Geologia Argentina
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Early Evolution of the Proto-Andean Margin of South America
Early evolution of the Proto-Andean margin of South America C. W. Rapela Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 1 No. 644, 1900 La Plata, Argentina R. J. Pankhurst British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB30ET, United Kingdom C. Casquet Departamento de Petrología y Geoquímica, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain E. Baldo J. Saavedra CSIC, Instituto de Agrobiología y Recursos Naturales, 37071 Salamanca, Spain C. Galindo Departamento de Petrología y Geoquímica, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION From a detailed study of a 500 km transect in the Sierras Pampeanas, central-west Argen- The evolution of the Gondwana margin pro- tina, two pre-Silurian tectono-magmatic episodes are recognized and defined, each culminating posed here is based on new geochemical, isotopic, in micro-continental collisions against the proto-Andean margin of Gondwana. The Pampean petrological, and sedimentological data from a orogeny started in Early Cambrian time with short-lived subduction, indicated by ca. 535 Ma 500 km traverse across the Eastern Sierras Pam- calc-alkaline granitoids. Following Pampean terrane collision, burial to granulite facies condi- peanas and Precordillera (Fig. 1). Pre-Silurian tions (ca. 9 kbar) generated widespread migmatites and ca. 520 Ma highly peraluminous gran- metamorphic and magmatic history is inferred ites in the Eastern Sierras Pampeanas. After brief quiescence, a second major episode, the from (1) dating by conventional U-Pb on abraded Famatinian orogeny, started with subduction ca. 490 Ma, forming a wide continental arc and zircons, U-Pb SHRIMP analyses, and whole-rock ensialic backarc basin. This heralded the approach of Laurentia to Gondwana, during which Rb-Sr and K-Ar, (2) thermo-barometry based on the Precordillera terrane separated from the southern Appalachian region, finally colliding with microprobe mineral analyses, and (3) Nd and Sr Gondwana in Silurian–Devonian time. -
A History of Proterozoic Terranes in Southern South America: from Rodinia to Gondwana
+ MODEL GEOSCIENCE FRONTIERS -(-) (2011) 1e9 available at www.sciencedirect.com China University of Geosciences (Beijing) GEOSCIENCE FRONTIERS journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gsf REVIEW A history of Proterozoic terranes in southern South America: From Rodinia to Gondwana C. Casquet a,*, C.W. Rapela b, R.J. Pankhurst c, E.G. Baldo d, C. Galindo a, C.M. Fanning e, J.A. Dahlquist d, J. Saavedra f a Departamento de Petrologıa y Geoquımica, IGEO (Universidad Complutense, CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain b Centro de Investigaciones Geologicas (CONICET-UNLP), 1900 La Plata, Argentina c Visiting Research Associate, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, United Kingdom d CICTERRA (CONICET-UNC), 5000 Cordoba, Argentina e Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia f Instituto de Agrobiologıa y Recursos Naturales CSIC, 37071 Salamanca, Spain Received 3 August 2011; accepted 8 November 2011 KEYWORDS Abstract The role played by Paleoproterozoic cratons in southern South America from the Mesopro- Paleoproterozoic; terozoic to the Early Cambrian is reconsidered here. This period involved protracted continental amal- Cratons; gamation that led to formation of the supercontinent Rodinia, followed by Neoproterozoic continental Grenvillian; break-up, with the consequent opening of Clymene and Iapetus oceans, and finally continental Neoproterozoic rifting; re-assembly as Gondwana through complex oblique collisions in the Late Neoproterozoic to Early SW Gondwana assembly Cambrian. The evidence for this is based mainly on a combination of precise U-Pb SHRMP dating and radiogenic isotope data for igneous and metamorphic rocks from a large area extending from the Rio de la Plata craton in the east to the Argentine Precordillera in the west and as far north as Arequipa in Peru. -
