Cronología De Seat
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The Life-Cycle of the Barcelona Automobile-Industry Cluster, 1889-20151
The Life-Cycle of the Barcelona Automobile-Industry Cluster, 1889-20151 • JORDI CATALAN Universitat de Barcelona The life cycle of a cluster: some hypotheses Authors such as G. M. P. Swann and E. Bergman have defended the hy- pothesis that clusters have a life cycle.2 During their early history, clusters ben- efit from positive feedback such as strong local suppliers and customers, a pool of specialized labor, shared infrastructures and information externali- ties. However, as clusters mature, they face growing competition in input mar- kets such as real estate and labor, congestion in the use of infrastructures, and some sclerosis in innovation. These advantages and disadvantages combine to create the long-term cycle. In the automobile industry, this interpretation can explain the rise and decline of clusters such as Detroit in the United States or the West Midlands in Britain.3 The objective of this paper is to analyze the life cycle of the Barcelona au- tomobile- industry cluster from its origins at the end of the nineteenth centu- ry to today. The Barcelona district remained at the top of the Iberian auto- mobile clusters for a century. In 2000, when Spain had reached sixth position 1. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the International Conference of Au- tomotive History (Philadelphia 2012), the 16th World Economic History Congress (Stellen- bosch 2012), and the 3rd Economic History Congress of Latin America (Bariloche 2012). I would like to thank the participants in the former meetings for their comments and sugges- tions. This research benefitted from the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Econo- my (MINECO) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the projects HAR2012-33298 (Cycles and industrial development in the economic history of Spain) and HAR2015-64769-P (Industrial crisis and productive recovery in the Spanish history). -
Historia De SEAT
HISTORIA DE LOS AÑOS 50 La "Sociedad Española de Automóviles de Turismo" (SEAT) apareció el 9 de mayo de 1950 en el despacho de un notario. Firmaron la escritura pública el INI (Instituto Nacional de Industria), cinco bancos españoles y la empresa automovilística Fiat, que aportaba su tecnología y experiencia en el sector. Además, Fiat, dada su posición de privilegio en el pacto, impuso los criterios económico-industriales por encima de los criterios políticos deseados por los miembros del estado totalitario. Gracias a este hecho, la fábrica se construyó finalmente en unos terrenos de la Zona Franca de Barcelona, muy cerca del puerto y, por lo tanto, con muy buenas comunicaciones, descartando la ubicación de las instalaciones en una zona "más española" como hubiera sido Merimé, que era la preferida por las autoridades. En los primeros tiempos de funcionamiento de la sociedad, los principales lugares de responsabilidad fueron ocupados por ingenieros militares como José Ortiz Echagüe, primer presidente de la empresa, o Luís Villar Molina, que inspeccionaba periódicamente a través de las 22 hectáreas de las instalaciones los avances en las obras de construcción de las naves montado en su caballo. Las primeras naves empezaron a levantarse poco después de que el congreso norteamericano aprobase un crédito de 62 millones de dólares fruto del final del aislamiento internacional al cual se había sometido el estado español desde la II guerra Mundial debido al triunfo, aquí, del fascismo. De todas maneras, esta apertura de fronteras fue más debido al hecho de haberse demostrado la ineficacia del embargo y a los intereses comerciales que no a la concesión de libertades. -
Análisis Del Impacto Medio Ambiental De Un Vehículo Automóvil
UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA MECANICA Análisis del Impacto Medio Ambiental de un Vehículo Automóvil PROYECTO FIN DE CARRERA Ingeniería Técnica Industrial: Mecánica Autora: María Jesús Lima Barriopedro Tutor: José Antonio Calvo Ramos JULIO 2009 Análisis del impacto medioambiental de un vehículo automóvil ÍNDICE 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ...........................................................................7 1.1. OBJETIVO ..........................................................................8 1.2. ESTRUCTURA DEL PROYECTO................................................9 2. IMPACTO MEDIOAMBIENTAL ........................................................ 11 2.1. CONTAMINANTES DE UN VEHÍCULO..................................... 12 2.1.1. FASE DE USO.................................................................15 2.1.1.1. CONTAMINACIÓN GASEOSA....................................... 17 2.1.1.2. CONTAMINACIÓN ACÚSTICA...................................... 21 2.1.2. FASE DE RETIRO ............................................................24 2.1.2.1. COMPOSICIÓN Y TRATAMIENTO DE LOS VFUs .............. 26 2.1.2.2. RESIDUOS............................................................... 28 2.1.2.3. REUTILIZACIÓN ....................................................... 30 2.2. EFECTOS EN EL MEDIO AMBIENTE ....................................... 33 2.2.1. EFECTOS GLOBALES .......................................................34 2.2.1.1. EFECTO INVERNADERO. ............................................ 34 2.2.1.2. DESTRUCCIÓN -
Europe Swings Toward Suvs, Minivans Fragmenting Market Sedans and Station Wagons – Fell Automakers Did Slightly Better Than Cent
AN.040209.18&19.qxd 06.02.2004 13:25 Uhr Page 18 ◆ 18 AUTOMOTIVE NEWS EUROPE FEBRUARY 9, 2004 ◆ MARKET ANALYSIS BY SEGMENT Europe swings toward SUVs, minivans Fragmenting market sedans and station wagons – fell automakers did slightly better than cent. The only new product in an cent because of declining sales for 656,000 units or 5.5 percent. mass-market automakers. Volume otherwise aging arena, the Fiat the Honda HR-V and Mitsubishi favors the non-typical But automakers boosted sales of brands lost close to 2 percent of vol- Panda, was on sale for only four Pajero Pinin. over familiar sedans unconventional vehicles – coupes, ume last year, compared to 0.9 per- months of the year. In terms of brands leading the roadsters, minivans, sport-utility cent for luxury marques. European buyers seem to pro- most segments, Renault is the win- LUCA CIFERRI vehicles exotic cars and multi- Traditional European-brand gressively walk away from large ner with four. Its Twingo leads the spaces such as the Citroen Berlingo automakers dominate the tradi- sedans, down 20.3 percent for the minicar segment, but Renault also AUTOMOTIVE NEWS EUROPE – by 16.8 percent last year to nearly tional car, minivan and premium volume makers and off 11.1 percent leads three other segments that it 3 million units. segments, but Asian brands control in the upper-premium segment. created: compact minivan, Scenic; TURIN – Automakers sold 428,000 These non-traditional vehicle cat- virtually all the top spots in small, large minivan, Espace; and multi- more specialty vehicles last year in egories, some of which barely compact and large SUV segments. -
Palmarés Del Rallye Isla De Tenerife
PALMARÉS ISLA DE TENERIFE 1ª Edición 1965 1º Antonio M. Pérez-Carlos Hafner Fiat 1.500 Nardi 2º Pedro Cruz-Luis Carrasco Jaguar 3.4 MK II 3º Floreal Concepción-Emilio García Renault R-8 Gordini 4º “Chicho” Reyes-Adolfo Díaz Austin Cooper S 5º Roberto T. Waid-Carmelo González Austin Cooper S 2ª Edición 1966 1º Pedro Mansito-José Mesa Ford Cortina Lotus 2º Juan Farizo-Ángel Diana Renault R-8 Gordini 3º José M. Báez-Edmundo Hafner Fiat 1.500 4º Enrique Martín-Roberto Ucelay Austin 1.100 5º Manuel Fernández-Arturo Barrios Daimler SP-250 3ª Edición 1970 1º “Chicho” Reyes-Carlos Hafner Renault R-8 Gordini 2º Robert P. Spencer-Miguel Febles Sunbeam Tiger 260 3º José M. Báez-Julio Bello BMW 2002 Ti 4º Juan J. Ramírez-José Mª Herrero Lancia Fulvia HF 1.6 5º Gerrit Langköpft-Wolfgang Kühn Fiat 125 4ª Edición 1971 1º Fernando Fernández-Pedro Mansito Ford Escort RS 1600 2º Rafael Montañez-Guillermo Álvarez Triumph TR-6 3º Juan P. Rosales-Felipe Rufino Alfa Romeo 1.750 B 4º Andrés Medina-Ángel Cruz Fiat 124 Special T 5º Luis Villegas-Antonio Pérez Ford Taunus GXL 5ª Edición 1972 1º Eduardo Álvarez-Carlos Pérez BMW 2002 2º Juan J. Ramírez-Mario Campos Lancia Fulvia HF 1.6 3º Andrés Medina-Ángel Cruz Fiat 124 Special T 4º Leopoldo Mansito-José Mª Rodríguez VW Porsche 914/4 5º Fernando Fernández-Pedro Mansito Ford Escort RS 1600 6ª Edición 1974 1º José A. Monzón-Antonio de la Coba BMW 2002 Turbo 2º Tomás Gimeno-Ángel Piñeiro Lancia Fulvia HF 1.6 3º José M. -
