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Yimin Wu Préparée Dans L’Equipe Verres & Céramiques UMR CNRS 6226 Institut De Sciences Chimiques De Rennes UFR Sciences Et Propriétés De La Matiére

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Yimin Wu Préparée Dans L’Equipe Verres & Céramiques UMR CNRS 6226 Institut De Sciences Chimiques De Rennes UFR Sciences Et Propriétés De La Matiére ANNÉE 2016 THÈSE / UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1 sous le sceau de l’Université Bretagne Loire pour le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1 Mention : Sciences de Matériaux Ecole doctorale Science de la Matière présentée par Yimin Wu Préparée dans l’equipe Verres & Céramiques UMR CNRS 6226 Institut de Sciences Chimiques de Rennes UFR Sciences et Propriétés de la Matiére Thèse soutenue Céramiques le 16 Décembre 2016 devant le jury composé de : Sylvie Hebert semiconductrices à Directrice de recherche CNRS, Université de Caen / rapporteur base de séléniures Marcel PASQUINELLI Professeur, Université d’Aix-Marseille / rapporteur Jean Luc Adam Directeur de recherche CNRS, Université de Rennes pour des applications 1/examinateur Xianghua ZHANG Directeur de Recherche CNRS, Université de photovoltaïque et Rennes 1 / directeur de thèse XianPing Fan Professeur, Zhejiang University / co-directeur de thermoélectrique thèse Michel Cathelinaud Ingénieur de recherche CNRS, Université de Rennes 1/examinateur Acknowledgement Acknowledgement The research works presented here are accomplished in the Laboratoire de Verres et Céramiques of Université de Rennes 1. Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude to my PhD supervisor Mr. Xianghua Zhang for his patience and knowledgeability that directed me in the field of glass ceramics through the research experience. The sincere thanks are also given to my co-supervisor, Mr. Xianping Fan, for directing me in the field of nanocrystals synthesizing and recommending me to Université de Rennes 1. I would like to thank the members of jury for agreeing to judge the thesis. I wish to express my sincere thanks to Ms. Sylvie Hebert of Université de Caen and Mr. Marcel Pasquinelli of Université de Aix-Marseille for their acceptance to be the reporters of my thesis. Meanwhile, I want to thank Mr. Jean Luc Adam of Université de Rennes 1, Mr. Michel Cathelinaud of Université de Rennes 1 and Mr. Xianping Fan of Zhejiang University for participating in my PhD defense as an invite member. I would like to give my sincere thanks to Mr. Ilia Korolkov for his kindness and for the valuable discussion and cooperation in preparation and properties characterization of ceramics. My thanks are addressed particularly to Mr. Zhang and Mr. Xianping Fan, for their wise advices, their imagination, as well as their encouragement throughout this work. I wish to thank all the people who helped me in completion of the project. Thanks will give to Ms. Adele Renaud for explaining a foundational principle for photoelectric properties of my research. I thank Mr. Vincent Dorcet for his help in HRTEM. I would give my thanks to Mr. Xusheng Qiao for his valuable advices in my work. My gratitude also goes to Ms. Hongli Ma for her helps both for my work and life. I wish to thank all my colleagues in the laboratory. As a foreigner in the lab, they are so friendly to me and they help me to be familiar with glass preparation and other lab equipments in no time. Gratitude is also given to Didier, Thierry J. and Thierry P. for their help of the experimental equipments. My Chinese fellows, Shuo Cui, Minjia Wang, Yanghai Xu, Yiming Wu and Guangxing Liang, also gave me a lot of help and made my life in France colorful. Acknowledgement I would like to thank especially my fiancee Ziqian Chai, for her company and encouragement. My final thanks are addressed to my family, who never doubted me and always supported me. Table of contents Table of contents Résumé détaillée en français .................................................................................................... i General introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter I: Solar energy conversion. ....................................................................................... 5 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. - 6 - 1.2 Solar energy ........................................................................................................... - 10 - 1.2.1 Solar energy conversion ............................................................................. - 11 - 1.2.1.1 Photothermal conversion ................................................................. - 11 - 1.2.1.1.1 Tracking Systems ................................................................. - 14 - 1.2.1.1.2 Thermal Energy Storage (TES) ............................................ - 15 - 1.2.2 Photochemical conversion .......................................................................... - 15 - 1.2.2.1 Electrochemical water splitting ....................................................... - 17 - 1.2.2.2 Environmental remediation ............................................................. - 20 - 1.2.3 Photovoltaic conversion ............................................................................. - 21 - 1.2.3.1 P-N junction: working principle of semiconductor based solar cell - 23 - 1.2.3.2 Efficiency limits .............................................................................. - 25 - 1.2.3.3 Classification and development of solar cells ................................. - 27 - 1.3 Thermoelectric (TE) conversion ........................................................................... - 30 - 1.3.1 Basic thermoelectric principle .................................................................... - 32 - 1.3.1.1Thermoelectric effect ....................................................................... - 32 - 1.3.1.1.1 Seebeck effect ...................................................................... - 32 - 1.3.1.1.2 Peltier effect ......................................................................... - 33 - 1.3.1.1.3 Thomson effect ..................................................................... - 35 - 1.3.1.1.4 Kelvin relations .................................................................... - 35 - 1.3.2 Thermoelectric converters .......................................................................... - 36 - 1.3.3 Material selection criteria ........................................................................... - 38 - 1.3.3.1 Power factor .................................................................................... - 38 - 1.3.3.2 Figure of merit ................................................................................. - 39 - Table of contents 1.4 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... - 40 - 1.5 References ............................................................................................................. - 41 - Chapter II: Structure and photoelectric properties of Cu2GeSe3-Sb2Se3 ceramics ......... 50 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... - 51 - 2.2 Experimental procedure ........................................................................................ - 52 - 2.2.1 Preparation of Cu2GeSe3-Sb2Se3 ceramics ................................................. - 52 - 2.2.2 Presentation of characterization techniques ............................................... - 54 - 2.2.2.2 X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis .................................................... - 54 - 2.2.2.3 Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) elemental mappings ................................................... - 54 - 2.2.2.4 Photo-electro-chemical (PEC) measurement .................................. - 56 - 2.2.2.5 Electrical conductivity measurement .............................................. - 62 - 2.2.2.6 The conductivity type measurement................................................ - 63 - 2.3 Results and discussion ........................................................................................... - 64 - 2.3.1 Structure and photoelectric properties of the xCu2GeSe3-(100-x)Sb2Se3 (x=10,20…,70) ceramics ..................................................................................... - 64 - 2.3.2 Structure and photoelectric properties of 50(xCu+(1-x)CuI)2GeSe3-50Sb2Se3 ceramics ............................................................................................................... - 70 - 2.4 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... - 74 - 2.5 References ............................................................................................................. - 75 - Chapter III: Study of semiconducting ceramics in the Cu3SbSe4-Sb2Se3 system ............. 79 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... - 79 - 3.2 Experimental Procedure ........................................................................................ - 80 - 3.2.1 Preparation of Cu3SbSe4-Sb2Se3 ceramics ................................................. - 80 - 3.2.2 Presentation of characterization techniques ............................................... - 80 - 3.3 Results and discussion ........................................................................................... - 81 - 3.3.1 Structure and photoelectric properties of x(0.9Cu+0.1CuI)3SbSe4-(100-x)Sb2Se3 ceramics (x=30, 40…, 70) ................... - 81 - Table of contents 3.3.2 Structure and photoelectric properties of the 40Cu3SbSe4-60Sb2Se3 ceramics . - 88 - 3.3.3
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