From Rodinia to Gondwana

GEOSCIENCE FRONTIERS 3(2) (2012) 137e145 available at www.sciencedirect.com China University of Geosciences (Beijing) GEOSCIENCE FRONTIERS journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gsf GSF REVIEW A history of Proterozoic terranes in southern South America: From Rodinia to Gondwana C. Casquet a,*, C.W. Rapela b, R.J. Pankhurst c, E.G. Baldo d, C. Galindo a, C.M. Fanning e, J.A. Dahlquist d, J. Saavedra f a Departamento de Petrologıa y Geoquımica, IGEO (Universidad Complutense, CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain b Centro de Investigaciones Geologicas (CONICET-UNLP), 1900 La Plata, Argentina c Visiting Research Associate, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, United Kingdom d CICTERRA (CONICET-UNC), 5000 Cordoba, Argentina e Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia f Instituto de Agrobiologıa y Recursos Naturales CSIC, 37071 Salamanca, Spain Received 3 August 2011; accepted 8 November 2011 Available online 3 December 2011 KEYWORDS Abstract The role played by Paleoproterozoic cratons in southern South America from the Mesopro- Paleoproterozoic; terozoic to the Early Cambrian is reconsidered here. This period involved protracted continental amal- Cratons; gamation that led to formation of the supercontinent Rodinia, followed by Neoproterozoic continental Grenvillian; break-up, with the consequent opening of Clymene and Iapetus oceans, and finally continental Neoproterozoic rifting; re-assembly as Gondwana through complex oblique collisions in the Late Neoproterozoic to Early SW Gondwana assembly Cambrian. The evidence for this is based mainly on a combination of precise U-Pb SHRMP dating and radiogenic isotope data for igneous and metamorphic rocks from a large area extending from the Rio de la Plata craton in the east to the Argentine Precordillera in the west and as far north as Arequipa in Peru. Our interpretation of the paleogeographical and geodynamic evolution invokes a hypothetical Paleoproterozoic block (MARA) embracing basement ultimately older than 1.7 Ga in the Western Sierras * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (C. Casquet). 1674-9871 ª 2011, China University of Geosciences (Beijing) and Peking University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Peer-review under responsibility of China University of Geosciences (Beijing). doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2011.11.004 Production and hosting by Elsevier 138 C. Casquet et al. / Geoscience Frontiers 3(2) (2012) 137e145 Pampeanas (Argentina), the Arequipa block (Peru), the Rio Apa block (Brazil), and probably also the Paraguaia block (Bolivia). ª 2011, China University of Geosciences (Beijing) and Peking University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction by A-type granite and carbonatiteesyenite intrusions. Opening of an oceanic basin was eventually followed by oblique collision with The role of southern South American cratons in Rodinia recon- some West Gondwana cratons (including Rio de la Plata and Kala- e e structions, particularly those of Amazonia and Rio de la Plata, is hari) to produce the Pampean Paraguay Araguaia orogeny. This e a long-debated issue (Hoffman, 1991; Dalziel, 1997; Weil et al., process was coeval with rifting drifting of Laurentia and the 1998; Omarini et al., 1999; Loewy et al., 2003; Li et al., 2008; opening of the Iapetus ocean along the western margin of the large Trindade et al., 2006; Cordani et al., 2010; Santosh et al., 2009, continental mass and represents the final stage in the formation of among others). The debate was stimulated by the ideas that (1) SW Gondwana. We provide here a detailed account of this evolution. Eastern Laurentia was juxtaposed to Amazonia and the Rio de la Plata craton in Rodinia at ca. 1 Ga as a result of Grenvillian orogeny, 2. The Paleoproterozoic MARA craton and that (2) Laurentia rifted away to its present position in the northern hemisphere (present coordinates) in the Late Neo- In the Western Sierras Pampeanas of Argentina, the Maz terrane proterozoic, accompanied by opening of the Iapetus ocean and the (comprising the sierras of Maz and Espinal) (Fig. 1) consists of final amalgamation of West Gondwana (Hoffman, 1991; Dalziel, a metamorphic Andean-type magmatic arc (1.33e1.26 Ga) and 1997 and references therein). However, the models derived from older metasedimentary rocks. (Casquet et al., 2006; Rapela et al., these studies took only minor account of the relatively small 2010). The latter contain detrital zircons older than 1.7 Ga and outcrops with Paleoproterozoic basement south of Amazonia and have Nd model ages of between 1.7 and 2.6 Ga and very radiogenic west of the Rio de la Plata craton. The wealth of data now available Pb, from which we infer that the protoliths were probably cover to from detrital zircon ages and crystallization ages of many igneous a Paleoproterozoic basement older than 1.7 Ga (Casquet et al., rocks have transformed this situation. These outcrops are scattered 2008a). The Maz terrane was further reworked in the Ordovician