Surface Water Drinking Report

IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT

GOVERNMENT OF THE PUNJAB

SURFACE WATER QUALITY MONITORING (DRINKING) IN PUNJAB

2017-18

Tashkil-ur-Raza Khan Director Land Reclamation, Punjab

Zahid Sarwar Research Officer (Soil)

Directorate of Land Reclamation Punjab, Irrigation Department Canal Bank Moghalpura Lahore Phone: 042-99250178, Fax: 042-99250177 Email: [email protected]

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18 List of Content

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... 5 Chapter 1 ...... 7 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 6 Chapter 2 ...... 8 2. METHODOLOGY ...... 8 2.1. Sample Collection ...... 8 2.2. Sample Analysis ...... 9 2.3. Reagents Used For Water Analysis ...... 10 2.4. Interpretation of Results ...... 10 Chapter 3 ...... 12 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...... 12 3.1. Water Quality of River Ravi at Balloki Headworks ...... 12 3.2. Water Quality of River Sutlej at Sulemanki Headworks ...... 13 3.3. Water Quality of Rakh Branch Canal near Madina Town Faisalabad ...... 15 3.4. Water Quality of Khekha Distributory of Lower Gogera Branch near Khekha Rest House...... 16 3.5. Water Quality of Dubanwala Distributory Lower Gogera Branch near Bhagat Rest House ...... 18 3.6. Water Quality of Northern Branch of Lower Jhelum Canal near Ludda Wala Rest House Sargodha ...... 19 3.7. Water Quality of Trimmu Sidhnai Link Canal (TS Link Canal) near Shorkot Cantt ...... 21 3.8. Water Quality of Fordwah Canal at Mehmoodpur Bahawalnagar ...... 22 3.9. Water Quality of Sadqia Canal at Jalwala Rest House ...... 24 3.10. Water Quality of Malik Branch Canal at Chandana Rest House ...... 25 3.11. Water Quality of Hakra Branch at Mianwala Toba ...... 27 3.12. Water Quality of Hakra Branch Canal at Kamrani Rest House ...... 28 3.13. Water Quality of Desert Branch at Kudwala Rest House ...... 30 3.14. Water Quality of Minchin Branch near Gulmerg Rest House ...... 31 3.15. Water Quality of Abbasia Canal near Channi Goth Railway Station ...... 33 3.16. Water Quality of Abe Hayat Distributory at Baghobahar Rest House ...... 34 3.17. Water Quality of Walhar Branch Distributory near Walhar Rest House ...... 36 3.18. Water quality of Chashma Right Bank Canal near Tounsa Town ...... 37 3.19. Water Quality of Dajal Canal near Dajal Town ...... 39 3.20. Water Quality of Qadra Canal near Hassanwala Rest House ...... 40 Conclusion ...... 43 References ...... 44

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18 List of Figures

Figure 1- Copper concentration in River Ravi at Balloki HeadWorks ...... 12 Figure 2-Zinc concentration in River Ravi at Balloki HeadWork...... 13 Figure 3-Nickel concentration in River Ravi at Balloki HeadWorks ...... 13 Figure 4- Copper metal contamination in River Sutlej at Sulemanki HeadWorks ...... 14 Figure 5-Zinc concentration in River Sutlej at Sulemanki HeadWorks ...... 14 Figure 6-Nickel concentration in River Sutlej at Sulemanki HeadWorks ...... 15 Figure 7- Copper concentration in Rakh Branch near Madina Town Faisalabad ...... 15 Figure 8-Zinc concentration level in Rakh Branch near Madina Town Faisalabad ...... 16 Figure 9-Nickel concentration in Rakh Branch near Madina Town Faisalabad ...... 16 Figure 10- Copper concentration at Khekha Distributory of Lower Gogera Branch...... 17 Figure 11- Zinc concentration at Khekha Distributory of Lower Gogera Branch ...... 17 Figure 12- Nickel concentration at Khekha Distributory of Lower Gogera Branch ...... 18 Figure 13- Copper concentration in Dubanwala Distributory of Lower Gogera Branch ...... 18 Figure 14- Zinc concentration in Dubanwala Distributory of Lower Gogera Branch...... 19 Figure 15- Nickel concentration in Dubanwala Distributory of Lower Gogera Branch...... 19 Figure 16- Copper concentration in Northern Branch of LJC near Ludda Wala Rest House Sargodha ...... 20 Figure 17- Zinc concentration in Northern Branch of LJC near Ludda Wala Rest House Sargodha ...... 20 Figure 18- Nickel concentration in Northern Branch of LJC near Ludda Wala Rest House Sargodha ...... 21 Figure 19- Copper concentration in Trimmu-Sidhnai Link Canal near Shorkot Cantt ...... 21 Figure 20- Zinc concentration in Trimmu-Sidhnai Link Canal near Shorkot Cantt ...... 22 Figure 21- Nickel concentration in Trimmu-Sidhnai Link Canal near Shorkot Cantt...... 22 Figure 22- Copper concentration in Fordwah Canal at Mehmoodpur Bahawalnagar ...... 23 Figure 23- Zinc concentration in Fordwah Canal at Mehmoodpur Bahawalnagar ...... 23 Figure 24- Nickel concentration in Fordwah Canal at Mehmoodpur Bahawalnagar ...... 24 Figure 25- Copper concentration in Sadqia Canal at Jalwala Rest House ...... 24 Figure 26- Zinc concentration in Sadqia Canal at Jalwala Rest House ...... 25 Figure 27- Nickel concentration in Sadqia Canal at Jalwala Rest House ...... 25 Figure 28- Copper concentration status in Malik Branch at Chandana Rest House ...... 26 Figure 29- Zinc concentration in Malik Branch at Chandana Rest House ...... 26 Figure 30- Nickel concentration in Malik Branch at Chandana Rest House ...... 27 Figure 31- Copper concentration in Hakra Branch at Mianwala Toba ...... 27 Figure 32- Zinc concentration in Hakra Branch at Mianwala Toba ...... 28 Figure 33- Nickel concentration in Hakra Branch at Mianwala Toba ...... 28 Figure 34- Copper concentration in Hakra Branch at Kamrani Rest House ...... 29 Figure 35- Zinc concentration in Hakra Branch at Kamrani Rest House ...... 29 Figure 36- Nickel concentration in Hakra Branch at Kamrani Rest House ...... 30 Figure 37- Copper concentration in Desert Branch at Kudwala Rest House ...... 30 Figure 38- Zinc concentration in Desert Branch at Kudwala Rest House ...... 31 Figure 39- Nickel concentration in Desert Branch at Kudwala Rest House ...... 31 Figure 40- Copper concentration in Minchin Branch Canal near Gulmerg Rest House ...... 32 Figure 41- Zinc concentration in Minchin Branch Canal near Gulmerg Rest House ...... 32 Figure 42- Nickel concentration in Minchin Branch Canal near Gulmerg Rest House ...... 33

