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Use of Theses Australian National University THESES SIS/LIBRARY TELEPHONE: +61 2 6125 4631 R.G. MENZIES LIBRARY BUILDING NO:2 FACSIMILE: +61 2 6125 4063 THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY EMAIL: [email protected] CANBERRA ACT 0200 AUSTRALIA USE OF THESES This copy is supplied for purposes of private study and research only. Passages from the thesis may not be copied or closely paraphrased without the written consent of the author. Thesis Submitted to the Australian National Un iv e r s ity For the Degree of Master of Arts March 1979 "Noble Warriors: The Military Elite and Henry VIII's Expeditions of 1513 and 15W BY Graham McLennan History Department School of General Studies This thesis is all my own work and all sources used have been acknowledged, Graham McLennan CONTENTS Page Abstract Abbreviations Glossary . INTRODUCTION . 1 CHAPTER ONE. HENRY VIII'S MILITARY EXPEDITIONS 1513 AND 1544: AN OUTLINE .. .. .. 12 CHAPTER TWO. THE MILITARY ELITE 26 i. Numbers and Types of Nobles .. .. 26 ii. The Continuing Stability of the Noble Class . .. 31 iii. Education .. .. .. .. .. 36 iv. The Noble Profession .. .. .. 41 v. Rewards .. .. .. .. .. 56 vi. Knighthood .. ■ .. .. .. .. 60 vii. Memorials .. .. .. .. .. 6 3 viii. Conclusion .. .. .. .. .. 66 CHAPTER THREE. THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY ARMY: PART I i. Cavalry in Henry VIII's Army .. .. 7 3 ii. Weapons .. .. .. .. .. 7 8- iii. Armour .. .. .. .. .. 81 iv. Cannon .. 87 v. The Navy .. .. .. .. .. 91 vi. Conclusion .. .. .. .. 94 Page CHAPTER FOUR. THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY ARMY : PART II: THE ADMINISTRATION OF WAR 95 (a) Money, Men and Food. 97 i . Finance 97 ii. Recruitment 103 ii i. Provisions 118 iv. Comfort 124 (b) The Rules of War. 126 i. Regulations 126 ii . Ransoms 128 iii. Heralds 133 iv. Sieges. 136 (c) Conclusion. 139 CHAPTER FIVE: THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY ARMY : PART Ill: STRATEGY AND TACTICS 140 i. The Influence of Fortification 140 i i. Itineraries 144 iii. Tactics 152 i v. Conclusion 165 CHAPTER SIX: A GAME FOR GENTLEMEN: PART I 167 i. Game or Business? 169 ii. The Tournament: More Than a Game? 174 iii. Pageantry and Propaganda 178 iv. The Tournament and Nobles 189 V. Display 194 CHAPTER SEVEN: A GAME FOR GENTLEMEN: PART II 20 4 i. Religious Obligations of the Warrior Noble 206 ii. Sexual Behaviour of the Warrior Noble 212 iii. Deeds of Arms 218 a). The King 222 b). The Nobles 237 Page CONCLUSION 258 Appendices Bibliography ABSTRACT This thesis is concerned with identifying and understanding the typical behaviour of the early Tudor nobility, particularly in relation to military activity. It is also an attempt to describe that behaviour without following the usual practice of categorising it as declining chivalry and the emergence of modern attitudes. Instead, I suggest that insofar as there was a shared area of ideas and behaviour amongst the nobles, that behaviour was in large part an outcome of their position in society as a military elite. Because the nobles formed a military elite, the behaviour of individuals in both military and civilian life was, to a major degree, shaped by the expectation that their typical actions would be the same as those of the leaders of the army. Their peacetime behaviour was, therefore, often related to the position occupied in the army by nobles, and, at the same time, behavioural characteristics associated with the noble in his civilian life frequently intruded into war situations. An outcome of the identity between the noble as a civilian and as a soldier was that the noble tended to regard the army as the proper sphere in which to display his select status, rather than seeing the army merely as an instrument of the nation or the government. Nobles were often concerned to be seen to be acting in a manner befitting their rank, even in times of great stress and danger. Because these typical activities associated with the noble might emphasise somewhat resource wasting actions, their presence helped make warfare seem even less efficient than it already was. At the same time, there were numerous traditionally based types of behaviour associated with the military elite, which many writers have been content to label as chivalry. These were adopted by the nobles as aspects of the typical behaviour of their group. But it would be incorrect to claim that these characteristics alone made up the main influence on the ideas and actions of the early Tudor nobility. ABBREVIATIONS A.P.C. Acts of the Privv Council of England. Volume I A.D. 1542-1547 ed. J.R.Dasent (London, 1890). M.P. Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts Existing in the Archives and Collections of Milan ed. A.B.Hinds (London, 1912). V.P. Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts Relating to English Affairs Existing in the Archives and Collections of Venice, and in other Libraries of Northern Italy ed. R.Brown (London, 1867-73). Sp.P. Calendar of Letters, Despatches and State Papers, Relating to Negotiations Between England and Spain, Preserved in the Archives at Simancas and Elsewhere ed. G.A.Bergenroth (London, 1866-1947). L. P. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII ed.J.S. Brewer et. aJL (London, 1862-1932). N.R.S. Letters and Papers Relating to the War With France, 1512-13 ed. A.Spont (London, 1897). S.P. State Papers of King Henry the Eighth (London, 1832-50) . T.R.P. Tudor Royal Proclamations Volume I The Early Tudors (1485-1553) ed. P.L.Hughes and J.F.Larkin (New Haven, 1964). GLOSSARY Almain rivet A suit of armour made by Germans, usually of three-quarter length. Arquebus A handgun. Bard Cloth or metal protection for horses. Battle One of the three divisions of an army. Company The basic infantry unit of varying size but usually around 10 0 men, commanded by a-captain and deputy captain. Corselet Armour similar to Almain rivets, worn by demi-lances and front ranks of infantry. Demi-lance Cavalry which was not as heavily armed as men at arms. Harness Armour, or equipment for horses. Jack Reinforced cloth coat. Javelin Lightly armoured cavalry equipped with the relatively light boar spear. Joust Individual combat between men at arms. Lance A cavalry weapon or a formation of cavalry containing heavy and light horsemen in varying numbers. Also known as a spear. Man at arms Fully armoured cavalryman, usually of noble birth, equipped with weapons such as heavy lance, sword and mace, and riding a charger which was often barded. Northern horse Also known as Border horse or javelins. Light horsemen recruited from the northern marches. Tournament A melee of numerous men at arms. Also an occasion on which jousts and melees take place. Ward One of the three divisions of an army: Vaward (vanguard), Midward (main battle or king's ward) and Rearward (rearguard). I cannot, to proove my descent, bring forth the Images of my Ancestors, their Triumphs, their Consulships; but if neede be, I can shew Launces, my Ensigne, Caparisons, and other such warlike implements, besides a number of ^ scarres upon my breast: these are my Images, my Nobilitie... 2 Les armes ennoblissent 1'omme... 1. Marius Maximus quoted by H.Peacham, The Compleat Gentleman (1622) (Amsterdam, 1968) , p.17. 2. Le Jouvencel par Jean de Bueil (c.1450) ed.L.Lecestre (2 volumes, Paris, 1887), Volume II, p.81. - 1 - INTRODUCTION I This is an examination of the ways in which the values and attitudes of a sixteenth century elite shaped and were shaped by contemporary warfare. It was inspired by a dissatisfaction with the usual characterizations of noble behaviour as it occurred in early sixteenth century England. Attempts to describe the military behaviour of nobles have generally begun from a single assumption. This is the idea that the concept of chivalry was not, for the sixteenth century, an appropriate way of representing noble behaviour, whereas chivalry had been a satisfactory means by which to describe noble behaviour of the previous half a millenium. Chivalry, according to this premise, was an aspect of noble behaviour which was unique to the medieval period. But it had no relevance to, the military reality of the renaissance or early modern period. Sixteenth century chivalry was, generally speaking, a luxurious game to charm the leisure of a courtly society., no longer troubled by the older military obligation of the order. ^ Where some of its features did survive into the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, therefore, they were anachronisms or isolated incidents without any significant effect on the actions of nobles or on society as a whole. The early sixteenth century was, rather, part of the period when nobles began to act according to modern tenets, which might be broadly typified as rationality, realism, ruthlessness and a kind of new middle class practicality. This was the image of Henry VIII and his era portrayed in A.F. Pollard's biography of the second Tudor monarch. / 2 . 1. R.L.Kilgour, The Decline of Chivalry as Shown in the French Literature of the Late Middle Ages (Cambridge, Mass.,1937), p. 23. - 2 - He ruled in a ruthless age with a ruthless hand, he dealt with a violent crisis by methods of blood and iron, and his measures were crowned with whatever sanction worldly success can give. He is Machiavelli's Prince in action.1 There have been many variations on this theme of the decay of a chivalric style of life and its replacement in the early sixteenth century by a novel, more modern, ideal of noble behaviour. A number of historians have seen this new ideal as the outcome of the influence of humanists, whose emphasis on learning encouraged the creation of a Tudor nobility which was more learned in literature than in war.
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