DOCSLIB.ORG

Surface Water Drinking Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Surface Water Drinking Report IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT GOVERNMENT OF THE PUNJAB SURFACE WATER QUALITY MONITORING (DRINKING) IN PUNJAB 2017-18 Tashkil-ur-Raza Khan Director Land Reclamation, Punjab Zahid Sarwar Research Officer (Soil) Directorate of Land Reclamation Punjab, Irrigation Department Canal Bank Moghalpura Lahore Phone: 042-99250178, Fax: 042-99250177 Email: [email protected] Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18 List of Content ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 1 ......................................................................................................................................................... 7 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 6 Chapter 2 ......................................................................................................................................................... 8 2. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................. 8 2.1. Sample Collection .......................................................................................................................... 8 2.2. Sample Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 9 2.3. Reagents Used For Water Analysis ............................................................................................. 10 2.4. Interpretation of Results ............................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 3 ....................................................................................................................................................... 12 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................... 12 3.1. Water Quality of River Ravi at Balloki Headworks .................................................................... 12 3.2. Water Quality of River Sutlej at Sulemanki Headworks ............................................................. 13 3.3. Water Quality of Rakh Branch Canal near Madina Town Faisalabad ......................................... 15 3.4. Water Quality of Khekha Distributory of Lower Gogera Branch near Khekha Rest House........ 16 3.5. Water Quality of Dubanwala Distributory Lower Gogera Branch near Bhagat Rest House ....... 18 3.6. Water Quality of Northern Branch of Lower Jhelum Canal near Ludda Wala Rest House Sargodha ................................................................................................................................................... 19 3.7. Water Quality of Trimmu Sidhnai Link Canal (TS Link Canal) near Shorkot Cantt .................. 21 3.8. Water Quality of Fordwah Canal at Mehmoodpur Bahawalnagar ............................................... 22 3.9. Water Quality of Sadqia Canal at Jalwala Rest House ................................................................ 24 3.10. Water Quality of Malik Branch Canal at Chandana Rest House ................................................. 25 3.11. Water Quality of Hakra Branch at Mianwala Toba ..................................................................... 27 3.12. Water Quality of Hakra Branch Canal at Kamrani Rest House ................................................... 28 3.13. Water Quality of Desert Branch at Kudwala Rest House ............................................................ 30 3.14. Water Quality of Minchin Branch near Gulmerg Rest House ..................................................... 31 3.15. Water Quality of Abbasia Canal near Channi Goth Railway Station .......................................... 33 3.16. Water Quality of Abe Hayat Distributory at Baghobahar Rest House ......................................... 34 3.17. Water Quality of Walhar Branch Distributory near Walhar Rest House ..................................... 36 3.18. Water quality of Chashma Right Bank Canal near Tounsa Town ............................................... 37 3.19. Water Quality of Dajal Canal near Dajal Town ........................................................................... 39 3.20. Water Quality of Qadra Canal near Hassanwala Rest House ...................................................... 40 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................... 43 References ..................................................................................................................................................... 44 1 Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18 List of Figures Figure 1- Copper concentration in River Ravi at Balloki HeadWorks .......................................... 12 Figure 2-Zinc concentration in River Ravi at Balloki HeadWork. ................................................ 13 Figure 3-Nickel concentration in River Ravi at Balloki HeadWorks ............................................ 13 Figure 4- Copper metal contamination in River Sutlej at Sulemanki HeadWorks ........................ 14 Figure 5-Zinc concentration in River Sutlej at Sulemanki HeadWorks ........................................ 14 Figure 6-Nickel concentration in River Sutlej at Sulemanki HeadWorks ..................................... 15 Figure 7- Copper concentration in Rakh Branch near Madina Town Faisalabad .......................... 15 Figure 8-Zinc concentration level in Rakh Branch near Madina Town Faisalabad ....................... 16 Figure 9-Nickel concentration in Rakh Branch near Madina Town Faisalabad ............................ 