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 43- Copper concentration status in Abbasia Canal near Channi Goth Railway Station ..... 33 Figure 44- Zinc concentration status in Abbasia Canal near Channi Goth Railway Station ...... 34 Figure 45- Nickel concentration in Abbasia Canal near Channi Goth Railway Station ...... 34 Figure 46- Copper concentration in Abe Hayat Distributory at Baghobahar Rest House ...... 35 Figure 47- Zinc concentration in Abe Hayat Distributory at Baghobahar Rest House ...... 35 Figure 48- Nickel concentration in Abe Hayat Distributory at Baghobahar Rest House ...... 36 Figure 49- Copper concentration in Walhar Branch Distributory near Walhar Rest House ...... 36 Figure 50- Zinc concentration in Walhar Branch Distributory near Walhar Rest House ...... 37 Figure 51- Nickel concentration in Walhar Branch Distributory near Walhar Rest House ...... 37 Figure 52- Copper concentration in Chashma Right Bank Canal near Taunsa Town ...... 38 Figure 53- Zinc concentration in Chashma Right Bank Canal near Taunsa Town...... 38 Figure 54- Nickel concentration in Chashma Right Bank Canal near Taunsa Town ...... 39 Figure 55- Copper concentration in Dajal Canal near Dajal Town ...... 39 Figure 56- Zinc concentration in Dajal Canal near Dajal Town ...... 40 Figure 57- Copper concentration in Dajal Canal near Dajal Town ...... 40 Figure 58- Copper concentration in Qadara Canal near Hassanwala Rest House ...... 41 Figure 59- Zinc concentration in Qadara Canal near Hassanwala Rest House ...... 41 Figure 60- Zinc concentration in Qadara Canal near Hassanwala Rest House ...... 42

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

List of Tables

Table 1: Selected Monitoring Sites for Drinking Water Quality ...... 8 Table 2: The detail of methods used for determining various tests/parameters ...... 9 Table 3: Reagents Used For Water Analysis ...... 10 Table 4: Punjab Environmental Quality Standards for Drinking Water ...... 11 Table 5: Analysis of Ravi River at Balloki HeadWorks ...... 46 Table 6: Analysis of Sutlej River at Sulemanki HeadWorks ...... 46 Table 7: Analysis of Rakh Branch near Madina Town Faisalabad ...... 47 Table 8:Analysis of Khekha Distributory of Lower Gogera Branch near Khekha Rest House ...... 47 Table 9: Analysis of Dubanwala Distributory of Lower Gogera near Bhagat Rest House ...... 48 Table 10: Northern Branch of Lower Jehlum Canal (Sargodha Zone) ...... 48 Table 11: Analysis of Trimmu Sidhnai Link Canal near Shorkot Cantt ...... 49 Table 12: Analysis of Fordwah Canal at Mehmoodpur Bahawalnagar ...... 49 Table 13: Analysis of Sadqia Canal at Jalwala Rest House ...... 50 Table 14: Analysis of Malik Branch at Chandana Rest House ...... 50 Table 15: Analysis of Hakra Branch at Mianwala Toba ...... 51 Table 16: Analysis of Hakra Branch at Kamrani Rest House ...... 51 Table 17: Analysis of Desert Branch at Kudwala Rest House ...... 52 Table 18: Analysis of Minchin Branch near Gulmerg Rest House ...... 52 Table 19: Analysis of Abbasia Canal at Channi Goth Railway Station ...... 53 Table 20: Analysis of Abe Hayat Distributory at Baghobhar Rest House ...... 53 Table 21: Analysis of Walhar Branch Distributory Near Walhar Rest House ...... 54 Table 22: Analysis of Chashma Right Bank Canal near Tounsa Town ...... 54 Table 23: Analysis of Dajal Canal near Dajal Town ...... 55 Table 24: Analysis of Qadara Canal at Hassan Wala Rest House ...... 55

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praises are for “Almighty Allah” the most Gracious, Merciful, and the Compassionate.

The Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him), the source of knowledge and guidance for every sect of life.

The report reflects the prevailing water quality status of Rivers and Canals being consumed for irrigation and drinking. Under present scenario of surface water quality, it is anticipated that this report may serve as baseline data for policy makers and water managers working on irrigation water sector in Punjab.

I want to present deep gratitude to all the officers and officials of Directorate of Land Reclamation, who contributed in samples collection, analysis, and compilation of results for report writing. I extend my cordial thanks to Mr. Zahid Sarwar (Research Officer Soil), Ms. Madiha Tariq, Ms. Huma Shireen and Ms. Saba Sattar (Junior Research Officers) for their efforts in compiling and drafting of this report. I am grateful to Mr. Shahid Saleem, Chief Engineer Irrigation Research Zone Lahore and Mr. Azhar Javed (ALRO in CE (R) Office) for their technical and moral support to complete the task.

I pay decorous regards to Capt.(R) Saif Anjum, Secretary Irrigation Department, Government of the Punjab for his keen interest in the activities of Directorate. The organization seeks his warm support to extend the services of Directorate for the betterment of common man in Punjab.

Tashkil-ur-Raza Khan

Director Land Reclamation, Punjab, Lahore

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18 Chapter 1

1. INTRODUCTION

There is no Life without water. It is being used for drinking, agriculture, household and in industries. Growing population, increased economic activities and rapid industrialization has resulted in an increased demand for fresh water. Currently, Pakistan is facing alarming scarcity of ground water which in turn has enhanced the consumption of surface water for agriculture, industrial, humans and livestock. Moreover, brackish ground water also putting extra pressure on surface water resources.

In Punjab, Pakistan surface water is distributed through a well organized network of Rivers, Canals, distributaries and minors. While passing through the cities, water is being polluted by sewerage and untreated effluents from industries and municipalities. The use of untreated contaminated water is associated with the water borne diseases and other serious health issues. Heavy metals are the major pollutants of surface water, which even in small quantities enter into plants and animals through bio-accumulation and biomagnifications processes resulting in the contamination of food chain (Yi et al., 2017). Exposure to these metals results in gastrointestinal disorders, congenital paralysis, mental retardation, renal failure, nausea, diarrhea, sensory and neural deafness along with other substantial risks (Waseem et al., 2014; Singh et al., 2011).

In Southern Punjab poor space quality ground water has compelled the community to use surface water for human and livestock consumption for sustaining livelihood. In Punjab, the availability and purity of drinking water has become a gruesome concern since last two decades due to unrestrained discharge of effluents from municipal, industrial, agricultural and livestock sources into different water bodies (Daudet al., 2017). These effluents are contaminating water bodies by adding organic pollutants, heavy metals, inorganic toxins, surfactants, viruses and bacteria, hence rendering water unfit not only for humans consumption but also for livestock (Soomro et al., 2011).

Keeping in view the importance of surface water quality space, Punjab Irrigation Department (ID) developed a program “Surface Water Quality Monitoring Program (SWQMP)” in the province, implemented by the Directorate of Land Reclamation, Punjab (DLR) in 2006 to evaluate the prevailing situation of water quality of rivers, canals and drains. Presently, the Directorate is monitoring the quality of rivers and canals with its own limited resources. The salient features of SWQMP are given as under;

i.To analyze and characterize the rivers, canal and drain water pollution on the basis of their analysis. ii.To monitor the quality of surface water available for crop irrigation, aquatic life, and drinking purpose, from rivers and canals.

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18 iii.To establish a national database on surface water quality in the province. iv.To provide database of surface water quality management plan with necessary mitigation measures. v.To involve the farmers, main stake holders in the monitoring and management of the precious surface water resources under threat. This report will present overall status of the water quality of rivers and canals being utilized for drinking purpose in various areas of Punjab. It includes the chemical analysis for water quality of selected rivers and canals with brief discussion.

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18 Chapter 2

2. METHODOLOGY

Selected sites of rivers and canals were sampled according to the schedule during the months of January, April, July and October. The detail of sampling points on rivers and canals is given in Table 1.

