NORTHERN KENTUCKY Law Review
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NORTHERN KENTUCKY LAw REvIEw Volume 26 Spring 1999 Number 1 ARTICLES A Practitioner's Analysis of the Loss of Parental Consortium in Kentucky ............................. Susanne Cetrulo 1 Britt v. Commonwealth: The Kentucky Supreme Court Deciphers Legislative Intent in Juvenile Firearms .................... Frank W. Heft, Jr. 17 J. David Niehaus Kentucky Tort Liability for Failure to Report Family Violence ........................ James T. R. Jones 43 Kentucky Workers' Compensation Law Update: Issues Facing Employers, Employees, Medical Providers, Insurers and Practitioners as House Bill 1 Continues to Evolve ..... James Michael Kemp 67 Laurie Goetz Kemp To the Brink of Insanity: "Extreme Emotional Disturbance" in Kentucky Law ........................... Eric Y Drogin 99 NOTES Commonwealth v. Eldred: A Second Bite of the Apple ................. Delbert K Pruitt 133 Owens-CorningFiberglas Corp. v. Golightly: A Lost Opportunity for the Kentucky Supreme Court .......................... James R. Kareth 159 A PRACTITIONER'S ANALYSIS OF THE LOSS OF PARENTAL CONSORTIUM IN KENTUCKY by Susanne Cetrulo' INTRODUCTION It has now been almost two years since the Kentucky Supreme Court rendered its "first impression" opinion in Giulianiv. Guiler2 In that case, of course, the supreme court of this Commonwealth recognized a claim on behalf of minor children to recover for the loss of parental consortium when a parent is killed? In a recent case note in theNorthernKentucky Law Review,4 the author set forth a detailed analysis of the Giuliani decision in terms of its recognition of the right to recover for a cause of action that had not been previously recognized by the legislature of this Commonwealth 5 The purpose of this article, however, is not to examine the court's justification for the decision or its invasion of the province of the legislature. Rather, the purpose is to look at how the decision has impacted upon the practitioner, how it is being interpreted by the trial courts, and to analyze other claims and issues that might arise or arguably be presented as a result of the Giuliani decision. 1. Susanne Cetrulo is a partner in the law firm of Ware, Bryson, West & Kummer in Edgewood, Kentucky. She graduated from Morehead State University in 1981 and Salmon P. Chase College of Law in 1984. She served as a staff attorney with the Kentucky Court of Appeals until 1991 and has been in private practice in Kentucky and Ohio since 1991. Her litigation practice includes both insurance defense and plaintiff personal injury and wrongful death cases. 2. 951 S.W.2d 318 (Ky. 1997) (Cooper, J., dissenting). 3. Id. 4. See Jamie M. Ramsey, Note, Giuliani v. Guiler: Stealing the General Assembly's Thunder, 25 N. KY. L. REV. 445 (1998). 5. Id This treatise is an excellent analysis of the Kentucky Supreme Court's usurpation of a legislative function. NORTHERN KENTUCKY LA W REVIEW [Vol. 26:1 REVIEW OF GIULIANI The Giulianicase was essentially a medical malpractice case that resulted in a wrongful death action' Mrs. Giuliani died at the age of thirty- three during the labor and delivery of her fourth child. That child, and her other three minor children, were named as plaintiffs for a claim of loss of parental consortium through their father, as next friend.' In addition, their father filed a claim for wrongful death as the administrator of his wife's estate and filed his own claim for loss of consortium.9 At the trial court level, the loss of consortium claim on behalf of the children was dismissed 10 by summary judgment. Although the wrongful death claim was not yet decided, the plaintiffs persuaded the trial court to allow the summary judgment to be final and appealable." The court of appeals allowed this appeal from the dismissal of the children's claim and affirmed the same, claiming itself bound by longstanding precedent not allowing any recovery by the minor children."z In the court of appeals' decision affirming the trial court, the court encouraged the "[s]upreme [c]ourt to revisit this issue in light of modem developments in this area of the law."' 3 Of course, the Kentucky Supreme Court accepted discretionary review and held that children should hereafter be permitted to bring loss of consortium claims to recover from a negligent wrongdoer for the loss of affection of their paren'.4 As set forth previously, what that decision means for the practitioner in the Commonwealth of Kentucky is the focus of this article. 6. See Giuliani, 951 S.W.2d at 318. 7. Id. 8. Id. 9. Id. 10. Id.at 319. 11. Id. 12. Id. 13. Id. 14. Id.at 320. 1999] LOSS OF PARENTAL CONSORTIUM ANALYSIS In recognizing this new right of action for loss of parental consortium, the Kentucky Supreme Court noted the trend toward recognition of this claim found in other states. 