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INVESTIGATIONS on STRUCTURE and PROPERTIES of Ge-As-Se CHALCOGENIDE GLASSES Ting Wang April 2017 a Thesis Submitted for the Degr

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INVESTIGATIONS on STRUCTURE and PROPERTIES of Ge-As-Se CHALCOGENIDE GLASSES Ting Wang April 2017 a Thesis Submitted for the Degr INVESTIGATIONS ON STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF Ge-As-Se CHALCOGENIDE GLASSES Ting Wang April 2017 A thesis submitted for The degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The Australian National University The Laser Physics Centre Research School of Physics & Engineering The Australian National University STATEMENT I declare that the work presented in this thesis is, to the best of my knowledge, the result of original research. The thesis has not been submitted for a degree or diploma to any other university or institution. Part of the research included in this thesis has been performed jointly with Professor Pierre Lucas. Signed Ting Wang ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to sincerely thank my supervisor and advisors, Professor Barry Luther-Davis, Dr. Rongping Wang and Dr. Xin Gai for their guidance, advice and thoughtful comments throughout this work. I would like to express my thanks to Dr. Zhiyong Yang, Dr. Duk-Yong Choi, Dr. Steve Madden, Dr. Vu Khu for sharing their knowledge and expertise in glass science. I would also like to thank Professor Ian Jackson, Mr Sukanta Debbarma and Mrs Maryla Krolikowska for their help in experiments. Particularly thanks to Professor Pierre Lucas and Mr Ozgur Gulbiten for providing useful samples, valuable suggestions and great assistance on the interpretation of the thermal data. Thanks to all students who work in the laser physics center: Yi Yu, Pan Ma, Kunlun Yan, Joseph Sudhakar Paulraj and Yue Sun. Thanks to my parents, for their encouragement and great support during my PhD. I TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. i LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................iii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................ ix ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... x Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Motivation ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives of the study .................................................................................... 3 1.3 Outline of the thesis ......................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2 Background.................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Structural theories and models of chalcogenide glasses .................................. 9 2.2.1 Short-range order .................................................................................. 9 2.2.2 Medium-range order............................................................................ 12 2.2.3 Structural relaxation ............................................................................ 16 2.3 Physical properties of chalcogenide glasses .................................................. 19 2.3.1 Thermal properties .............................................................................. 19 2.3.2 Mechanical properties ......................................................................... 21 2.3.3 Optical properties ................................................................................ 22 2.3.4 Electrical properties ............................................................................ 28 2.4 Applications of chalcogenide glasses ............................................................ 32 2.4.1 Optical applications ............................................................................. 32 2.4.2 Electronic applications ........................................................................ 37 2.5 Summary ........................................................................................................ 39 Chapter 3 Structural Study of Ge-As-Se Glasses ....................................................... 40 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 40 3.2 Sample preparation and experiments ............................................................. 44 3.3 Results ........................................................................................................... 49 II 3.3.1 Raman scattering spectra of Ge-As-Se glasses ................................... 49 3.3.2 EXAFS spectra of Ge-As-Se glasses .................................................. 56 3.4 Discussion ...................................................................................................... 60 3.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 63 Chapter 4 Thermal Properties of Ge-As-Se Glasses .................................................. 64 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 64 4.2 Experiments ................................................................................................... 67 4.3 Results ........................................................................................................... 68 4.4 Discussion ...................................................................................................... 73 4.4.1 Liquid, fragility and stoichiometry ..................................................... 73 4.4.2 Fragility and structural relaxation in glasses ....................................... 77 4.4.3 Absence of an intermediate phase ....................................................... 80 4.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 82 Chapter 5 Elastic Properties of Ge-As-Se Glasses ..................................................... 83 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 83 5.2 Experiments ................................................................................................... 86 5.3 Results ........................................................................................................... 88 5.4 Discussion ...................................................................................................... 93 5.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 96 Chapter 6 Optical Properties of Ge-As-Se Glasses .................................................... 98 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 98 6.2 Experiments ................................................................................................. 103 6.3 Results ......................................................................................................... 107 6.4 Discussion .................................................................................................... 117 6.4.1 Linear optical properties of Ge-As-Se glasses .................................. 117 6.4.2 Nonlinear optical properties of Ge-As-Se glasses ............................ 119 6.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................. 124 Chapter 7 Conclusions and Future Work ................................................................. 125 7.1 Summary of results ...................................................................................... 125 7.2 Suggestions for future work ........................................................................ 129 Publications .................................................................................................................. 131 References .................................................................................................................... 132 III LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1. Schematic illustration of coordination polyhedra and relevant parameters. i - origin atom; j, k - nearest neighbors around atoms of type i. ....................................... 10 Figure 2.2. Correlations between pairs of dihedral angles for neighboring bonds in covalent networks. Dihedral angle f is a structural parameter which defined as the relative angle of rotation between two connected polyhedra units. θ represents bond angle . .............................................................................................................................. 14 Figure 2.3. Enthalpy as a function of temperature for glass-forming process. ............ 18 Figure 2.4. Transmission spectra for several oxide and chalcogenide glasses (2-3 mm thick) . ............................................................................................................................. 22 Figure 2.5. Schematic diagram of the absorption curve of amorphous materials. ....... 24 Figure 2.6. Schematic of two photon absorption. ........................................................ 28 Figure 2.7. Characterization of chalcogenide glasses as glasses and semiconductors in comparison with other materials. As shown on the horizontal axis, the atom
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