Table 1: Selected Monitoring Sites for Drinking Water Quality

Site Zones Circle Source (River/Canal) Monitoring Point No Balloki 1 Ravi River Balloki Headworks Head Works Sulemanki 2 Sutlej River Sulemanki Headworks 3 Rakh Branch At Madina Town Faisalabad 4 Khekha Dy. of Lower Gogera Near Khekha Rest House Faisalabad LCC East 5 DubanwalaDy. of Lower Gogera Near Bhagat Rest House 6 TS Link Canal Near Shorkot Cantt. Sargodha LJC 7 Northern Branch of LJC Near Ludda Wala Rest House 8 Fordwah Canal At Mehmoodpur Bahawalnagar 9 Sadqia Canal At Jalwala Rest House Bahawal 10 Malik Branch Near Chandana Rest House Nagar 11 Hakra Branch At Mianwala Toba 12 Hakra Branch Near Kamrani Rest House Bahawalpur 13 Desert Branch Near Kudwala Rest House 14 Minchin Branch Near Gulmerg Rest House Bahawalpur 15 Abbasia Canal Near Channi Goth Railway Station 16 Abe Hayat Dy. At Baghobhar Rest house 17 Walhar Branch Dy. Near Walhar Rest House CRBC 18 Chashma Right Bank Canal Near Tounsa Town D.G. Khan 19 Dajal Canal Near Dajal Town Rajanpur 20 Qadra Canal At Hassanwala Rest House

2.1. Sample Collection Samples were collected from selected sites by the field staff of the Directorate. By using the water sampler, representative samples were taken from the all monitoring sites. To avoid possibility of contamination due to the presence of algae, debris and other

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

unwanted particles, collected samples were preserved in situ by adding preservatives i.e. sulphuric acid, nitric acid and sodium hydroxide. The samples were stored in ice containing container for transportation to central DLR laboratories for analysis.

Table 2: The detail of methods used for determining various tests/parameters

Sr. Determination Parameter Instruments/Equipments Used No. Protocol Potential Potential of Hydrogen pH Meters 1 difference of (pH) (Hanna 211 , Jenco 6173, Jenway3510) electrodes Electrical Conductivity Conductance EC Meters 2 (EC) measurements (Hanna 215, Jenco 3173)

3 Calcium (Ca) Complexometery Titrimetric Apparatus Titration 4 Magnesium (Mg)

5 Sodium (Na) Flame Photometers Flame Photometry (Jenway PFP7, Corning 410, Sherwood 6 Potassium (K) 410)

7 Carbonates (CO3) Acid-Base Titration 8 Bi-carbonates (HCO3) Titrimetric Apparatus

9 Chloride (Cl) Argentometery

Absorption Double Beam UV/VIS 10 Sulfate (SO ) 4 Spectroscopy Spectrophotometer (Spectra UVD 1000)

11 Copper (Cu)

12 Nickel (Ni) Absorption Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Spectroscopy (Perkin Elmer 2280) 13 Lead (Pb)

14 Zinc (Zn) 2.2. Sample Analysis The preserved and refrigerated samples received in the laboratories were subjected to physico-chemical analysis. The analysis includes the determination of Electrical Conductivity, Hydrogen Ion Activity, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Carbonate, Bicarbonate, Chloride, Sulphate, Turbidity, Hardness, Total Dissolved Solids and Heavy metals (Zinc, Lead, Nickel, Copper).All analysis was done

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18 by following recommended methods (USD Lab 1954). The detail of methods used for determining various tests/parameters is given in Table 2:

2.3. Reagents Used For Water Analysis

A variety of chemicals/reagents were used for the analysis of collected water samples. All chemicals/reagents used were of analytical grade. The detail of chemicals/reagents used is listed in Table 3. Table 3: Reagents Used For Water Analysis

Tests/Parameter Chemical Reagents used Electrical Potassium Chloride Conductivity pH Buffer Tablets pH 4.00, 7.00, 9.20, 10.00 Ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid, Sodium Hydroxide, Magnesium Calcium Chloride, Ammonium perpurate, Calcium Chloride, Hydrochloric acid Ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid, Ammonium Chloride, Ammonium Magnesium Hydroxide, Magnesium Chloride, Calcium Chloride, Hydrochloric acid, Ethanol, Eriochrome Black T Sodium Sodium Chloride

Potassium Potassium Chloride Sulfuric Acid, Sodium carbonate, Phenolphthalein, Ethanol, Carbonate Methyl Orange Sulfuric Acid, Sodium carbonate, Phenolphthalein, Ethanol, Bicarbonate Methyl Orange Chloride Silver Nitrate, Sodium Chloride, Potassium Chromate

Turbidity Turbidity standards 5 NTU, 100NTU, 1000NTU Ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid, Ammonium Chloride, Ammonium Hardness Hydroxide, Magnesium Chloride, Calcium Chloride, Hydrochloric acid, Ethanol, Eriochrome Black T, Sodium Hydroxide, Ammonium perpurate Total Dissolved Potassium Chloride Solids Copper Copper Standard solution 1000mg/L

Zinc Zinc Standard solution 1000mg/L

Nickel Nickel Standard solution 1000mg/L 2.4. Interpretation of Results

The results of selected river and canal’s water samples were compared with Punjab Environmental Quality Standards (PEQS). The comparison of results with PEQS helped in determining the water quality of these selected river and canals for drinking purposes. The PEQS for drinking water quality with their units are given in Table 4, whereas the brief detail results of each selected site is discussed in the results and discussion section.

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Table 4: Punjab Environmental Quality Standards for Drinking Water Tests/Parameter Units Standard Value Colour TCU <15 Non objectionable/ Non objectionable/ Taste Acceptable Acceptable Non objectionable/ Non objectionable/ Odour Acceptable Acceptable Turbidity NTU <5 Total Hardness as mg/L <500 CaCO3 TDS mg/L <1000 pH 6.5-6.8 Aluminum (Al) mg/L <0.2 Antimony (Sb) mg/L < 0.005 Arsenic (As) mg/L < 0.05 Barium (Ba) mg/L 0.7 Boron (B) mg/L 0.3 Cadmium (Cd) mg/L 0.01 Chloride (Cl) mg/L <250 Chromium (Cr) mg/L <0.05 Copper (Cu) mg/L 2 Cyanide (CN) mg/L < 0.05 Flouride (F) mg/L < 1.5 Lead (Pb) mg/L < 0.05 Manganese (Mn) mg/L < 0.5 Mercury (Hg) mg/L < 0.001 Nickel (Ni) mg/L < 0.02

Nitrate (NO3) mg/L <50

Nitrite (NO2) mg/L <3 Selenium (Se) mg/L 0.01 Zinc (Zn) mg/L 5

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18 Chapter 3

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of water samples collected from selected monitoring sites of rivers and canals for the period 2017-18 were compared with Punjab Environmental Quality Standards (PEQS)0 to assess the water fitness for drinking purpose. The detailed water analysis results of all sites are presented in the form of Tables 5-24 (Annexure-1). The brief discussion on water quality from each selected river and canal is given below: 3.1. Water Quality of River Ravi at Balloki Headworks River Ravi is one of the five tributaries of the Indus River. River Ravi is the main source of irrigation in District Kasur, Okara, Sahiwal, Pakpattan, Vehari and Khanewal. Pollution in River Ravi is at its peak from Lahore Syphon to Balloki Headworks due to careless disposal of large amount of industrial/agricultural untreated waste water and faulty drainage systems. The Hudiara drain is also a major source of pollution for River Ravi. From Balloki Headworks onwards, the river water quality improves through augmentation of flow from the Qadirabad Balloki Link canal (Sami and Kheiri, 2000). The drinking water quality of River Ravi at Balloki Headworks was within the prescribed limits of PEQS with respect to pH, TDS, Hardness (Table 5), while turbidity (NTU) value was exceeded from permissible limit (<5) throughout the monitoring period(2017-18). High values of turbidity of Balloki headworks samples made them unfit for drinking purpose. Figure 1, 2& 3 depicts that heavy metal concentration of Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) remained within permissible limits.