over a very large region (Fig. 1), with an extensive cover of and Silurian by the Famatinian orogeny (Casquet et al., 2005). Mesozoic to Cenozoic sedimentary rocks, which hinders correla- The Arequipa Massif in southern Peru (Cobbing and Pitcher, tion between them. The Paleoproterozoic rocks crop out as inliers 1972)(Fig. 1) consists for the most part of Paleoproterozoic within the Andean belt (e.g., the Arequipa block in Peru; Loewy metasedimentary rocks and orthogneisses that record orogenic et al., 2004, and references therein; Casquet et al., 2010), in the events (magmatism, sedimentation and metamorphism) between Andean foreland (Sierra de Maz in the Western Sierras Pampeanas ca. 1.79 and 2.1 Ga (Loewy et al., 2004; Casquet et al., 2010). of central Argentina; Casquet et al., 2006, 2008a) and in the stable These rocks underwent intense Grenville-age (sensu Rivers, 2008) mainland far from the Andean active margin (e.g., Rio Apa and metamorphism between 1.04 and 0.84 Ga (Martignole and Paragua in southern Brazil; Cordani et al., 2010)(Fig. 1). Other Martelat, 2003; Loewy et al., 2004; Casquet et al., 2010 and occurrences may be hidden farther south in Argentine Patagonia. In references therein). UHT metamorphism first recorded in the consequence, the role of these outcrops in Rodinia reconstructions Arequipa Massif by Martignole and Martelat (2003) remains of has been largely underestimated, hindering understanding of the disputed age, either Paleoproterozoic or Grenvillian (Martignole role played by cratons in the Neoproterozoic-to-Early Paleozoic and Martelat, 2003; Casquet et al., 2010). Mixing of Paleo- evolution of southern South America after the break-up of Rodinia. proterozoic and juvenile Grenvillian sources was recognized The presence of a pre-Grenvillian continental mass called Pam- farther south in northern Chile and Argentina (Loewy et al., 2004), pia has been suggested (Ramos, 1988; Ramos and Vujovich, 1993), lending support to the idea of a continuous basement of Paleo- initially as a block embracing most of the present Sierras Pampeanas proterozoic age under this part of the Central Andes, corre- realm, with a Late Neoproterozoic turbidite basin (the Puncoviscana sponding to the northern part of the ArequipaeAntofalla craton of Formation) along the western passive margin that eventually Ramos (1988). A link between the Maz terrane and the northern collided with the ArequipaeAntofalla block. This view was largely part of the ArequipaeAntofalla craton was first established by retained by Ramos et al. (2010) in a recent review of Pampia. Casquet et al. (2008a) on the basis of detrital zircon evidence and Based largely on our own work since the 1990s in the pre-Andean Pb and Nd isotope compositions. basement, we proposed (Casquet et al., 2009) that by the end of the Finally the Rio Apa block, south of present-day Amazonia Paleoproterozoic the basement outcrops referred to above, i.e., (Fig. 1), consists of a suite of Paleoproterozoic orthogneisses Arequipa, Rio Apa and Maz, constituted a single larger continental recording igneous events at 1.95 Ga, 1.84 Ga, and between 1.72 and mass (the MARA craton, Fig. 1). Part of this craton was involved in 1.77 Ga, as well as medium- to high-grade metamorphism of Mesoproterozoic orogenies along its northern and western margins ca.1.7 Ga (Cordani et al., 2010). The Rio Apa block was over- that led first to its accretion to Amazonia at ca. 1.3 Ga or earlier, printed by a thermal event at ca. 1.3 Ga (Cordani et al., 2010) and then amalgamation with Laurentia between ca. 1.3 and 1.0 Ga. coincident with the San Ignacio orogeny along the southern margin The latter event involved accretion of juvenile arcs and continental of Amazonia (Boger et al., 2005; Cordani and Teixeira, 2007). collision with reworking of older continental crust. After The three cratonic outcrop areas referred to above, although Rodinia break-up the larger continental mass embracing MARA þ separated by hundreds of kilometers, show evidence of common Laurentia þ Amazonia (and probably other still unconstrained geological processes evidenced by U-Pb geochronology and cratons) underwent protracted Neoproterozoic rifting, as exemplified similar Nd model ages (Fig. 2). This leads to the idea that all three C. Casquet et al. / Geoscience Frontiers 3(2) (2012) 137e145 139 Figure 1 Sketch map of South America showing Paleoproterozoic to Archean cratons and the Middle-to-Late Mesoproterozoic, and Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian orogenic belts. The MARA craton reached its present position after right-lateral oblique accretion to the Rio de la Plata craton during the Pampean orogeny and further displacement along the Cordoba fault. Outcrops in red are Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic outcrops referred to in the text. DBF: Desaguadero-Bermejo Fault; CF: Cordoba Fault. Figure 2 The Paleoproterozoic record in the three outcrops forming the hypothetical MARA craton. Data from Casquet et al. (2008a, 2010) and Cordani et al.

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