Driving Resistances of Light-Duty Vehicles in Europe
WHITE PAPER DECEMBER 2016 DRIVING RESISTANCES OF LIGHT- DUTY VEHICLES IN EUROPE: PRESENT SITUATION, TRENDS, AND SCENARIOS FOR 2025 Jörg Kühlwein www.theicct.org [email protected] BEIJING | BERLIN | BRUSSELS | SAN FRANCISCO | WASHINGTON International Council on Clean Transportation Europe Neue Promenade 6, 10178 Berlin +49 (30) 847129-102 [email protected] | www.theicct.org | @TheICCT © 2016 International Council on Clean Transportation TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive summary ...................................................................................................................II Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... IV 1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Physical principles of the driving resistances ....................................................................... 2 1.2 Coastdown runs – differences between EU and U.S. ........................................................ 5 1.3 Sensitivities of driving resistance variations on CO2 emissions ..................................... 6 1.4 Vehicle segments ............................................................................................................................. 8 2. Evaluated data sets ..............................................................................................................9 2.1 ICCT internal database ................................................................................................................. -
70 Years Reinventing Mobility
Hola! SEAT: 70 years reinventing mobility o Since the launch of the SEAT 600 in 1957, SEAT has set standards in urban mobility o o The SEAT Marbella or SEAT Mii Electric, are perfect examples of how SEAT has always offered the right car at the right moment Martorell, 09/09/2020. The SEAT 600 has played a key role in the development of Spain. Thanks to this car, large cities were able to expand because people could commute from the surrounding to the city centre. Second homes also became widespread because it allowed Spanish families from that time to travel from to their usual homes to their second houses, where they could rest during weekends and holiday periods. STAMPA 1957, the Spain of 600 begins Small, manoeuvrable and a capable vehicle. The SEAT 600 was the ideal car for the city, at the time. But its meaning went much further. The SEAT 600 was able to take the average Spanish family and all their luggage on a vacation trip. Even if the couple had four children and the NEWS NEWS grandmother had to come, the SEAT 600, could deal with everything. They were different times. In 1957 the big dream was to own a car. This was the start of motorization in Spain. Back then, a motorcycle sidecar was considered a family vehicle. The SEAT 600, with its doors, its roof and its heating, went far beyond offering personal mobility. The SEAT 600 was a real luxury, at a price affordable for the Spanish middle class. PRESSE PRESSE Before starting to manufacture the SEAT 600, its acceptance was so great that the waiting list was already over two years. -
V801 Vag Pro Tool
V801 VAG PRO TOOL V801 scanner is a handle tool delicately designed for user to pinpoint engine, transmission, ABS and airbag faults. It is an ideal scanner for ALL VW, Audi, Seat and Skoda series vehicle, and can detect over 130 systems. It supports the Controlled Area Network (TP-CAN) and New UDS protocol. Features and Benefits: 1. Works with Volkswagen and Audi (Audi/ Seat/ Skoda/ Jetta/ Golf / Beetle/ Touareg/ GTI/ Passat and more) since 1990. 