Figure 1- Copper concentration in River Ravi at Balloki HeadWorks

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

Concentration (mg/L) Concentration 0.01 Canal Closed

Jul, 17 Jul, 18 Jul,

Jan,17 Jan,18

Oct,17 Oct,18

Apr,17 Apr,18 Sampling Season

Figure 2-Zinc concentration in River Ravi at Balloki HeadWork.

Figure 3-Nickel concentration in River Ravi at Balloki HeadWorks

3.2. Water Quality of River Sutlej at Sulemanki Headworks

River Sutlej is the longest tributary of Indus River and major source of irrigation and drinking water in Southern Punjab and Bahawalpur. After the agreement of Indus Basin Water Treaty in 1960, the water needs of the people connected to River Sutlej was full filled through Balloki Sulemanki Link Canal. River Sutlej was monitored for different pollutants at Sulemanki Headwork near Okara. Water analysis results from Sulemanki headworks at river Sutlej indicated that samples were dominantly polluted. The source of heavy metal ions pollution in River Sutlej are mainly from the water being added through River Ravi and discharge of industrial effluents and sewage water both from Punjab and Indian side. The drinking water quality of Sulemanki headworks at river Sutlej was within the prescribed limits of PEQS with respect to pH, TDS and Hardness

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

(Table 6), while turbidity (NTU) value was exceeded from permissible limit (<5) throughout the monitoring period (2017-18). High values of turbidity of Sulemanki headworks samples made them unfit for drinking purpose. The variations in the concentration of selected metal ions for the period 2017-18 in the water of River Sutlej is graphically illustrated by Figures 4 to 6.Cu(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II) are within the permissible limits from 2017 to 2018.

Figure 4- Copper metal contamination in River Sutlej at Sulemanki HeadWorks

Figure 5-Zinc concentration in River Sutlej at Sulemanki HeadWorks

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 6-Nickel concentration in River Sutlej at Sulemanki HeadWorks 3.3. Water Quality of Rakh Branch Canal near Madina Town Faisalabad Rakh Branch Canal is an irrigation canalexcavated from Lower Chenab Canal to irrigate the lands of district Hafizabad, Nankana Sahib and Faisalabad.The drinking water quality of Rakh Branch Canal is being monitored at Madina Town Faisalabad was within the prescribed limits of PEQS with respect to pH, TDS and Hardness (Table 7), while turbidity (NTU) value was exceeded from permissible limit (<5) throughout the monitoring period (2017-18). High values of turbidity of Rakh branch canal samples made them unfit for drinking purpose.Copper, Nickel and Zinc concentrations were within the permitted levels of PEQS (Fig. 7,8& 9). Ni(II) concentration was recorded as 0.01mg/L which is under permissible limit which was 0.02 mg/L(Fig. 9).

Figure 7- Copper concentration in Rakh Branch near Madina Town Faisalabad

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 8-Zinc concentration level in Rakh Branch near Madina Town Faisalabad

Figure 9-Nickel concentration in Rakh Branch near Madina Town Faisalabad

3.4. Water Quality of Khekha Distributory of Lower Gogera Branch near Khekha Rest House

Khekha distributory arising from Lower Gogera Branch which itself originates from Lower Chenab Canal was sampled near Khekha Rest House during the period 2017- 18. The drinking water quality parameters of Khekha Distributory of Lower Gogera Branch near Khekha Rest House was within the prescribed limits of PEQS with respect to pH, TDS, Hardness and heavy metals Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) (Figures. 10,11&12).(Table 8), while turbidity (NTU) value was exceeded from permissible limit (<5) throughout the monitoring period (2017-18). High values of turbidity of Lower Gogera Branch samples made them unfit for drinking purpose.

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 10- Copper concentration at Khekha Distributory of Lower Gogera Branch.

Figure 11- Zinc concentration at Khekha Distributory of Lower Gogera Branch

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 12- Nickel concentration at Khekha Distributory of Lower Gogera Branch

3.5. Water Quality of Dubanwala Distributory Lower Gogera Branch near Bhagat Rest House

The water analysis results of Dubanwala Distributory originating from Lower Gogera Branch showed same trends of water quality as Khekha Distributory. Water samples were fit for drinking purpose considering pH, TDS and Hardness, while unfit in term of high turbidity value (Table 9). Among heavy metals Cu(II),Ni(II) and Zn(II) (Fig. 13,14 &15) were within permissible limits of PEQS.

Figure 13- Copper concentration in Dubanwala Distributory of Lower Gogera Branch

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 14- Zinc concentration in Dubanwala Distributory of Lower Gogera Branch.

Figure 15- Nickel concentration in Dubanwala Distributory of Lower Gogera Branch.

3.6. Water Quality of Northern Branch of Lower Jhelum Canal near Ludda Wala Rest House Sargodha

Lower Jhelum Canal comprises the water of river Jhelum and mainly distributes it in Sargodha irrigation zone. Water quality analysis of Canal sampled near Ludda Wala Rest House, Sargodha shows that water is fit in terms of TDS, hardness, pH, Cu(II) Ni(II) and Zn(II) (Figures 16,17& 18), while unfit in term of high turbidity value (Table 10).

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 16- Copper concentration in Northern Branch of LJC near Ludda Wala Rest House Sargodha

Figure 17- Zinc concentration in Northern Branch of LJC near Ludda Wala Rest House Sargodha

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 18- Nickel concentration in Northern Branch of LJC near Ludda Wala Rest House Sargodha

3.7. Water Quality of Trimmu Sidhnai Link Canal (TS Link Canal) near Shorkot Cantt

Trimmu Sidhnai Link Canal carries water from the River Chenab to River Ravi and passes close to Shorkot and was samples near Shorkot Cantt. Water analysis indicated that water was fit with respect to TDS, hardness, pH, Cu(II) and Zn(II) and Ni(II)concentrations are within permissible range (Table 11), while turbidity value of T.S link canal samples were out of permissible limit making water unfit for drinking purposes. The variations in concentrations of tested heavy metals are presented in the form of graphs (Fig 19-21).

Figure 19- Copper concentration in Trimmu-Sidhnai Link Canal near Shorkot Cantt

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 20- Zinc concentration in Trimmu-Sidhnai Link Canal near Shorkot Cantt

Figure 21- Nickel concentration in Trimmu-Sidhnai Link Canal near Shorkot Cantt.

3.8. Water Quality of Fordwah Canal at Mehmoodpur Bahawalnagar

Fordwah Canal (a non perennial canal) originates from Sulemanki Headworks and a source of water for irrigation and drinking in Bahwalnagar District. Due to a perennial canal, it was sampled during the months of April, and July in 2017 and during month of April, July and Oct in 2018. Available drinking water samples analysis results revealed that TDS, hardness, pH, Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn were in accordance to PEQS (Table 12). While turbidity value in Fordwah Canal showed marginal exceeding from maximum permissible levels made water unfit for drinking (Fig 22-24).

