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Home , Bessarabia, Bukovina, Donbas, Eastern Ukraine, Volhynia, Western Ukraine

REMAPPING 15th Century BCE to 21st Century CE

Osher Lifelong Learning Institute Vanderbilt University Winter Term 2015 Mary Pat Silveira UKRAINIAN ETHNOGRAPHIC TERRITORY: 1922 THE INTERWAR YEARS

• Bolshevik policy of “War ”

• 1921: Lenin’s New Economic Policy (NEP: temporary return to market economy

• USSR created as 1922; Union Treaty 1924

REPUBLICS OF THE UNION

• 1922: , , Ukraine, and “” • 1924: Transcaucasia split into Armenia, Azerbaijan & Georgia; Turkmenistan & Uzbekistan added. • 1929: Tajikistan added. • 1936: & Kyrgyzstan added. • 1940: , Estonia*, Latvia* & Lithuania* added (*disputed: “occupied) 1924 UNION TREATY

• Exclusive Prerogative of Central Government: – Military – Foreign relations – Foreign trade – Transportation & communications

• Republics: – Economic, social & cultural affairs INDIGENIZATION

• 1923: Twelfth Party Congress adopt policy of indigenization – Promote diversity – Actively recruit to state & party – Foster development – Expand education and publishing in Ukrainian RISE OF STALIN

• Lenin dies in 1924; Stalin consolidates power • First Five Year Plan (1928-32) – returns to socialism – Large-scale industrialization – Forced collectivization of agriculture – Suppression of “bourgeois” culture – Use of state coercion and control

INDUSTRIALIZATION

• Ukraine benefits from 27% of 1500 new Soviet industrial plants – Includes largest hydroelectric dam in – Giant tractor factory and steel mill

• Most investments in only, in & Lower area

UKRAINE’S INDUSTRIAL AREA AGRICULTURE AND BLACK FAMINE

• Enforced collectivization & grain requisitioning • Emphasis on grain exports for foreign capital • Crusade against • No food for consumption; Peasants resist • Demand rises; supply falls; drought intervenes • Black Famine of 1932 and 1933 – b/w 7 and 8 million dead; 15-20 % Ukrainian pop

THE BLACK (GREAT) FAMINE: 1930s

The Great Terror/The Great Purge

• Stalin’s “Cultural Revolution – 1933 retreats from Lenin’s nationalities

– 1934-38: purges intellectuals; hundreds of thousands killed & millions sent to • and deported to Soviet • Jewish section of Communist Party dissolved

– New Soviet elite – “the class of 38” UKRAINIANS IN

• Repression of Ukrainians

• 1925: Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance

• Ukrainian support for Soviet Ukrainians increases: create Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists 1929 UKRAINIAN LANDS IN POLAND 1930

UKRAINIANS IN & • Romania: and Bukovyna

• Czechoslovakia: Transcarpathia – Given autonomy in 1938 – “Carpatho-Ukraine” UKRAINIAN LANDS IN ROMANIA & CZECHOSLOVAKIA RISING THREAT OF WAR

• 1938: Appeasement at Munich: Germany invades Sudentenland

• 3/ 1939: Germany invades all Czechoslovakia

• 8/ 1939: German-Soviet nonaggression treaty (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) SECRET CODICIL

• Secret codicil of Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact: Division of

• Sept 1, 1939: Germany invades Poland from west

• Sept 17, 1939: Soviet troops invade Poland from east; annex • , west & Polisia to Ukrainian SSR(1939) • northern Bukovyna and Bessarabia (1940); and • 3 Baltic States (1940)

GERMANY ADVANCES

• Germany is given lands in Poland west of and Buh Rivers – 500,000 Ukrainians in this area

• Germany sets up Generalgouvernement – Life at first appears better than in Soviet Ukraine – Many Ukrainian activists emigrate here & make center of Ukrainian life – Establish Ukrainian Central Committee in 1940

• 1941: Germany breaks Pact w/ USSR; invades and occupies Soviet Ukraine

UKRAINE WW II RUSSIAN RETREAT

• Many Ukrainians reluctant to help USSR following years of starvation & purge

• arrest nationalists, industrialists & civil servants; to avoid evacuating, kill most prisoners; deport others to , Circle & CA

• Russians in retreat: dismantle industry, destroy infrastructure & pursue “ policy”

REICHSKOMMISSARIAT

• Brief period allowed of Ukrainian national life

• Sense that Germans were “liberators”

• Third Reich cracks down

• & ethnic hatred apparent

HOLOCAUST IN UKRAINE

• both shipped off in cars to death camps or herded to outskirts of cities – e.g., Babyn Yar (34,000 Jews shot)