2. Supports All VW Diagnostic protocol includes KWP1281\ KWP 2000\ TP-CANBUS \ NEW UDS. 3. More Function: Reads ECU and Live data ,Reads data, Erases fault codes, Resets service lights, etc. 4. Turn off the MIL Lights after clearing fault code. 5. Easily detects nearly 130 systems includes engine, ABS, Airbags, transmission, radio, climate control, instruments, immobilizer and so on. Note: Following(6-8) function is additional complimentary features, only support some car. 6. Oil Reset: After the oil vehicle maintenance, reset oil service light 7. Airbag Reset: Do not suggest you condition of the vehicle airbag safety in the use of this feature, in order to avoid triggering a fault 8. Mileage correction: This feature can be modified on the mileage meter, not all Volkswagen cars are supported by this feature, according to the characteristics of the vehicle instrumentation varies. 9. Supports: English, Polish, Spanish, Czech, German, French, Portuguese 10. Free online software upgrades for life More function: Controller Info Fault Codes Clear Codes Measuring Blocks Output Tests Basic Settings Adaptation Coding Security Access Advanced ID Readiness More Special function: Note: This function is additional complimentary features, only support some car. -
SEAT Essence: 70 Years Concentrating Sportiness in a Compact Size
Hola! SEAT essence: 70 years concentrating sportiness in a compact size ▪ In the 70-year history of SEAT, the compact sporty car has always played an important role in its model catalogue ▪ Performance and handling of a sporty car, at the right size and price, with the expected safety: a continuous achievement by SEAT Martorell, 09/11/2020. What does a very light coupé weighting just 720 kilos with rear-wheel drive have to do with a multi-purpose five-seater front-wheel drive that triples its power? Both symbolize how SEAT has always been able to tune in to its audience. SEAT discovered very early on, that sporty cars opened the door to the hearts of the younger public. STAMPA Creating the right sporty car for each era requires being in true harmony with the public. Revolutionize, when necessary. If coupés were all the rage 60 years ago, today even three door cars have almost disappeared. For SEAT's 70 years, we are going to do a quick review of some SEAT models that were icons for the Spanish sporty car market and objects of desire among NEWS NEWS young people of all ages. SEAT 850 Coupé: Latin Heart In 1966 Spain was motorizing at high speed. The SEAT 600 had a big brother, a more spacious and capable touring car, the 850. Only a year later one of the first aspirational cars produced in PRESSE PRESSE Spain was born, the 850 Coupé, an evolution of the SEAT 600. It had the engine hanging at the back, the propulsion was entrusted to the rear wheels and it was only a 2 + 2-seater. -
Manual Seat Ibiza System Porsche
Manual Seat Ibiza System Porsche Nyt myynnissä Seat Ibiza System porsche, 130 000 km, 1989 - Ii. Klikkaa tästä kuvat ja lisätiedot Other. Alloy wheels, Two sets of tyres, Service manual. Find the used SEAT Ibiza Manual that you are looking for with motors.co.uk gauge,SEAT logo boot release,SEAT Portable Navigation system inc SD card slot. Una foto publicada por System Porsche (@seatsystemporsche) el 22 de Jun de Seat por parte de Volkswagen, la cual decidió cancelar el proyecto del IBIZA. Manual Seat Ibiza 1.2/12valve 5door 2003/53 plate 73500 miles cheap ins and tax good on fuel mot feb 2016 recent timing chain and kit very good tyres. Read 1991 Seat Ibiza reviews from real owners. 1991 Seat Ibiza GLX System Porsche 1.2 petrol from Greece Engine and transmission, 1.2 petrol Manual. More power, a new manual gearbox and sharper looks are among the most Audi A3 Cabriolet Convertible (2013 - ) Ford Focus Hatchback (2012 - ) Porsche 911 Coupe First details of the new Seat Ibiza Cupra hot hatch have been revealed infotainment system which can talk to your smartphone via either MirrorLink. Manual Seat Ibiza System Porsche Read/Download Insurance Group 8, 2 Registered Keepers, 16in Alloy Wheels,Air Conditioning,CD Player,Rear Isofix Seat Mounting System,Split Folding Rear Seat,Height. In 1979, SEAT Ritmo production started in Spain and was replaced by a facelifted Gearboxes ranged from a standard 4-speed manual (5-speed optional on CL and "System Porsche"-engined Ibiza, which still had Ritmo underpinnings. Seat Ibiza SC 1.4 Toca 3 door Coupe Manual White. -
Download the Multimac Fitting Guide
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