Estudio Palinológico De La Formación Cullen (Terciario Superior), Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina Zamaloa, María Del Carmen 1999
Tesis de Posgrado Estudio palinológico de la Formación Cullen (Terciario superior), Tierra del Fuego, Argentina Zamaloa, María del Carmen 1999 Tesis presentada para obtener el grado de Doctor en Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad de Buenos Aires Este documento forma parte de la colección de tesis doctorales y de maestría de la Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, disponible en digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. Su utilización debe ser acompañada por la cita bibliográfica con reconocimiento de la fuente. This document is part of the doctoral theses collection of the Central Library Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, available in digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. It should be used accompanied by the corresponding citation acknowledging the source. Cita tipo APA: Zamaloa, María del Carmen. (1999). Estudio palinológico de la Formación Cullen (Terciario superior), Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. http://digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar/Download/Tesis/Tesis_3187_Zamaloa.pdf Cita tipo Chicago: Zamaloa, María del Carmen. "Estudio palinológico de la Formación Cullen (Terciario superior), Tierra del Fuego, Argentina". Tesis de Doctor. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. 1999. http://digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar/Download/Tesis/Tesis_3187_Zamaloa.pdf Dirección: Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis F. Leloir, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Contacto: [email protected] Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - C1428EGA - Tel. (++54 +11) 4789-9293 “W “¡Más Fïámïvflámmeísz ESTUDIOPALINOLQG.ó?E?. CULLEN (TERCÍMRIQ SUPEÍRI, :¿Au'romMARIAïÉi-F: V .; 'DiRECTORïáBUG.' r: ‘t"a7af] sueños - , 'i' [Í Cz_<mxm_o>o om mcmzom 22mm m>oc5>o om0_mzo_>mmx>3>m < z>4cx>rmm mm._.c_u_0_u>r_20r00_00 Um _.> _nO_N_<_>O_OzOcrrmz Adm-No.230 mcvmxaa. -
Bioestratigrafía Del Paleozoico Superior De América Del Sur: Primera Etapa De Trabajo Hacia Una Nueva Propuesta Cronoestratigr
Asociación Geológica Argentina Serie D: Publicación especial Nº 11 Bioestratigrafía del Paleozoico Superior de América del Sur: Primera Etapa de Trabajo Hacia una Nueva Propuesta Cronoestratigráfica La impresión de esta publicación fue posible por la colaboración de: la Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica a través del PICT-R 00313/1-2 Foto de tapa: Hugo Carrizo. Extremo Norte de la Sierra de Narváez (Sistema de Famatina). Vista hacia el norte del río Chaschuil. Formación De La Cuesta (Pérmico).Sección Superior. Sedimentitas fluviales con estratificación tangencial. Diseño y composición: M. Laura Iribas. Correo: [email protected] Se terminó de imprimir en el mes de septiembre de 2007 en los talleres del Instituto Salesiano de Artes Gráficas, Don Bosco 4053, Buenos Aires, Argentina. ISSN 0328-2767. Reservados todos los derechos. BIOESTRATIGRAFÍA DEL PALEOZOICO SUPERIOR DE AMÉRICA DEL SUR: PRIMERA ETAPA DE TRABAJO HACIA UNA NUEVA PROPUESTA CRONOESTRATIGRÁFICA Convocada por: Paleontólogos de la UBA y de la Fundación Lillo. Auspiciada por: Comité Organizador de la XI Reunião de PaleobotânicosPaleobotânicos y por el Comité Organizador del XIII Simposio Argentino de Paleobotánica y Palinología (Bahía Blanca) Argentina 2006. Comité organizador local Dr. Carlos L. Azcuy CONTENIDO Prólogo .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Introducción ............................................................................................................................................................................. -
