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Universidade Federal Da Bahia UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS CENTRO DE ESTUDOS AFRO-ORIENTAIS PROGRAMA MULTIDISCIPLINAR DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS ÉTNICOS E AFRICANOS NIVEL DE MESTRADO SÉRGIO ARMANDO MAÚNGUE TERRITÓRIO VIVIDO E O MAPA COLONIAL: MIGRAÇÃO, COLONIALISMO E IDENTIDADES NO SUL DA BAÍA DE MAPUTO SALVADOR 2012 Sérgio Armando Maúngue TERRITÓRIO VIVIDO E O MAPA COLONIAL: MIGRAÇÃO, COLONIALISMO E IDENTIDADES NO SUL DA BAÍA DE MAPUTO Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Mestre, pelo Programa de Multidisciplinar de Pós- Graduação em Estudos Étnicos e Africanos, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal da Bahia. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Valdemir Zamparoni Salvador 2012 Biblioteca CEAO – UFBA M451 Maúngue, Sérgio Armando. Território vivido e o mapa colonial: migração, colonialismo e identidades no Sul da Baía de Maputo / por Sérgio Armando Maúngue. - 2012. 121 f. : il. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Valdemir Zamparoni. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa Multidisciplinar de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Étnicos e Africanos, 2012. 1. Moçambique - Fronteiras - África do Sul. 2. Identidade social - Moçambique. 3. Moçambique - História. I. Zamparoni, Valdemir, 1957. II. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Programa Multidisciplinar de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Étnicos e Africanos. III. Título. CDD - 967.9 Sérgio Armando Maúngue TERRITÓRIO VIVIDO E O MAPA COLONIAL: MIGRAÇÃO, COLONIALISMO E IDENTIDADES NO SUL DA BAÍA DE MAPUTO Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Mestre, pelo Programa de Multidisciplinar de Pós- Graduação em Estudos Étnicos e Africanos, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal da Bahia. Aprovada em ___ de __________ de 2012 BANCA EXAMINADORA ________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Valdemir D. Zamparoni (Orientador) Universidade Federal da Bahia ________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Wilson Roberto Mattos Universidade Estadual da Bahia _______________________________________ Prof. Dr. Lívio Sansone Universidade Federal da Bahia Dedico este trabalho a Eleutéria, minha esposa, por todo apoio e encorajamento, a Neidy Shércia e Sérgio Jr, queridos filhos, por terem consentido a falta do meu calor, ainda menores. A realização deste trabalho contou com a contribuição de várias pessoas e instituições para quem presto os meus sinceros agradecimentos. A lista é enorme que aqui não esgoto. Ao Prof. Dr Valdemir Zamparoni pela sábia e paciente orientação. Aos Prof Dr Gerhard Liesegang, pela correção e leitura de parte do projeto, e David Hedges, pela indicação de bibliografia importante e comentários do projeto. Ao CNPq pela bolsa concedida, à minha instituição empregadora, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, pela autorização e pagamento de passagens de Moçambique-Brasil-Moçambique. O trabalho de campo e de consulta bibliográfica e documental foi possível graças à benevolência dos funcionários do Arquivo Histórico de Moçambique e da estrutura administrativa de Matutuine. Ao colegiado do POSAFRO e colegas da turma 2007 de quem muito aprendi e revisitei o meu projeto de pesquisa. Ao Marcos V. D. Coelho pela hospitalidade em sua casa nos primeiros dois meses da minha chegada em Salvador. Ao Paulo Albino Mahumane que foi um verdadeiro guia da minha instalação em Salvador e no POSAFRO. "Nós que estamos aqui na fronteira estamos a viver, mas não pense que nós estamos seguros de que Moçambique... não, não... um pé cá e o outro lá". (Samuel Mlambo, entrevistado) Resumo Pretende-se com o presente estudo dois objetivos; i) interpretar as dinâmicas fronteiriças e ii) os processos identitários daquelas decorrentes. Pelo fato, o estudo é informado pelas proposições de estudos sobre fronteiras e identidades sob o viés antropológico. A região aqui em estudo, Sul da Baía de Maputo, delimita Moçambique da África do Sul e da Suazilândia. Essa fronteira-limite foi determinada em 1875 no contexto da partilha de África, com a intermediação de Mac-Mahon. Este vértice atravessou o Estado de Mabudu-Tembe que por fissão à linhagem nuclear Tembe e conquista na direção Sul do rio Maputo constituíra-se numa unidade política e cultural-identitária reconhecida como abakwaMabudu que significa "pessoas da terra de Mabudu" que se estendia do Sul da atual Baía de Maputo até ao rio Mkhuze, na atual África do Sul, e do rio Pongolo até ao oceano Índico. Doravante, sobre esta fronteira-limite interpuseram-se os espaços pré-existentes e os coloniais com impactos no ambiente da fronteira e nos processos identitários. Minha conclusão aponta como móbeis das dinâmicas fronteiriças e processos identitários