5 The court pointed out that since 1977, fifteen courts and two state legislatures had recognized the claim for loss of parental consortium on behalf of the children'.6 The court did not address, however, the issue of whether a child's loss of parental consortium should be considered derivative of a parent's wrongful death action or a separate, independent claim. In theory, the Giuliani case essentially holds that the loss suffered by each child is "separate and distinct" from the loss of any siblings and from the loss suffered by another parent. "I In practice, however, the question generally becomes one of whether the recognition of a child's claim entitles the plaintiffto "per accident" policy limitations in the standard liability insurance policy, or whether that child's claim is derivative and limited to the "per person/per injury" provisions. The Giulianidecision was silent on this issue, and that has become one of the new battlegrounds for practitioners under the decision." A. A Derivative Claim or a SeparateRecovery? In many, if not most, of the cases in which the claim for loss of parental consortium will be asserted, there are automobile or other liability policies and/or uninsured or underinsured motorist policies available. Most of those standard insurance policies contain limitations in terms of the persons involved in the accident, with a specified sum being available if one person is injured, and an additional limitation on coverage where more than one person is injured in the same accident. The "per 15. Id.at 319-20. 16. Id.at 320. 17. Id. Interestingly, the court had declined to recognize this argument just two years earlier in Adams v. Miller, 908 S.W.2d 112, 116 (Ky. 1995) (citing Louisville & N.R. Co. v. Eakins' Adm'r, 45 S.W. 529, 530 (Ky. 1898) (damages recoverable in a wrongful death action have been clearly defined and limited to the destruction of the decedent's earning power)). 18. It is believed that several cases are pending throughout the state on this issue. The author is currently involved in such a case, Reed v. Allstate & Daley, No. 98-CA-001810 (Ky. Ct. App. 1998), now on appeal before the Kentucky Court of Appeals. NORTHERN KENTUCKY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 26:1 accident" and "per person" limitations have been analyzed in numerous courts throughout the country where it has been asserted that the claims of minor children of an accident victim should entitle those children to the "per accident" coverage.' 9 It appears the majority of the courts which have addressed this issue have concluded that the loss of services or consortium claim falls within the "per person" limit applicable to the bodily injured or deceased person.2" 1. The StandardInsurance Policy Provision The standard automobile insurance policy will contain language regarding limits of liability for each person, such as "the maximum amount we will pay for damages arising out of bodily injury for one person in any one motor vehicle accident, including damages sustained by anyone else as a result of that bodily injury . .2 Additionally, such policies will generally define "bodily injury" as "physical or bodily injury, including sickness, disease, or death sustained. '22 As stated previously, the majority of courts which have addressed policies containing similar limiting language have concluded that the child's consortium claim, like a spousal consortium claim, is derived from the injuries of the single person and is, therefore, subject to the "per person" limits of such policies.23 There is precedent for such a determination to be made in this Commonwealth under a case dealing with the spousal consortium claim. In Moore v. State Farm Mutual. Insurance Company,24 a woman's husband was seriously injured in an automobile accident and he recovered the "per person" limits for his injury. 5 The spouse then brought a separate claim for loss of consortium of her husband resulting from his bodily injuries. 6 The policy in Moore, contained the following language in its "per person" limits 1.9. See Jane M. Draper, Annotation, Consortium Claim of Spouse, Parent or Child of Accident Victim as Within Extended Per Accident Coverage Rather Than Per Person Coverage ofAutomobile Liability Policy, 46 A.L.R.4th 735 (1987). 20. Id. 21. MILLER'S STANDARD INSURANCE POLICIES ANNOTATED (4th ed. 1995) (personal auto policy). 22. Id. 23. See Draper, supra note 19. 24. 710 S.W.2d 225 (Ky. 1986). 25. Id. 26. Id. at 226. 1999] LOSS OF PARENTAL CONSORTIUM of liability: "[f]or all damages arising out of bodily injuries sustained by one person.""' Because State Farm had already paid the policy limits to the physically injured spouse, the court held that the "per person" dollar limitation applied to all claims for damages arising out of the husband's physical