Levantamiento Hidrogeológico Para El Desarrollo De Nuevas Fuentes De Agua En Áreas Prioritarias De La Zona Norte De Chile, Regiones Xv, I, Ii Y Iii
REPUBLICA DE CHILE MINISTERIO DE OBRAS PÚBLICAS DIRECCION GENERAL DE AGUAS LEVANTAMIENTO HIDROGEOLÓGICO PARA EL DESARROLLO DE NUEVAS FUENTES DE AGUA EN ÁREAS PRIORITARIAS DE LA ZONA NORTE DE CHILE, REGIONES XV, I, II Y III ETAPA 1 INFORME FINAL PARTE II Geología Regional del Altiplano de Chile REALIZADO POR: Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile S.I.T. Nº 157 Santiago, Diciembre de 2008 MINISTERIO DE OBRAS PÚBLICAS Ministro de Obras Públicas Ingeniero Civil Sr. Sergio Bitar C. Director General de Aguas Abogado Sr. Rodrigo Weisner L. Departamento de Estudios y Planificación Ingeniero Civil Sr. Pedro Rivera I. Inspector Fiscal Ingeniero Civil Sr. Luis Rojas B. EQUIPO TÉCNICO DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA HIDRÁULICA Y AMBIENTAL PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE CHILE Director de Proyecto Ing. Sr. José Muñoz P. Jefe de Proyecto Ing. Sr. Pablo Rengifo O. Ingeniero a Cargo Ing. Sr. José Yáñez L. Especialistas y Profesionales Sr. Bonifacio Fernández Especialista en Hidrología (PhD) Sr. José Francisco Muñoz Especialista en Hidrogeología (PhD) Sra. Laura Vitoria Especialista en Hidrogeoquímica (PhD) Sr. Pablo Rengifo Especialista en Hidrogeología (MSc) Sr. José Yáñez Ing. de Proyecto, Hidrogeología Sr. Gustavo Calle Ing. de Proyecto, Hidrología (PhD) Sr. Marcelo Solari Geol. de Proyecto, Geología Sr. Axel Herzog Geol. de Proyecto, Hidrogeoquímica Srta. Victoria Flores Ing. de Proyecto, Hidrogeología Srta. Milena Calvo Ing. de Proyecto, Hidrogeoquímica Sr. Victor Pérez Ing. de Proyecto, Hidrología EQUIPO TÉCNICO – CONTINUACIÓN DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA HIDRÁULICA Y AMBIENTAL PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE CHILE Tesistas, Memoristas y Ayudantes Sr. Juan Johnson Ing. Tesista MSc, Hidrogeología Srta. Mariana Cervetto Geol. -
The Proto-Andean Margin of Gondwana: an Introduction
Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 29, 2021 The proto-Andean margin of Gondwana: an introduction R. J. PANKHURST 1 & C. W. RAPELA 2 1 British Antarctic Survey, c/o NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, Kingsley Dunham Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK 2 Centro de Investigaciones Geol6gicas, Universidad Naeional de la Plata, 644 Calle No. 1, 1900 La Plata, Argentina Abstract: A basic background is presented for the discussion of the Early Palaeozoic geology of western Argentina covered by this book. This includes the definition and terminology of orogenic cycles on this part of the Gondwana margin, represented by the Eastern Sierras Pampeanas. The Pampean orogeny (Early Cambrian) relates to an intense but short-lived period of terrane collision predating the rifting of the Precordillera terrane from Laurentia. The Famatinian cycle is predominantly represented by intense subduction- related magmatism of Early-Middle Ordovician age, developed on the continental margin of Gondwana during the rifting and drifting of the Precordillera terrane. The Grenvillian basement of the latter is further exemplified by a new Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron age of 1021 + 12Ma for orthogneisses from the Western Sierras Pampeanas. A mid-Ordovician granite in this area (dated at 481 4-6 Ma by U-Pb ion microprobe data) may be related to rifting while the Precordillera terrane was still attached to Laurentia. A divergence of opinion is pointed out between some authors in this book who favour mid-Ordovician collision of the Precordillera with Gondwana, and others who place it much latter, in Silurian or Devonian times. -
An Approach to the Brasiliano-Pan African Cycle and Orogenic Collage