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

0.07

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02 Concentration(mg/L)

0.01

Canal Closed Canal

Canal Closed Canal Canal Closed Canal

Jul, 17 Jul, 18 Jul,

Jan,17 Jan,18

Oct,17 Oct,18

Apr,17 Apr,18 Sampling Season

Figure 22- Copper concentration in Fordwah Canal at Mehmoodpur Bahawalnagar

Figure 23- Zinc concentration in Fordwah Canal at Mehmoodpur Bahawalnagar

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 24- Nickel concentration in Fordwah Canal at Mehmoodpur Bahawalnagar

3.9. Water Quality of Sadqia Canal at Jalwala Rest House

Sadqia canal originating from Sulemanki Headworks is functioning both as defense canal and irrigation canal in District Bahawalnagar. Canal was closed in month of January from 2017-18. The analysis results of collected samples indicated the same trend as showed by Fordwah Canal. TDS, hardness, pH, Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) were within the limits (Table 13), while turbidity was above PEQS (Figure 25-27).

Figure 25- Copper concentration in Sadqia Canal at Jalwala Rest House

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 26- Zinc concentration in Sadqia Canal at Jalwala Rest House

Figure 27- Nickel concentration in Sadqia Canal at Jalwala Rest House

3.10. Water Quality of Malik Branch Canalat Chandana Rest House

Malik Branch originating from Sadqia Canal was sampled for drinking purposes at Chandana Rest House, District Bahawalnagar. Canal was closed in month of January from 2017-18. Among tested parameters TDS, hardness, pH, Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn in water of Malik Branch were not affecting the water quality (Table 14).The results revealed that turbidity is the major unfit parameter in the waters of Malik Baranch (Figure 28-30).

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 28- Copper concentration status in Malik Branchat Chandana Rest House

Figure 29- Zinc concentration in Malik Branchat Chandana Rest House

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 30- Nickel concentrationin Malik Branch at Chandana Rest House

3.11. Water Quality of Hakra Branch at Mianwala Toba

Hakra Branch is also a division of Sadqia Canal like Malik Branch and working both forirrigation and defense purpose in District Bahawalnagar. Canal was closed in month of January from 2017-18. The tested physiochemical parameters were within the domain of allowable limits of PEQS except turbidity (Table 15). Heavy metals Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn were also within permissible limits (Figure31-33).

Figure 31- Copper concentration in Hakra Branch at Mianwala Toba

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 32- Zinc concentration in Hakra Branch at Mianwala Toba

Figure 33- Nickel concentration in Hakra Branch at Mianwala Toba

3.12. Water Quality of Hakra Branch Canal at Kamrani Rest House

To get a thorough picture of water quality of Hakra Branch, it is being monitored at Kamrani Rest House after Mianwala Toba as ground water in this area is brackish /saltish and it is the only source of sweat water in this area. Canal was closed in month of January from 2017-18. The analysis results of Hakra Branch illustrate that the water quality is not in the favor of drinking due to high value of turbidity, although TDS, hardness, pH, Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) were in the fit range of PEQS (Table 16). Graphical representation of heavy metals during the sampling period 2017-18 is given in Figure (34-36).

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 34- Copper concentration in Hakra Branch at Kamrani Rest House

Figure 35- Zinc concentration in Hakra Branch at Kamrani Rest House

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 36- Nickel concentration in Hakra Branch at Kamrani Rest House

3.13. Water Quality of Desert Branch at Kudwala Rest House

Desert Branch is an irrigation canal and is located in Bahawalpur Irrigation Zone. Samples in the month of January 2017 to 2018 and April 2018could not be collected due to canal closure. The water quality for drinking was not fit for drinking consumption regarding TDS, hardness, pH, Copper, Nickel and Zinc (Table 17), Whereas turbidity values were above the permissible levels (Figure 37-39).

Figure 37- Copper concentration in Desert Branch at Kudwala Rest House

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 38- Zinc concentration in Desert Branch at Kudwala Rest House

Figure 39- Nickel concentrationin Desert Branch at Kudwala Rest House

3.14. Water Quality of Minchin Branch near Gulmerg Rest House

In Bahawalnagar Zone, water quality of Minchin Branch near Gulmerg Rest House was checked for drinking. Canal was closed in month of January from 2017-18 and Oct 2018. The results indicated that water was fit for drinking regarding TDS, hardness, pH, Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) (Table 18). But turbidity values were above the acceptable limit, water unfit for drinking (Figures 40-42).

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 40- Copper concentration in Minchin Branch Canal near Gulmerg Rest House

Figure 41- Zinc concentration in Minchin Branch Canal near Gulmerg Rest House

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 42- Nickel concentration in Minchin Branch Canal near Gulmerg Rest House

3.15. Water Quality of Abbasia Canal near Channi Goth Railway Station

Abbasia Canal is the main Feeder of Khanpur area. The samples were collected near Channi Goth Railway Station to assess the quality of Canal water for human and livestock consumptions. Canal was closed in month of January from 2017-18 and October 2018. The overall water quality of the canal is unfit for drinking due to turbidity value above the permissible limits of PEQS (Figure 43-45). The other tested parameters like TDS, hardness, pH, Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) were within the fit range of PEQS (Table 19).

Figure 43- Copper concentration status in Abbasia Canal near Channi Goth Railway Station

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 44- Zinc concentration status in Abbasia Canal near Channi Goth Railway Station

Figure 45- Nickel concentration in Abbasia Canal near Channi Goth Railway Station

3.16. Water Quality of Abe Hayat Distributory at Baghobahar Rest House

Abe Hayat distributory, situated in Bahawalpur was sampled at Baghobahar Rest House for water quality fitness. Canal was closed in month of January from 2017-18 and October 2018. Among tested parameters the concentration of TDS, hardness, pH, Copper, nickel and Zinc was below the allowable limits of PEQS (Table 20). Water quality became unfit for drinking due to objectionable values of turbidity above permissible levels (Figure46-48).

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 46- Copper concentration inAbe Hayat Distributory at Baghobahar Rest House

Figure 47- Zinc concentration in Abe Hayat Distributory at Baghobahar Rest House

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 48- Nickel concentration in Abe Hayat Distributory at Baghobahar Rest House

3.17. Water Quality of Walhar Branch Distributory near Walhar Rest House

The sampling of Walhar Barch Distributory was only done four times out of eight scheduled sampling due to canal closure at sampling time during the period 2017-18 (Table 21).Water quality of Walhar Branch Distributory was found unfit for drinking due to high levels of turbidity although all other parameters like TDS, hardness, pH, Copper, Nickel and Zinc were within the fit range of PEQS for drinking (Figure 49-51).

Figure 49- Copper concentration in Walhar Branch Distributory near Walhar Rest House

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 50- Zinc concentration in Walhar Branch Distributory near Walhar Rest House

Figure 51- Nickel concentration in Walhar Branch Distributory near Walhar Rest House

3.18. Water quality of Chashma Right Bank Canal near Tounsa Town

Chashma Right Bank Canal off takes from Chashma Barrage and cultivates the area of Tehsil Taunsa Sharif, District D.G.Khan. Canal was closed in month of January and July from 2017-18. It was sampled near Tounsa Town and overall water quality for drinking was unfit due to high value of turbidity above permissible limits of PEQS (Table 22). Parameters i.e. TDS, hardness, pH, Cu(II),Ni(II) and Zn(II) were in the fit range (Figure 52-54).

