The Causes, Extent and Consequences of Lake Drainage in the Olsztyn Lakeland in the 19Th and Early 20Th Century

Problems of Management and Environmental Protection, No. 8, 2011 „Environment Alterations − Research and Protection Methods” Chapter 2 Andrzej Skwierawski The Causes, Extent and Consequences of Lake Drainage in the Olsztyn Lakeland in the 19th and Early 20th Century 1. Introduction Lakes are short-lived landscape components that undergo dynamic changes over time, most of which result in the depletion of lake resources (Lossow 1996). The decrease in the surface area and volume of lakes could be a consequence of natural evolution, such as lake shallowing due to organic matter accumulation or aquatic vegetation overgrowth. In areas that are relatively free of anthropogenic pressure, those processes take a long time, but they can be rapidly accelerated when inflows from the catchment area become intensified (Birch, McCaskie 1999, Kajak 2001, Dokulil and Teubner 2003). Shallow lakes are at much greater risk of the above than water bodies with a significant depth and volume (Skwierawski and Cymes 2004, Tan and Ozesmi 2006). The progressing drop in lake surface area may also result from human intervention in the hydrological regime, mainly through land improvement, drainage of swampy or seasonally submerged areas, water uptake for the needs of agriculture and industry, construction of canals and river regulation schemes (Okruszko 1969, Marszelewski 2005). Small-scale water retention and the preservation of water quality are very important considerations in environmental protection and spatial management. Those goals are achieved through efforts which aim to restore former lakes and improve the condition of the existing water bodies. In the past, shallow lakes in north-eastern Poland were drained to create additional farmland (Srokowski 1930, Leyding 1959, Lossow 1996). Those measures were targeted mainly at shallow lakes which were easy to drain with minimal effort and cost. This monograph discusses the reasons for and the causes of lake drainage, and it monitors quantitative changes in lake systems that took place in the Olsztyn Lakeland during 19th century land reclamation projects. Lakes were drained 33 Problems of Management and Environmental Protection, No. 8, 2011 „Environment Alterations − Research and Protection Methods” in order to gain more farmland, and those processes significantly depleted the existing water resources. 2. Surveyed area – Olsztyn Lakeland In this monograph, changes in the hydrological regime of lakes brought about by land reclamation projects were analyzed on the example of the Olsztyn Lakeland within the physiographic boundaries proposed by Kondracki (2000) (Fig. 1). The Olsztyn Lakeland is the largest and the westernmost mesoregion of the Masurian Lakeland (Kondracki 1972, 2000). It occupies a total area of 3820 km2. In physiographic terms, the Olsztyn Lakeland is situated in the East Baltic Lakeland sub-province of the East Baltic Lowlands province. In the north, it borders the Orneta Plain, Górowo Heights and Sępopol Plain (along the Lidzbark Warmiński – Bisztynek line), it is adjacent to the Mrągowo Lakeland in the east (along the Biskupiec – Dźwierzuty axis), and in the south, it borders the Masurian Plain and Lubawa Hummock (the boundary intersects the towns of Waplewo and Jedwabno). In the west, the Olsztyn Lakeland borders the Iława Lakeland along the Ostróda – Morąg axis. Fig. 1. Location of the Olsztyn Lakeland relative to the remaining mesoregions of the Masurian Lakeland (after Kondracki 2000) 34 Problems of Management and Environmental Protection, No. 8, 2011 „Environment Alterations − Research and Protection Methods” In geomorphological terms, the Olsztyn Lakeland is characterized by significant landform diversity. In some areas, differences in height reach even several dozen meters (for example in the upper course of the Łyna river valley). Altitude is determined in the range of 100÷140 m above sea level, and it exceeds 200 m above sea level in terminal moraine formations. The latter comprise areas with a considerable slope, and according to Gotkiewicz and Smołucha (1996), around 20% of the Olsztyn Lakeland has an incline higher than 6%. The discussed region features distinctive post-glacial formations, such as terminal moraines comprising a latitudinal band of eight moraine ridges (formed during the first eight of the nine glacial retreat phases), ground moraine hills, glacial deposits such as eskers and kames, fluvoglacial plains – sandar, as well as permanent and seasonally flooded land depressions with no outlet. A series of lakes stretching east-west in the Olsztyn Lakeland were formed during various glacial retreat phases. The discussed area has the highest number of lakes in all mesoregions of the Masurian Lakeland. According to Lossow (1996), the Olsztyn Lakeland features 300 lakes which have a total area of 154.2 km2 and cover 4.04% of the region. The majority of large water bodies are found in the catchment area in the upper course of rivers Łyna and Pasłęka, south of Olsztyn. The largest lakes in the mesoregion are: Łańskie (area of 1070 ha), Dadaj (975 ha, the largest water body in the southern part of the Lakeland), Pluszne (868 ha), Wulpińskie (707 ha), Luterskie (688 ha), Kośno (563 ha), Kalwa (561 ha) and Omulew (504 ha) (Choiński 1991). The vast diversity of soils in the Olsztyn Lakeland attests to the region's history. In its southern part, soil cover was formed predominantly by glacial meltwater – the area of Nidzica and Szczytno constituted the southern glacial boundary. The above process created vast stretches of sandy soils and sandar. The central and northern parts of the region between Olsztynek and Lidzbark Warmiński have a predominance of medium-heavy loamy soils, locally intersected by lighter soils formed by glacial meltwater. Land depressions are occupied by lakes, peat grasslands and swampy remnants of former lakes. Forests occupy around 30% of the Olsztyn Lakeland's area, mostly in its southern part and along the valleys of rivers Łyna and Pasłęka (Kondracki 2000). 3. Economic growth and lake drainage in the 19th and early 20th century In the 19th century, lakes were drained or their surface area was reduced in order to gain more farmland. Meadows and pastures established in areas which were once covered by water were regarded as particularly valuable acquisitions. In published sources of the time, they were referred to as "most exquisite", "delightful" and "most fertile" grasslands (Sieniawski 1878, Barczewski 1918) (Phot. 1). 35 Problems of Management and Environmental Protection, No. 8, 2011 „Environment Alterations − Research and Protection Methods” Phot. 1. Renaturised lake near Sętal vilage; at the beginning of 20th century in this location were “delightful grasslands”, according to Barczewski (1918) (phot. by author) According to economic and geographic papers published before World War II, the only significant role played by natural water bodies was fish production. Similar arguments were formulated as regards other aquatic ecosystems (peatlands, swamps, ponds), which were regarded as undesirable landforms and a hindrance to agricultural production (Srokowski 1930). Haffer (1860) recognized the scenic value of lakes and their importance for fish production ("the lake is an eye through which the earth looks up into the skies, and the wanderer gazes at it with pleasure" in original: „jezioro zdając się iż jest okiem, którym ziemia spogląda w niebo, a wędrowiec patrzy na nie z przyjemnością”), but he also remarked that water bodies were the cause of flooding in adjacent territories, that swampy areas were unfit for agricultural production and they obstructed land transport. In his opinion "the inhabitants of waterlogged areas would undoubtedly benefit from dry fields and fertile soils rather than the monotonous expanse of water" (in original: „bezwarunkowo jednak milej będzie dla mieszkańców nadbrzeżnych, mieć pola suche i grunty żyzne, zamiast monotonnej powierzchni wody”). For these reasons, lake drainage became a popular practice in north-eastern Poland (East Prussia at the time) in the 19th century. Land reclamation schemes were implemented mostly in shallow lakes that supported the construction of standard drainage networks and the permanent evacuation of water from land basins. 36 Problems of Management and Environmental Protection, No. 8, 2011 „Environment Alterations − Research and Protection Methods” In the past two centuries, the extent of human intervention in the hydrological regime was determined by the level of technological advancement, economic performance and, to a certain degree, the social situation in the region. The 19th century was a period of economic hardship in the history of the Masurian Lakeland. Beginning in the 1870s, the region suffered political and economic instability that led to a serious crisis and halted agricultural progress (Wakar 1971). At the beginning of the 19th century, the Napoleonic wars wrought significant damage to East Prussia. In 1807, after several months of armed conflict, farmland in the contemporary Olsztyn Lakeland was severely devastated, and under the Treaties of Tilsit, East Prussia was forced to pay high war reparations to France. During the wars with Russia (1812) and France (1813), the region was charged with the excruciating responsibility of feeding the army (Sikorski and Szostakowski 1981). In 1815, customs duties were levied on trade between the Masurian Lakeland and Polish territories annexed by Russia. This measure obstructed access to key commodity markets, and it had disastrous

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