155 by Benjamim Bley de Brito Neves1, Mário da Costa Campos Neto1, and Reinhardt Adolfo Fuck2 From Rodinia to Western Gondwana: An approach to the Brasiliano-Pan African Cycle and orogenic collage 1- Instituto de Geociências - Universidade de São Paulo. S. Paulo-SP. 2- Instítuto de Geociências - Universidade de Brasílía. Brasílía-DF. The basement of the South American platform displays east), Tocantins (Central-eastern, part of the Central- the lithostructural and tectonic records of three major western), Pampean (Central-southwestern) and Man- orogenic collages: Middle Paleoproterozoic (or tiqueira (East-southeast). Transamazonian), Late Mesoproterozoic/Early Neopro- terozoic and Late Neoproterozoic/Cambrian, the Brasil- Introduction iano-Pan African collage. The first two collages have their records in the basement of the Syn-Brasiliano cra- The history of the geologic evolution of the South American conti- tons and Brasiliano Fold Belts. nent from the Neoproterozoic to the early Cambrian is recording all The development of the Brasiliano-Pan African the steps of the development of a complete and wide tectonic cycle, collage started in Early Neoproterozoic times, with the in terms of J.T. Wilson. This means, from the fission/disarticulation of a former Late Mesoproterozoic Supercontinent (Rodinia) – up to first events of breakup of the Rodinia Supercontinent, the further fusion/agglutination of a newer supercontinent — West- and it has been characterized by diachrony since their ern Gondwana (Pannotia). early beginnings. The processes of break up and fission For the two major tectonic phenomena then developed (fission and subsequent fusion) it is necessary to remark, since now, the took place in different time intervals (ca. -
From Rodinia to Gondwana
GEOSCIENCE FRONTIERS 3(2) (2012) 137e145 available at www.sciencedirect.com China University of Geosciences (Beijing) GEOSCIENCE FRONTIERS journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gsf GSF REVIEW A history of Proterozoic terranes in southern South America: From Rodinia to Gondwana C. Casquet a,*, C.W. Rapela b, R.J. Pankhurst c, E.G. Baldo d, C. Galindo a, C.M. Fanning e, J.A. Dahlquist d, J. Saavedra f a Departamento de Petrologıa y Geoquımica, IGEO (Universidad Complutense, CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain b Centro de Investigaciones Geologicas (CONICET-UNLP), 1900 La Plata, Argentina c Visiting Research Associate, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, United Kingdom d CICTERRA (CONICET-UNC), 5000 Cordoba, Argentina e Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia f Instituto de Agrobiologıa y Recursos Naturales CSIC, 37071 Salamanca, Spain Received 3 August 2011; accepted 8 November 2011 Available online 3 December 2011 KEYWORDS Abstract The role played by Paleoproterozoic cratons in southern South America from the Mesopro- Paleoproterozoic; terozoic to the Early Cambrian is reconsidered here. This period involved protracted continental amal- Cratons; gamation that led to formation of the supercontinent Rodinia, followed by Neoproterozoic continental Grenvillian; break-up, with the consequent opening of Clymene and Iapetus oceans, and finally continental Neoproterozoic rifting; re-assembly as Gondwana through complex oblique collisions in the Late Neoproterozoic to Early SW Gondwana assembly Cambrian. The evidence for this is based mainly on a combination of precise U-Pb SHRMP dating and radiogenic isotope data for igneous and metamorphic rocks from a large area extending from the Rio de la Plata craton in the east to the Argentine Precordillera in the west and as far north as Arequipa in Peru. -
Chapter 5 the Pre-Andean Phases of Construction of the Southern Andes Basement in Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic Times