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 52- Copper concentration in Chashma Right Bank Canal near Taunsa Town

Figure 53- Zinc concentration in Chashma Right Bank Canal near Taunsa Town

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 54- Nickel concentration in Chashma Right Bank Canal near Taunsa Town

3.19. Water Quality of Dajal Canal near Dajal Town

Dajal Canal is an artificial watercourse which originates from D.G.Khan Canal and a main source of irrigation for whole Rajanpur District. Dajal Canal was sampled near Dajal Town. Canal was closed in month of January from 2017-18. The analysis results reflect that water samples are unfit for drinking due to dominance of turbidity value (Table 23).About 100% samples had turbidity values above allowable levels of PEQS. Samples were fit regarding pH, TDS, Hardness, Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II)(Figure 55-57).

Figure 55- Copper concentration in Dajal Canal near Dajal Town

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 56- Zinc concentration in Dajal Canal near Dajal Town

Figure 57- Copper concentration in Dajal Canal near Dajal Town

3.20. Water Quality of Qadra Canal near Hassanwala Rest House

The Qadra canal is an irrigation canal cultivating the area of D.G.Khan, Rajanpur. The canal was sampled near Hassan wala Rest House and remained closed most of the time during sampling period 2017-18. It was cleared from the results of 3 No collected samples out of 08that turbidity was the major contributor to render water unfit for drinking (Table 24). All the analyzed samples were unfit due to exceeding levels of turbidity. So it can be concluded that water was unfit for drinking purpose (Figure 58-60).

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 58- Copper concentration in Qadara Canal near Hassan wala Rest House

Figure 59- Zinc concentration in Qadara Canal near Hassan wala Rest House

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Figure 60- Zinc concentration in Qadara Canal near Hassan wala Rest House

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

CONCLUSION

To evaluate the prevailing situation of water quality of rivers, canals for drinking program “Surface Water Quality Monitoring Program (SWQMP)” in the province was initiated by Irrigation Department in the year 2006.Under this program, 20No surface water samples were collected quarterly basis from 02 rivers and 18 canals by the Directorate of Land Reclamation (DLR) field staff. These samples were analyzed in Laboratories of DLR for drinking parameter within available tests/parameters facilities. Total 15No tests/parameters were determined in the collected samples against 29 tests/parameters of PEQS. From the water quality analysis results of20 selected points of rivers and canals in Punjab it is concluded that;

1. In all the tested samples only turbidity was found above permissible levels of PEQS making water unfit for drinking. Turbidity in rivers and canals water is a natural phenomenon. Materials like clay, silt, very tiny organic matter, algae, dissolved colored compounds, plankton and other microscopic organisms are responsible for turbidity of water. Water high in turbidity is responsible for various health issues in humans and livestock. Although turbidity is not a direct indicator for health concern but it can provide food and shelter for pathogens. 2. The concentration of tested parameters; pH, TDS, Hardness, Cu, Zn, Ni were well within the perimeter of PEQS. Surface water of selected rivers and canals is contaminated with heavy metals but their concentrations arewithin permissible levels. Continuous use of this water may result the accumulation of these metals into humans and livestock is posing a serious threat in the longer terms regarding health disorders.

The data presented in this report may serve as base line to proceed for the making strategies for purification of surface water making it suitable for drinking purpose.

RECOMMENDATIONS AND WAY FORWARD

1. Public awareness is mandatory about the hazards of disposing agricultural, domestic and industrial effluents into surface water bodies. 2. People must know the worth of the sentence” WATER IS LIFE”. People should be educated about the use of surface water by adopting simple home techniques of filtration, boiling and settling. 3. The identification of pollution source and site contaminated the water bodies is necessary to tackle or minimize pollution in water resources. 4. Settling, decanting, boiling and filtration are methods that can be used in homes to reduce/eliminate turbidity of water before drinking consumption. Coagulants like Alum Stone can also be used for removal and settling of turbid materials. 5. Government should install water filtration plants (using modern techniques like i.e. bio sorption, chemisorption’s, reverse osmosis, electrophoresis, and ultraviolet radiations) at larger water consumption sites that can make water pure for humans and livestock uses.

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

4. REFERENCES  Daud M. K., Nafees M, Ali S, Rizwan M, Bajwa R. A, Shakoor M. B& Zhu S. J. (2017). Drinking Water Quality Status and Contamination in Pakistan. BioMed Research International, vol. 2014, Article ID 7908183.http://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7908183  Harris DC. Quantitative Chemical Analysis (6th ed., W. H. Freeman, NY, 2003) pp. 259– 64, 272–7, 104–5.  Sami F and Kheiri S. (2000). “Critical analysis of the wastewater discharged into river Ravi and probe into the subsequent environmental problems and recommendations for a Wastewater Treatment System”, a masters thesis for Environmental Sciences Department, Kinniard College Lahore.  Singh, R., Gautam, N., Mishra, A & Gupta, R. (2011).Heavy metals and living systems: An overview. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, vol, 43(3), 246– 253.http://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.81505  Soomro M., Khokhar M., Hussain W & Hussain M. 2011. Drinking water Quality challenges in Pakistan. Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, Lahore, pp.17- 28.  US Salinity Laboratory Staff, Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils Handbook 60, US Government Printing Office, US Department of Agriculture, Washington DC, 1954.160  Waseem A., Arshad J., Iqbal F., Sajjad A., Mehmood Z &Murtaza G. (2014) “Pollution Status of Pakistan: A Retrospective Review on Heavy Metal Contamination of Water, Soil, and Vegetables,” BioMed Research International, vol. 2014, Article ID 813206. doi:10.1155/2014/813206  Yi Y., Tang C., Yi T., Yang Z and Zhang S. (2017). Health risk assessment of heavy metals in fish and accumulation patterns in food web in the upper Yangtze River, China. Ecotoxicology & Environmental Safety, vol, 145:295-302. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.022.

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Annexure 1

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Table 5: Analysis of Ravi River at BallokiHeadWorks

Parameters Reference values Turbidity TDS Hardness Cu Zn Ni Sampling pH Season (NTU) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) WHO 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 - 2.0 3.0 0.02 NEQS 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 <500 2.0 5.0 ≤ 0.02

Jan 7.86 459.0 326.40 155.0 0.09 0.01 0.01 Apr 7.20 266.0 192.0 105.0 0.09 0.01 0.01 2017 Jul 7.39 691.0 172.80 105.0 0.09 0.05 0.01

Oct 7.05 51.0 198.40 115.0 0.03 0.05 0.01

Jan Canal Closed Apr 7.30 14.5 236.80 100.0 0.06 0.03 0.01 2018 Jul 7.00 64.0 179.20 80.0 0.06 0.03 0.01

Oct 7.40 101.0 563.20 185.0 0.06 0.05 0.01 NEQS (National Environmental Quality Standards), WHO (World Health Organization), NGL (No Guide Lines),ND (Not Determined), CD(Canal Closed)

Table 6: Analysis of Sutlej River at SulemankiHeadWorks

Parameters Reference values Turbidity TDS Hardness Cu Zn Ni Sampling pH Season (NTU) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) WHO 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 - 2.0 3.0 0.02 NEQS 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 <500 2.0 5.0 ≤ 0.02