• Nazis, with Ukrainian collaborators, responsible for killing In Ukraine: – Over 900,000 Jews; second only to Poland • Equaled approximately 20% of the Jewish population

END OF WWII

• expels Germans by fall 1944

• Altogether, Ukraine lost an estimated: – 4.1m civilians and 1.4m military – 3.9m evacuated eastward by Soviets; – 2.2m deported to Germany as forced laborers

• Total loss (Est): 11.6 million

• Population in 1939: 40 million

YALTA 1945

• Major territorial change. Ukraine adds: – , Volhynia and Polissia – Northern and lower Bessarabia – Transcarpathia • For first time in modern history, all Ukrainian ethnic lands united in a single state structure: the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic UKRAINE 1945 POST WWII SOVIET UKRAINE

• Faced two challenges: integrate country & (re)build centralized command economy

– 28,000 villages and 714 towns and cities in ruin – Center of 85% demolished – , second largest city, 70% in ruins – More than 19 million homeless INDUSTRIAL BASE SHATTERED

• Soviets had dismantled 544 industrial enterprises • Germans destroyed another 16,150 enterprises • 833 mines were blown up • Electric power stations, dams, RR lines, bridges & roads were destroyed • 872 state farms, 1300 machine tractor stations, and 27,910 collective farms destroyed

MAJOR DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE

• Ukraine lost most of its Jewish population • Poles in either emigrate or are expelled • Large German settlements that had existed before the war gone • Tartars in sent to Central Asia FOURTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN: 1949-50

• Emphasis on industry

• By end of plan: – Industrial production 2.2 x 1940 – Highest p/c production pig iron & sugar in Europe – Second highest in steel smelting & iron ore mining – Third highest in

AGRICULTURE IN FOURTH PLAN

• Agriculture remains collectivized – Collective farms increase from 28,000 to 33,000 – Heavy emphasis on industrial crops & low productivity • Drought again in 1946: Famine – Deaths estimated anywhere from 100,000 to 1 m • Total harvests far below prewar level • Problem recurs next five years as well NEW CAMPAIGNS BEGIN

• 1951: Kremlin begins comprehensive campaign against “nationalist deviations” in West Ukraine – only in schools – Uniate and Catholic churches banned in West – Anti-Jews (“rootless cosmopolians” and “killer doctors”) • Relocate large number of Russians to Western areas

HISTORICAL IDEOLOGY

• All forced to accept Soviet version history, elaborated in 1954: 1. Russian, Ukrainian & Belarusian peoples trace origin to single root – the Russian people who had founded Kievan Rus’

2. Throughout history, Ukrainian and Belarusian people had desired unification w/ Russian people HISTORICAL IDEOLOGY

3. Reunifcation is a progressive act

4. Throughout history, Russian people were the “senior brother” in family of East Slavic peoples

5. Russia’s main virtue constituted in its giving rise to a strong working class, which in turn produced its vanguard, the Communist Party

NATIONAL EXPRESSION

• Individual national expression only permitted if it recognized Marxist-Leninist theory, as interpreted by Stalin… and

• Only if it took place within mind-set that accepted superiority of Russian culture & language as a model & means of expression STALIN TO KHRUSHCHEV

• Death of Stalin 1953; Khrushchev begins new approach toward Ukraine

• Celebrates 300th anniversary Agreement of Pereiaslav (“reunification Russia & Ukraine”)

• Cedes Crimea to Ukraine in 1954

UKRAINE: 1922-1954 KHRUSCHEV

• 20th Party Congress: The Personality Cult & its Consequences – blames Stalin for his crimes: – Execution, torture & imprisonment of loyal party members on false charges – Foreign policy errors – Failings of Soviet agriculture – Ordering mass terror – Mistakes that led to appalling loss of life in WWII and German occupation

DE-STALINIZATION

• De-Stalinization reawakes • Writers, directors, composers & artists: the “Sixties Group” – Reject socialist realism – Reaffirm that literature an individual expression – Renew traditional Ukrainian cultural values and language – Rehabilitate banned Ukrainian authors

END OF KHRUSCHEV ERA

• Economy begins to level off

• Agriculture still in crisis

• Khruschev removed Oct 1964; followed by Brezhnev & Kosygin

BREZHNEV-KOSYGIN ERA

• New restrictions on nationalist culture

• Repression of writing; first wave of arrests of dissident intellectuals 1965-66; next wave, 1971- 72, broader

• 1979 – all union conference calls for mandatory of teaching Russian in every kindergarten and pre-kindergarten

BREZHNEV TO GORBACHEV

• Brezhnev dies 1982

• Andropov dies after 15 months in office

• Chernenko dies after only 13 months in office

• Gorbachev becomes general secretary of Communist Party in 1985