133 Chapter 5 The Pre-Andean phases of construction of the Southern Andes basement in Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic times Nemesio Heredia; Joaquín García-Sansegundo; Gloria Gallastegui; Pedro Farias; Raúl E. Giacosa; Fernando D. Hongn; José María Tubía; Juan Luis Alonso; Pere Busquets; Reynaldo Charrier; Pilar Clariana; Ferrán Colombo; Andrés Cuesta; Jorge Gallastegui; Laura B. Giambiagi; Luis González-Menéndez; Carlos O. Limarino; Fidel Martín-González; David Pedreira; Luis Quintana; Luis Roberto Rodríguez- Fernández; Álvaro Rubio-Ordóñez; Raúl E. Seggiaro; Samanta Serra-Varela; Luis A. Spalletti; Raúl Cardó; Victor A. Ramos Abstract During the late Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic times, the Southern Andes of Argentina and Chile (21º-55º S) formed part of the southwestern margin of Gondwana. During this period of time, a set of continental fragments of variable extent and allochtony was successively accreted to that margin, resulting in six Paleozoic orogenies of different temporal and spatial extension: Pampean (Ediacaran-early Cambrian), Famatinian (Middle Ordovician-Silurian), Ocloyic (Middle Ordovician-Devonian), Chanic (Middle Devonian-early Carboniferous), Gondwanan (Middle Devonian-middle Permian) and Tabarin (late Permian-Triassic). All these orogenies culminate with collisional events, with the exception of the Tabarin and a part of the Gondwanan orogenies that are subduction-related. Keywords Paleozoic, Southern Andes, Pampean orogen, Ocloyic orogen, Famatinian orogen, Chanic orogen, Gondwanan orogen, Tabarin orogen. 133 134 1 Introduction In the southern part of the Andean Cordillera (21º-55º S, Fig. 1A) and nearby areas, there are Neoproterozoic (Ediacaran)-Paleozoic basement relicts of variable extension. This basement has been involved in orogenic events prior to the Andean orogeny, which is related to the current configuration of the Andean chain (active since the Cretaceous). -
Tectonic Significance and Consequences of the Gondwanide Orogeny in Northern Patagonia, Argentina ⁎ Daniel A
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Gondwana Research 14 (2008) 429–450 www.elsevier.com/locate/gr Tectonic significance and consequences of the Gondwanide orogeny in northern Patagonia, Argentina ⁎ Daniel A. Gregori , José Kostadinoff, Leonardo Strazzere, Ariel Raniolo INGEOSUR-Departamento de Geología; Universidad Nacional del Sur, and CONICET, San Juan 670, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina Received 13 October 2006; received in revised form 17 April 2008; accepted 18 April 2008 Available online 15 May 2008 Abstract The tectonic configuration of northern Patagonia is recognized through geological and geophysical studies, which define several areas characterized by positive and negative gravity anomalies with steep gravity gradients. Positive areas are interpreted as continental crust with Grenvillian and Pampean basement. The Pampean basement occurs to the north and south of the interpreted suture between Patagonia and Gondwana South America. Most negative anomalies are interpreted to represent Gondwana igneous and sedimentary rocks. Areas characterized by steep gravity gradients are coincident with shear zones and mylonitic belts that were active during Gondwana times, a period of great magmatic and tectonic activity in northern Patagonia. Dextral movement along the E–W-trending Huincul Fault Zone resulted in block collage, west– northwest crustal translations, and counterclockwise rotation of large crustal blocks belonging to the North Patagonia Massif. The indentation of blocks within the North Patagonia Massif resulted in tectonic escape of the surrounding blocks, each with a different trajectory. Escape tectonics may explain the diversity of stress directions during Gondwana Orogeny. © 2008 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Gondwana tectonic configuration; North Patagonia; Geophysics; Argentina 1. -