na região o meio ambiente, a história regional, as diferenças das administrações coloniais e as suas potencialidades econômicas, o Apartheid instituído na África do Sul em 1948 e o seu fim em 1992, os eventos após a independência de Moçambique nomeadamente os reveses das políticas de desenvolvimento adotadas pelo governo independente como a socialização rural e as nacionalizações. Adicionalmente, a guerra civil entre a FRELIMO e a RENAMO entre 1976 e 1992 foi outro importante móbil das dinâmicas da paisagem sócio-cultural da fronteira-limite entre Moçambique e África do Sul. Palavras-chave; Moçambique. Fronteira. Identidade Summary The present research aims at two goals: I) to understand the social dynamics of people near the borders and II) the identity processes resulting from the above mentioned dynamics. In view of this, this study is based on proposition of studies on borders and identities instead of anthropological view. The region under study, in the southern of Maputo Bay separet Mozambique from the South Africa and from Swaziland. This border has been drawn in 1875 on behalf of the sharing Africa through intermediation of Mac-Mahon. This border crossed the state of Mabudu Tembe who by leankage of the principal Tembe lineage and having conquerer the southern region of Maputo which became in a political and cultural identity recognized as abakwaMabudu what means “people from Mabudu’s land” which extendend from the South of actual “Maputo Bay” until Makhuze river in the actual South Africa, and the Pongolo river until the Indian Ocean. Later on, over this border the pre-existent spaces and the colonial ones became the same and this generated impact in border environment and identity processes. My conclusion points as the causes of social dynamics of people living near border, the identity processes the region, the environment, the regional history, the differences of authorities and their economic potentialities, the Apartheid policy adopted in South Africa in 1948 and it’s abolition in 1992, the events after the independence of Mozambique such as the reverses on the development policies adopted by independent government as well as rural socialization and the nationalizations of infrastructures. In addition the civil war between FRELIMO and RENAMO from 1976 to 1992 was another cause of such dynamics in the socio cultural scenery in the border between Mozambique and South Africa. Key words: Mozambique, border, identity. Lista de mapas Mapa 1 – Mocambique na Africa ............................................................................... Mapa 2 – Mocambique e seus vizinhos...................................................................... Mapa 3 – Regiao de estudo....................................................................................... Mapa 4 – Maputaland................................................................................................. Mapa 5 – O Sul da Baia de Maputo entre 1720 e 1780............................................. Mapa 6 – Maputaland pre-colonial............................................................................. Mapa 7 – O Sul da Baia de Maputo cerca de 1850................................................... Mapa 8 – O Sul da Baia de Maputo e a extensao do abakwaMabudu do Sul entre 1875- 1891.................................................................................................................. Lista de abreviaturas FDSNI - Fundo da Direção dos Serviços dos Negócios Indígenas CX - Caixa AHM - Arquivo Histórico de Moçambique AHM /89/SE aII p.9 - Arquivo Histórico de Moçambique Seção Especial prateleira 9 FGLM - Fundo do Governo de Lourenço Marques FRELIMO - Frente de Libertação de Moçambique RENAMO - Resistência Nacional de Moçambique SAFD – Southern African Force Defense RSEA – Records Southern Eastern Africa SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO........................................................................................................................11 1. HISTÓRIA LOCAL E ANTROPOLOGIA DAS FRONTEIRAS: REVISÃO DE LITERATURA .........................................................................................................................13 1.2 Abordagem Metodológica e Trabalho de Campo...........................................................20 1.3 Corpus Conceitual ..........................................................................................................25 2. GEOGRAFIA HISTÓRICA DO SUL DA BAÍA DE MAPUTO ANTERIOR A FIXAÇÃO DA FRONTEIRA-LIMITE EM 1875-91..............................................................33 2.1 Aspetos Ambientais e Povoamento ................................................................................33 2.2 História Local Anterior à Fixação da Fronteira-Limite (Até 1875-91).........................38
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