Jan 7.76 71.0 768.0 200.0 0.06 0.03 0.01 Apr 7.30 344.0 172.80 95.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 2017 Jul 7.40 938.0 192.0 115.0 0.06 0.05 0.01 Oct 7.08 45.0 217.60 115.0 0.03 0.08 0.01

Jan Canal Closed Apr 7.32 11.5 249.60 100.0 0.03 0.03 0.01 2018 Jul 7.20 878.0 198.40 95.0 0.06 0.03 0.01 Oct Canal Closed

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Table 7: Analysis of Rakh Branch near Madina Town Faisalabad

Parameters Reference values Turbidity TDS Hardness Cu Zn Ni Sampling pH Season (NTU) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) WHO 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 - 2.0 3.0 0.02 NEQS 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 <500 2.0 5.0 ≤ 0.02 Jan 7.65 107.0 204.80 125.0 0.03 0.04 0.01 Apr Canal Closed 2017 Jul 7.35 300.0 134.40 85.0 0.03 0.07 0.01 Oct 8.00 16.2 166.40 90.0 0.03 0.03 0.01 Jan 7.90 11.5 298.8 125.0 0.06 0.01 0.00 Apr 7.36 95.0 166.40 105.0 0.03 0.01 0.01 2018 Jul 8.03 330.0 140.80 80.0 0.06 0.00 0.01 Oct 7.55 70.0 179.20 110.0 0.03 0.04 0.01

Table 8:Analysis of KhekhaDistributory of Lower Gogera Branch near Khekha Rest House

Parameters Reference values Turbidity TDS Hardness Cu Zn Ni Sampling pH Season (NTU) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) WHO 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 - 2.0 3.0 0.02 NEQS 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 <500 2.0 5.0 ≤ 0.02 Jan 7.72 46.0 236.80 145.0 0.06 0.03 0.01 Apr Canal Closed 2017 Jul 7.37 499.0 140.80 90.0 0.03 0.04 0.01 Oct 8.18 78.0 204.80 110.0 0.06 0.04 0.01 Jan 8.00 16.6 204.8 150.0 0.06 0.05 0.01 Apr 7.30 198.0 185.60 105.0 0.06 0.04 0.01 2018 Jul 8.02 352.0 140.80 90.0 0.00 0.03 0.01 Oct 7.42 91.0 172.80 110.0 0.09 0.03 0.01

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Table 9: Analysis of DubanwalaDistributory of Lower Gogera near Bhagat Rest House

Parameters Reference values Turbidity TDS Hardness Cu Zn Ni Sampling pH Season (NTU) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) WHO 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 - 2.0 3.0 0.02 NEQS 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 <500 2.0 5.0 ≤ 0.02 Jan 7.70 47.0 198.40 125.0 0.06 0.01 0.01 Apr Canal Closed 2017 Jul 7.35 346.0 128.0 80.0 0.06 0.07 0.01 Oct 8.20 54.0 224.0 115.0 0.03 0.05 0.01 Jan 7.88 12.50 243.20 100.0 0.03 0.01 0.01 Apr 7.33 124.0 166.40 100.0 0.03 0.01 0.01 2018 Jul 8.00 90.0 140.80 80.0 0.03 0.00 0.01 Oct 7.40 14.40 179.20 110.0 0.06 0.03 0.01

Table 10: Northern Branch of Lower Jehlum Canal (Sargodha Zone)

Parameters Reference values Turbidity TDS Hardness Cu Zn Ni Sampling pH Season (NTU) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) WHO 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 - 2.0 3.0 0.02

NEQS 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 <500 2.0 5.0 ≤ 0.02

Jan 7.36 13.8 230.40 140.0 0.06 0.04 0.01

Apr 7.88 143.0 153.60 90.0 0.03 0.04 0.01 2017 Jul 7.62 108.0 128.0 80.0 0.03 0.05 0.01

Oct 7.00 92.0 134.40 92.0 0.06 0.05 0.01

Jan 7.40 198.0 153.60 95.0 0.00 0.04 0.00

Apr 7.32 18.3 198.40 120.0 0.03 0.00 0.01 2018 Jul 7.40 143.0 128.0 90.0 0.06 0.03 0.01

Oct 7.50 85.0 160.0 95.0 0.06 0.05 0.01

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Table 11: Analysis of TrimmuSidhnai Link Canal near ShorkotCantt

Parameters Reference values Turbidity TDS Hardness Cu Zn Ni Sampling pH Season (NTU) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) WHO 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 - 2.0 3.0 0.02 NEQS 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 <500 2.0 5.0 ≤ 0.02 Jan 7.96 55.0 640.0 190.0 0.06 0.04 0.01 Apr Canal Closed 2017 Jul 7.47 521.0 211.20 95.0 0.03 0.12 0.01 Oct 7.12 57.0 544.0 155.0 0.06 0.03 0.01 Jan 7.60 15.1 704.0 185.0 0.03 0.04 0.01 Apr 7.40 12.0 832.0 160.0 0.06 0.03 0.01 2018 Jul 8.12 122.0 364.80 120.0 0.06 0.03 0.01 Oct 7.50 77.0 256.0 110.0 0.06 0.00 0.01

Table 12: Analysis of Fordwah Canal at MehmoodpurBahawalnagar

Oct Canal Closed

Jan Canal Closed Apr 7.30 17.7 243.20 105.0 0.06 0.01 0.01 2018 Jul 7.45 199.0 204.80 110.0 0.03 0.03 0.01 Oct 7.30 66.0 377.60 145.0 0.06 0.01 0.01

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Table 13: Analysis of Sadqia Canal at Jalwala Rest House

Parameters Reference values Turbidity TDS Hardness Cu Zn Ni Sampling pH Season (NTU) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) WHO 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 - 2.0 3.0 0.02 NEQS 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 <500 2.0 5.0 ≤ 0.02 Jan Canal Closed Apr 7.18 264.0 211.20 120.0 0.06 0.01 0.01 2017 Jul 6.66 251.0 268.80 125.0 0.0 0.01 0.01 Oct 7.40 14.6 390.40 135.0 0.06 0.03 0.01 Jan Canal Closed Apr 7.50 280.0 256.0 115.0 0.09 0.05 0.01 2018 Jul 7.50 82.0 198.40 105.0 0.06 0.04 0.01 Oct 7.50 74.0 358.40 140.0 0.06 0.04 0.01

Table 14: Analysis of Malik Branch at Chandana Rest House

Parameters Reference values Turbidity TDS Hardness Cu Zn Ni Sampling pH Season (NTU) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) WHO 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 - 2.0 3.0 0.02 NEQS 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 <500 2.0 5.0 ≤ 0.02

Jan Canal Closed Apr 7.18 801.0 275.20 155.0 0.03 0.04 0.01 2017 Jul 6.61 282.0 230.40 120.0 0.03 0.04 0.01 Oct 7.20 52.0 390.40 135.0 0.09 0.0 0.01

Jan Canal Closed Apr 7.50 63.0 256.0 110.0 0.06 0.01 0.01 2018 Jul 7.40 68.0 198.40 100.0 0.00 0.01 0.01 Oct 7.42 73.0 352.0 140.0 0.13 0.04 0.01

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Table 15: Analysis of Hakra Branch at Mianwala Toba