16 Figure 10- Copper concentration at Khekha Distributory of Lower Gogera Branch..................... 17 Figure 11- Zinc concentration at Khekha Distributory of Lower Gogera Branch ......................... 17 Figure 12- Nickel concentration at Khekha Distributory of Lower Gogera Branch ...................... 18 Figure 13- Copper concentration in Dubanwala Distributory of Lower Gogera Branch ............... 18 Figure 14- Zinc concentration in Dubanwala Distributory of Lower Gogera Branch. .................. 19 Figure 15- Nickel concentration in Dubanwala Distributory of Lower Gogera Branch. ............... 19 Figure 16- Copper concentration in Northern Branch of LJC near Ludda Wala Rest House Sargodha ........................................................................................................................................ 20 Figure 17- Zinc concentration in Northern Branch of LJC near Ludda Wala Rest House Sargodha ....................................................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 18- Nickel concentration in Northern Branch of LJC near Ludda Wala Rest House Sargodha ........................................................................................................................................ 21 Figure 19- Copper concentration in Trimmu-Sidhnai Link Canal near Shorkot Cantt .................. 21 Figure 20- Zinc concentration in Trimmu-Sidhnai Link Canal near Shorkot Cantt ...................... 22 Figure 21- Nickel concentration in Trimmu-Sidhnai Link Canal near Shorkot Cantt. .................. 22 Figure 22- Copper concentration in Fordwah Canal at Mehmoodpur Bahawalnagar ................... 23 Figure 23- Zinc concentration in Fordwah Canal at Mehmoodpur Bahawalnagar ........................ 23 Figure 24- Nickel concentration in Fordwah Canal at Mehmoodpur Bahawalnagar .................... 24 Figure 25- Copper concentration in Sadqia Canal at Jalwala Rest House ..................................... 24 Figure 26- Zinc concentration in Sadqia Canal at Jalwala Rest House ......................................... 25 Figure 27- Nickel concentration in Sadqia Canal at Jalwala Rest House ...................................... 25 Figure 28- Copper concentration status in Malik Branch at Chandana Rest House ...................... 26 Figure 29- Zinc concentration in Malik Branch at Chandana Rest House .................................... 26 Figure 30- Nickel concentration in Malik Branch at Chandana Rest House ................................. 27 Figure 31- Copper concentration in Hakra Branch at Mianwala Toba .......................................... 27 Figure 32- Zinc concentration in Hakra Branch at Mianwala Toba .............................................. 28 Figure 33- Nickel concentration in Hakra Branch at Mianwala Toba ........................................... 28 Figure 34- Copper concentration in Hakra Branch at Kamrani Rest House .................................. 29 Figure 35- Zinc concentration in Hakra Branch at Kamrani Rest House ...................................... 29 Figure 36- Nickel concentration in Hakra Branch at Kamrani Rest House ................................... 30 Figure 37- Copper concentration in Desert Branch at Kudwala Rest House ................................. 30 Figure 38- Zinc concentration in Desert Branch at Kudwala Rest House ..................................... 31 Figure 39- Nickel concentration in Desert Branch at Kudwala Rest House .................................. 31 Figure 40- Copper concentration in Minchin Branch Canal near
Load more

Recommended publications
  • AJUDHYA NATH KHOSLA Elected Fellow 1951
    AJUDHYA NATH KHOSLA Elected Fellow 1951 "An eminent engineer, an able administrator and a generous human being" will be the epithets by which AJUDHYA NATH KHOSLAwill be known to the posterity in India. Belonging to a generation of Indians, born when the country was under foreign domination, Dr Xhosla was proud to be an Indian and had great confidence in the capabilities of Indian engineers. There is no doubt that he had few equals to match his qualities, achievements and abilities. EARLYLIFE AND EDUCATION Ajudhya Nath Khosla was born in Jullunder City in the Punjab on December 11, 1892. He had his early education at the Government High School and later at the Anglo-Sanskrit H~ghSchool, Jullunder, from which he passed his Matric exami- nation in 1908. He had his college education at the DAV College, Lahore, from where he graduated in Arts (Hons) in 1912 securing the first position in the University ' and the highest marks in mathematics. Young Khosla joined the Thomson College of Civil Engineering, Roorkee in October 1913 and graduated with honours. Soon after passing out from the Engineering College, in July 1916, he joined the Punjab Public Works Department (Irrigation Branch). It is interesting to note that his first assignment was to investigate and survey connected with Bhakra Dam Project, a major challenge faced and overcame by him with great distinction in later life. The dam, one of the highest in the world, stands on the same axis as he had proposed in 1917 as an apprentice engineer. From July 1918 to March 1920, during the First World War, he was with the Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force in Iraq as a Commissioned Officer, when he made his first original contribution to engineering by designing Khosla Disc for precision levelling across rivers and wide valleys.