Geochronology of Igneous Rocks in the Sierra Norte De Córdoba (Argentina): Implications for the Pampean Evolution at the Western Gondwana Margin
RESEARCH Geochronology of igneous rocks in the Sierra Norte de Córdoba (Argentina): Implications for the Pampean evolution at the western Gondwana margin W. von Gosen1,*, W.C. McClelland2,*, W. Loske3,*, J.C. Martínez4,5,*, and C. Prozzi4,* 1GEOZENTRUM NORDBAYERN, KRUSTENDYNAMIK, FRIEDRICH-ALEXANDER-UNIVERSITÄT ERLANGEN-NÜRNBERG, SCHLOSSGARTEN 5, D-91054 ERLANGEN, GERMANY 2DEPARTMENT OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF IOWA, 121 TROWBRIDGE HALL, IOWA CITY, IOWA 52242, USA 3DEPARTMENT FÜR GEO- UND UMWELTWISSENSCHAFTEN, SEKTION GEOLOGIE, LUDWIG-MAXIMILIANS-UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN, LUISENSTRASSE 37, D-80333 MÜNCHEN, GERMANY 4DEPARTAMENTO DE GEOLOGÍA, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SUR, SAN JUAN 670, 8000 BAHÍA BLANCA, ARGENTINA 5INGEOSUR-CONICET ABSTRACT U-Pb zircon data (secondary ion mass spectrometry [SIMS] and thermal ionization mass spectrometry [TIMS] analyses) from igneous rocks with differing structural fabrics in the Sierra Norte de Córdoba, western Argentina, suggest that the sedimentary, tectonic, and magmatic history in this part of the Eastern Sierras Pampeanas spans the late Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian. A deformed metarhyolite layer in meta- clastic sedimentary rocks gives a crystallization age of 535 ± 5 Ma, providing a limit on the timing of the onset of D1 deformation and meta- morphism. The new data coupled with published Neoproterozoic zircon dates from a rhyolite beneath the metaclastic section and detrital zircon ages from the section indicate a late Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian depositional age, making this section time equivalent with the Puncoviscana Formation (sensu lato) of northwest Argentina. A synkinematic granite porphyry gives a crystallization age of 534 ± 5 Ma, pro- viding a limit on the age of dextral mylonitization in the Sierra Norte area (D2 event). -
Uncorrected Proofs
N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. Article Stuttgart, July 2012 Basin evolution of the margin of Gondwana at the Neoproterozoic/ Cambrian transition: the Puncoviscana Formation of Northwest Argentina Alejandro J. Toselli, Guillermo F. Aceñolaza, Hubert Miller, Christopher Adams, Florencio G. Aceñolaza, and Juana N. Rossi With 4 figures Toselli, A.J., AceñolAzA, G.F., Miller, H., Adams, c., AceñolAzA, F.G. & rossi, J.N. (2012): Basin evolution of the margin of Gondwana at the Neoproterozoic/Cambrian transition: the Puncoviscana Formation of Northwest Argentina. – N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh., 265: 000-000; Stuttgart. Abstract: The Puncoviscana Formation is an important stratigraphic sequence of sandstones and shales, with intercalated conglomerates, limestones and volcanic rocks. It was deposited at the Neo- proterozoic-Cambrian boundary in a shallow basin on the western margin of Gondwana. Trace fos- sils of the Puncoviscana Formation s.l. are represented by the Oldhamia and Nereites ichnoassocia- tions and the geographical distribution of assemblages are alignedproofs as parallel belts, with a shallower eastern Nereites association and a deeper western Oldhamia association. They represent different temporal levels on the evolution of the basin. Detrital zircon spectra display a wide range of ages, which indicate their provenance from Neoproterozoic to Cambrian source areas as well as Meso- to Paleoproterozoic basement units, exhibiting typical Gondwanan ages. Thick limestone banks are interbedded in the Puncoviscana Formation s.l. that included the siliciclastic sequences, with very low- to medium-metamorphic grade. δ13C values for the limestones vary from -1.57 to +3.40/00 VPDB, while in the Sierras Pampeanas, δ13C values vary from +2.6 to +80/00 VPDB.