Parameters Reference values Turbidity TDS Hardness Cu Zn Ni Sampling pH Season (NTU) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) WHO 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 - 2.0 3.0 0.02 NEQS 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 <500 2.0 5.0 ≤ 0.02 Jan Canal Closed Apr 7.30 276.0 211.20 115.0 0.0 0.03 0.01 2017 Jul 7.16 444.0 243.20 120.0 0.06 0.04 0.01 Oct 7.52 13.7 390.40 135.0 0.03 0.05 0.01 Jan Canal Closed Apr 7.25 56.0 243.20 100.0 0.03 0.03 0.00 2018 Jul 7.42 66.0 185.60 95.0 0.03 0.01 0.01 Oct 7.42 106.0 396.80 150.0 0.03 0.01 0.01

Table 16: Analysis of Hakra Branch at Kamrani Rest House

Parameters Reference values Turbidity TDS Hardness Cu Zn Ni Sampling pH Season (NTU) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) WHO 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 - 2.0 3.0 0.02 NEQS 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 <500 2.0 5.0 ≤ 0.02

Jan Canal Closed Apr 7.23 252.0 211.20 115.0 0.06 0.04 0.01 2017 Jul 7.30 457.0 224.0 105.0 0.06 0.11 0.01 Oct 7.60 14.2 364.80 135.0 0.06 0.04 0.01

Jan Canal Closed

Apr Canal Closed 2018 Jul 7.40 109.0 192.0 100.0 0.03 0.01 0.01

Oct 7.50 93.0 409.60 150.0 0.03 0.03 0.01

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Table 17: Analysis of Desert Branch at Kudwala Rest House

Parameters Reference values Turbidity TDS Hardness Cu Zn Ni Sampling pH Season (NTU) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) WHO 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 - 2.0 3.0 0.02 NEQS 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 <500 2.0 5.0 ≤ 0.02 Jan Canal Closed Apr 7.13 545.0 307.20 150.0 0.03 0.04 0.01 2017 Jul 6.62 993.0 307.20 170.0 0.03 0.05 0.01 Oct 7.08 145.0 384.0 125.0 0.03 0.03 0.01 Jan Canal Closed Apr 7.65 67.0 236.80 105.0 0.16 0.07 0.01 2018 Jul 7.30 124.0 281.60 135.0 0.03 0.04 0.01 Oct 7.50 57.0 448.0 155.0 0.06 0.04 0.01

Table 18: Analysis of Minchin Branch near Gulmerg Rest House

Parameters Reference values Turbidity TDS Hardness Cu Zn Ni Sampling pH Season (NTU) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) WHO 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 - 2.0 3.0 0.02 NEQS 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 <500 2.0 5.0 ≤ 0.02

Jan Canal Closed Apr 7.36 334.0 352.0 150.0 0.03 0.08 0.01 2017 Jul 6.73 598.0 256.0 155.0 0.06 0.01 0.01 Oct 7.00 13.7 640.0 150.0 0.06 0.03 0.01

Jan Canal Closed Apr 7.60 16.5 160.0 65.0 0.09 0.04 0.01 2018 Jul 7.30 13.2 147.20 90.0 0.09 0.01 0.01 Oct Canal Closed

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Table 19: Analysis of Abbasia Canal at Channi Goth Railway Station

Parameters Reference values Turbidity TDS Hardness Cu Zn Ni Sampling pH Season (NTU) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) WHO 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 - 2.0 3.0 0.02 NEQS 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 <500 2.0 5.0 ≤ 0.02 Jan Canal Closed Apr 7.28 418.0 326.40 165.0 0.06 0.12 0.01 2017 Jul 6.90 489.0 198.40 105.0 0.03 0.01 0.01 Oct 7.00 57.0 268.80 105.0 0.06 0.00 0.01 Jan Canal Closed Apr 7.50 19.5 300.80 105.0 0.09 0.03 0.01 2018 Jul 7.42 85.0 179.20 100.0 0.03 0.03 0.01 Oct Canal Closed

Table 20: Analysis of Abe Hayat Distributory at Baghobhar Rest House

Parameters Reference values Turbidity TDS Hardness Cu Zn Ni Sampling pH Season (NTU) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) WHO 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 - 2.0 3.0 0.02 NEQS 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 <500 2.0 5.0 ≤ 0.02

Jan Canal Closed Apr 7.43 432.0 320.0 150.0 0.03 0.05 0.01 2017 Jul 6.79 605.0 224.0 130.0 0.0 0.04 0.01 Oct 7.55 11.4 614.40 150.0 0.06 0.06 0.01

Jan Canal Closed

Apr 7.62 70.0 224.0 115.0 0.06 0.05 0.01 2018 Jul 7.20 74.0 153.60 90.0 0.03 0.03 0.01 Oct Canal Closed

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Table 21: Analysis of Walhar Branch Distributory Near Walhar Rest House

Parameters Reference values Turbidity TDS Hardness Cu Zn Ni Sampling pH Season (NTU) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) WHO 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 - 2.0 3.0 0.02

NEQS 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 <500 2.0 5.0 ≤ 0.02

Jan Canal Closed

Apr Canal Closed 2017 Jul 6.75 568.0 230.40 140.0 0.03 0.07 0.01

Oct Canal Closed

Jan Canal Closed

Apr 7.30 143.0 262.40 140.0 0.03 0.01 0.01 2018 Jul 7.10 160.0 166.40 95.0 0.00 0.01 0.01

Oct 7.40 65.0 211.20 85.0 0.03 0.04 0.01

Table 22: Analysis of Chashma Right Bank Canal near Tounsa Town

Parameters Reference values Turbidity TDS Hardness Cu Zn Ni Sampling pH Season (NTU) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) WHO 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 - 2.0 3.0 0.02 NEQS 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 <500 2.0 5.0 ≤ 0.02

Jan Canal Closed Apr 7.69 198.0 192.0 120.0 0.0 0.01 0.01 2017 Jul Canal Closed Oct 7.80 19.0 211.20 110.0 0.09 0.01 0.01

Jan Canal Closed

Apr 7.30 254.0 256.0 130.0 0.06 0.07 0.01 2018 Jul Canal Closed

Oct 7.60 64.0 268.80 145.0 0.06 0.04 0.01

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Table 23: Analysis of Dajal Canal near Dajal Town

Jan Canal Closed Apr 7.20 274.0 249.60 120.0 0.09 0.00 0.01 2018 Out of Jul 7.60 153.60 125.0 0.06 0.03 0.01 range Oct 7.55 412.0 166.40 115.0 0.03 0.03 0.01

Table 24: Analysis of Qadara Canal at Hassan Wala Rest House

Parameters Reference values Turbidity TDS Hardness Cu Zn Ni Sampling pH Season (NTU) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) WHO 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 - 2.0 3.0 0.02 NEQS 6.5-8.5 <5 <1000 <500 2.0 5.0 ≤ 0.02

Jan Canal Closed

Apr Canal Closed 2017 Jul 7.56 978.0 160.0 105.0 0.06 0.04 0.01

Oct Canal Closed

Jan Canal Closed

Apr Canal Closed 2018 Jul 7.56 978.0 160.0 105.0 0.06 0.04 0.01

Oct 7.42 410.0 262.40 110.0 0.09 0.04 0.01

Surface Water Quality Monitoring (Drinking) in Punjab 2017-18

Directorate of Land Reclamation Punjab Irrigation Department Canal Bank Moghalpura Lahore