    [Show full text]
  • Transboundary River Basin Overview – Indus
    0 [Type here] Irrigation in Africa in figures - AQUASTAT Survey - 2016 Transboundary River Basin Overview – Indus Version 2011 Recommended citation: FAO. 2011. AQUASTAT Transboundary River Basins – Indus River Basin. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Rome, Italy The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licencerequest or addressed to [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • WATER SECTOR in PAKISTAN POLICY, POLITICS, MANAGEMENT
    IDSA Monograph Series No. 18 April 2013 WATER SECTOR in PAKISTAN POLICY, POLITICS, MANAGEMENT MEDHA BISHT WATER SECTOR IN PAKISTAN: POLICY, POLITICS, MANAGEMENT | 1 IDSA Monograph Series No. 18 April 2013 WATER SECTOR IN PAKISTAN POLICY, POLITICS, MANAGEMENT MEDHA BISHT 2 | MEDHA BISHT Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, sorted in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA). ISBN: 978-93-82169-17-8 Disclaimer: The views expressed in this Monograph are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute or the Government of India. First Published: April 2013 Price: Rs. 280/- Published by: Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses No.1, Development Enclave, Rao Tula Ram Marg, Delhi Cantt., New Delhi - 110 010 Tel. (91-11) 2671-7983 Fax.(91-11) 2615 4191 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.idsa.in Layout & Cover by: Vaijayanti Patankar & Geeta Printed at: M/S A. M. Offsetters A-57, Sector-10, Noida-201 301 (U.P.) Mob: 09810888667 E-mail: [email protected] WATER SECTOR IN PAKISTAN: POLICY, POLITICS, MANAGEMENT | 3 CONTENTS Acknowledgements ......................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 6 PART I Chapter One .................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • AIT Thesis Template
    INVESTIGATING IRRIGATION SYSTEMS’ PERFORMANCE UNDER TWO DIFFERENT GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS IN PAKISTAN by Sajjad Ahmad A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Natural Resources Management Examination Committee: Dr. Sylvain Roger Perret (Chairperson) Dr. Roberto S. Clemente Prof. Ganesh P. Shivakoti Prof. Jayant Kumar Routray External Examiner: Dr. Marcel Kuper CIRAD / Institute Agronomique et Veterinaire Agricultural University, Morocco Nationality: Pakistani Previous Degree: Master of Science in Natural Resources Management Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand Scholarship Donor: Higher Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan – AIT Fellowship Asian Institute of Technology School of Environment, Resources and Development Thailand August 2012 i Acknowledgements I would like to express my profoundest gratitude to Dr. Sylvain Roger Perret, my supervisor, for scholastic guidance, kind supervision, utmost cooperation, untiring advice, benevolence, encouragement, inspiration and very strong motivation during the difficult phases of the study. I am also indebted to Dr. Roberto, S. Clemente, Professor Ganesh P. Shivakoti, and Professor, Jayant Kumar Routray, who as members of my dissertation committee, critically reviewed my work and provided me with all possible help. Their valuable suggestions were extremely important to improve the work. The role of doctoral advisory committee was exemplary during this study with their suggestions and inputs. The author is indebted to Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan for providing MS leading to PhD scholarship at Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) for financial assistance during field surveys. I would like to thank all those who helped me in the collection of data during the field work in Pakistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Government of Pakistan Ministry of Water Resources Office of Chief Engineering Advisor/ Chairman, Federal Flood Commission
