith, Harry, 233 Arthur faction in, 162 Society for Promoting Christian as reformatory prison, 194 Knowledge, 5, 31, 39 Catholic chaplains for, 132 Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, church establishment for, 68 45 clergy reserves in, 64 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, clerical magistrates in, 35 5, 31, 61, 65, 201, 205 colonial chaplains of, 50 South Australia cost of probation system in, 195 moral colonisation, 316 ecclesiastical establishment for, 60 Stanley, John, 40 end of transportation to, 254 Stephen, James, 29–30, 56, 60–61, 69, 165, under George Arthur, 22, 54 203, 244, 279, 304 hulks in, 264 Stewart, Dugald, 102 John Mitchel in, 2 Stiles, Henry Tarlton, 139, 157 and Mrs Fry, 85

Index 359

private assignment in, 72 Anglican reaction to, 285 probation stations in, 13 and claims by John Brady, 290 Quaker travellers in, 97 under John Hampton, 284 reaction to Molesworth SC on juvenile offenders in, 265 Transportation, 135 recidivism in, 297 Van Diemen’s Land Anti-Transportation as reformatory colony, 291 League, 241 women not transported to, 99 Van Diemen’s Land, Westminster Confession of Faith, 1646 and Evangelical schemes for, 58 and civil magistrates, 147 Van Diemen's Land Whately, Richard, 6, 109 economic impact of loss of convicts, Account of an Expedition to the Interior of 249 New Holland, 1837, 109 Venn, Henry, 32–33 on Bentham, 110 Vice Society, 31 and Bishop Broughton, 116 Letter on transportation, 137 Wakeﬁeld, Edward Gibbon, 70, 107, Remarks on Transportation, 1834, 114–116 228–229 Responses, 116–121 Facts relating to Punishment of Death, Thoughts on Secondary Punishment, 1832, 1831, 113 114 Walker, George Washington, 57, 77, 97 Transportation, 1829, 110–111 Walker, Sarah Benson, née Mather, 96 Whigs, 16, 25, 29, 45, 47, 108, 122, 222, Walpole, Joseph Kidd, 292 247, 312 Ward, John Whitty, Irwine S., 292 Norfolk Island diary, 169 Wilberforce, William, 25, 29, 32, 48, 52, Wentworth, William Charles, 222, 225 56, 78, 311 Wesley, Charles, 27 on transportation, 49 Wesley, John, 27, 31 Willoughby, Howard, 299, 309 female followers, 83 Willson, Robert, 159, 181, 205 Wesleyans. See Methodists Wilmot, John E. Eardley, 189, 195–197, West, John, 16, 19, 23, 130, 197, 199, 219, 202–203, 207 241–244, 253–254, 314 Wittenoom, John Burdett, 290 History of Tasmania, 243 Wollaston, John Ramsden, 286, 290 Western Australia, 15, 222, 244, 261, 263, 282 Youl, John, 50