    Government of Pakistan Ministry of Water Resources Office of Chief Engineering Advisor/ Chairman, Federal Flood Commission 6-Attaturk Avenue, G-5/1, Islamabad Fax No. 051-9244621 & www.ffc.gov.pk DAILY FLOOD SITUATION REPORT TUESDAY AUGUST 20, 2019 Rivers & Reservoirs Situation: River Indus is flowing in Medium Flood at Guddu and in Low Flood at Taunsa & Sukkur Barrages. All other main rivers (Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi & Sutlej) are flowing normal. River flows at important sites, reservoir elevations & live storage of three major reservoirs and today's temperature of Skardu may be seen at Annexure-I. By the grace of Almighty Allah, Tarbela Dam has attained its Maximum Conservation Level (MCL) of 1550.00 feet today, whereas, Mangla Dam is at an elevation of 1214.50 feet (27.50 feet below its MCL of 1242.00 feet). Today's Combined Lived Storage capacity of Tarbela, Chashma & Mangla reservoirs is 11.424 MAF i.e. 83.49% of the existing Combined Live Storage capacity of 13.683 MAF. The Dam Operating Authorities based on the advice of Office of CEA/ CFFC are exercising utmost care and are vigilance in reservoir operation are strictly following SOPs & associated dam safety guidelines. Weather & Rainfall/Flood Forecast: Yesterday’s trough of Westerly Wave over Kashmir and adjoining areas has moved away Eastwards. Weak Seasonal Low lies over Northern Balochistan. Yesterday’s Monsoon Low over Eastern Jharkhand (India) has moved West-Northwestwards and today lies over Northern Jharkhand (India) and adjoining Eastern Utter Pradesh (India) and is likely to become insignificant for Pakistan. Moist currents from Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal are cut off at the moment.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Resources and Irrigation Network of Pakistan
    Chapter1 Water Resources and Irrigation Network of Pakistan Muhammad Arshad and Ramchand N. Oad * Abstract The issues of growing water scarcity have spread due to several factors, including the increasing cost of water development, degradation of soil, mining of groundwater, water pollution, and wasteful use of already developed water supplies. Pakistan has been blessed with adequate water resources, including precipitation, groundwater and surface water. Groundwater of acceptable quality has potential to provide flexibility of water supplies in canal commanded areas and to extend irrigation to rain fed areas. Major source of surface water for irrigation in Pakistan is the Indus Basin Irrigation System. Many potential dam sites exist on river Indus and its tributaries, which can make a substantial contribution to irrigation supplies for agricultural lands, through the substitution of live storage loss of 7.27 BCM for on- line reservoirs; and ensuring the irrigation water supplies for existing projects in all the provinces as per additional allocations under 1991 Water Apportionment Accord. The major rivers of Pakistan originate in the northern highlands of Himalaya, Karakoram and Hindukush mountain ranges and act as tributaries of the Indus River system, which commands an agricultural area of more than 60 mha (0.6 million km 2). Following Indus Water Treaty, the country built several link canals and barrages to divert and transfer water from its western rivers to the eastern rivers to serve the areas left unirrigated after the treaty. To utilize these river resources, over the years, several reservoirs, dams, barrages and canals have been constructed to regulate irrigation *Muhammad Arshad Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Second Remodelling Proposed for Balloki Headworks
    Paper No. 665 SECOND REMODELLING PROPOSED FOR BALLOKI HEADWORKS Muhammad Aslam Chohan 174 Chohan Pakistan Engineering Congress, 70th Annual Session Proceedings 175 SECOND REMODELLING PROPOSED FOR BALLOKI HEADWORKS Muhammad Aslam Chohan1 1. THE HEADWORKS 1.1 Balloki Headworks on river Ravi is located at a distance of about 42 miles from Lahore in the South-West direction. This structure was constructed during the years 1906-13 but became operational in the year 1917 when the off-taking canal and its main irrigation channels could be put on ground. The headworks was a part of the Triple Canal Project System (Upper Jhelum, Lower Chenab and Lower Bari Doab Canals Group) by which the flow of river Ravi had been planned to be supplemented via the outfall of Upper Chenab Canal (located on the right flank) for utilization in Lower Bari Doab Canal placed at left bank of Balloki. The structure was thus initially termed as Level Crossing Balloki. Later on it took the role of a headworks when due to frequent damage of upper Chenab Canal by floods in its portion of riverian belt, the contribution of water from this canal had to be shifted quite upstream via Deg Nallah Outfall. Historically the flow of water in river Ravi particularly during winter season remains very low and independently it could not support the project conceived for Lower Bari Doab Canal System. To augment the discharge of Ravi river in the low flow times, supplemental supply from river Chenab via Upper Chanab Canal had become essential for making the Lower Bari Doab Canal System technically and economically viable.
    [Show full text]
  • Wazir Khan, General Manager SUPARCO, Pakistan • Brief Introduction to SUPARCO
    UN/Germany Expert Meeting on Space Technologies for Flood and Drought Risk Reduction 05 - 06 June 2014, Bonn Germany Wazir Khan, General Manager SUPARCO, Pakistan • Brief Introduction to SUPARCO • Disaster Management Frame Work , Pakistan • Role of SUPARCO in Disaster Management • Application of Space Technology for Flood Monitoring and Management • International Collaboration/Cooperation • Conclusions • Enhance indigenous capabilities in space technology and promote peaceful applications of space sciences for socioeconomic development of the country • Prepare and propose long term as well as short term space programs and plans to the government • Advise government in all space related matters • Liaise with national & international agencies CHINA Proposed Space & Atmospheric Research CHINA Centre (SPARC) Gilgit Gilgit Space & Atmospheric Research Centre (SPARC) Swat Warsak AFGHANISTANAFGHANISTAN Dam Tarbela Dam Peshawar Khanpur Dam ISLAMABAD Tanda Dam Jammu & Kashmir IslamabadMangla Dam • Satellite Ground Station Rasool Barrage • Chashma Barrage Space & Atmospheric Research Station Marala Headworks • Geomagnetic Observatory Qadirabad KalashahLAHORE Kako Trimmu Barrage LahoreBalloki Headworks Paksat Ground Control Station –L Space Applications & Research QUETTA Taunsa Barrage Centre (SPARC) Sidhnai Headworks Multan Quetta Islam Headworks •Satellite ResearchINDIA & Punjnad Headworks Development Center •TT&C Station for LEO Satellite Guddu Barrage INDIA IRANIRAN Sukkur Barrage Space & Atmospheric Research Facility, Multan •SUPARCO HQs •Space
    [Show full text]
  • SCHEDULE a ASSESSMENT of RIVER BASINS (Rbs) in SOUTH ASIA
    RIVER BASIN SATLUJ [ PAKISTAN ] Satluj Pak 010.doc SCHEDULE A ASSESSMENT OF RIVER BASINS (RBs) IN SOUTH ASIA Sr. Details Response No. 1 Physical Features - General Information 1.1 Name of River basin (also indicate regional names) Satluj It is the easternmost afluent of the Punjab.It receives the Beas River in the state of Punjab, India and continues into Pakistan to join the Chenab River to form the Panjnad River, which further down its course joins the Indus River at Mithankot. 1.2 Relief Map and Index Map of RB with Country/ State/ Refer Annexure 1 Province boundary marked to be attached. 1.3 Geographical location of the place of origin (Country/ Its source is in Tibet near Mount Kailash and its terminus in Pakistani Punjab. District.) 1.4 Area (in Sq. Kms.), 1.5 Population (in Millions); N.A Name of population centers/ Cites ( duely marked on the map: refer 1.2) having Population - (a) More than 0.5 Million - 1 Million (b) More than 1 Million – 10 Million 2,375,875 Kasur, 2,090,416 Vehari,2,061,447 Bahawalnagar, 2,433,091 Bahawalpur (Source 1998 Census Report ) (c) More than 10 Million N.A 1.6 Approximate areas of upper regime, middle regime and lower regime; 1.7 Country and States (Province) in which the basin lies India Pakistan (indicate % area covered); Satluj Pak 010.doc 2 Hydrological and Land use Features: 2.1 Average annual rainfall (in mm); 400 mm (Support with distribution pattern on Relief Map of RB {at 1.2} - indicating regions receiving high, medium or low rains); 2.2 Maximum-minimum temperatures in Degree Min.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of Isotopes and Hydrological Processes in Indus River System, Pakistan
    PINSTECH- 215 INVESTIGATION OF ISOTOPES AND HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES IN INDUS RIVER SYSTEM, PAKISTAN Manzoor Ahmad Zahid Latif Jamil Ahmad Tariq Waheed Akram Muhammad Rafique . Isotope Application Division Directorate of Technology Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology P.O. Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan November, 2009 ABSTRACT Indus River, one of the longest rivers in the World, has five major eastern tributaries viz. Bias, Sutlej, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum) while many small rivers join it from the right side among which Kabul River is the biggest with its main tributaries, the Swat, Panjkora and Kunar. All these main rivers are perennial and originate from the mountains. Basic sources of these rivers are snowmelt, rainfall and under certain conditions seepage from the formations. Different water sources are labeled with different isotope signatures which are used as fingerprints for identifying source and movement of water, geochemical and/or hydrological processes, and dynamics (age of water). Monitoring of isotopes in rivers can also enhance understanding of the water cycle of large river basins and to assess impacts of environmental and climatic changes on the water cycle. Therefore, a national network of suitable stations was established for isotopic monitoring of river waters in Indus Basin with specific objectives to study temporal variations of isotopes (2H, 18O and 3H), understand water cycles and hydrological processes in the catchments of these rivers, and to develop comprehensive database to support future isotope-based groundwater studies in the basin on recharge mechanism, water balance and monitoring of ongoing environmental changes. Water samples were collected during 2002-2006 on monthly basis from more than 20 stations at the major rivers and analyzed for 18O, 2H and 3H isotopes.
    [Show full text]
  • 2. Politics of the Water-Resources, M Nawaz Bhatti
    Politics of Water Resource Development in Pre-Partition India Muhammad Nawaz Bhatti ∗ Muhammad Farooq ∗∗ ABSTRACT Water is the basic requirement to sustain life on earth. The basic source of water is precipitation. Most of Indus Basin is situated in arid and semi-arid climatic zones. Indus River System is a source of life for its 300 million inhabitants. For a long time, this system had been a source of prosperity for the region as well as a cause of perennial quarrel among the co-riparian. In the mid-nineteenth Century, the British appeared as new rulers. They initiated various projects to irrigate highlands between the rivers of the Punjab which became a cause of quarrel over water sharing among the various riparian especially, between provinces of the Punjab and Sindh. After the World War I, questions about water apportionment arose because of increasing withdrawals of river supplies. It called for the apportionment of the river waters among several riparian by the government of India. This paper is an attempt to analyze the nature of the problem of water sharing among the riparian during the British rule in India and efforts for its solution. ∗ Ph.D Scholar, Department of Pakistan Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan; Associate Professor, Department of IR & Political Science, University of Sargodha. ∗∗ Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. 24 Pakistan Journal of History and Culture, Vol. XXXIX, No.2, 2018 Introduction Indus River Basin is located in the territories of four countries—Pakistan, India, Afghanistan and China. More than 40 percent of the total area of the basin is located on the higher altitude at an elevation higher than 2000m (above the mean sea level).
    [Show full text]
  • Irrigation in Southern and Eastern Asia in Figures AQUASTAT Survey – 2011
    37 Irrigation in Southern and Eastern Asia in figures AQUASTAT Survey – 2011 FAO WATER Irrigation in Southern REPORTS and Eastern Asia in figures AQUASTAT Survey – 2011 37 Edited by Karen FRENKEN FAO Land and Water Division FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2012 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-107282-0 All rights reserved. FAO encourages reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Non-commercial uses will be authorized free of charge, upon request. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes, including educational purposes, may incur fees. Applications for permission to reproduce or disseminate FAO copyright materials, and all queries concerning rights and licences, should be addressed by e-mail to [email protected] or to the Chief, Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy.
    [Show full text]