1 5. ANALYSIS: Being a Woman Behind-The-Camera in American Independent Documentary Filmmaking World 5.1. Introduction Women

5. ANALYSIS: Being a Woman Behind-the-camera in American Independent Documentary Filmmaking World 5.1. Introduction Women are still a minority behind the camera in the commercial film industry. Assessing 250 of the top-grossing U.S. movies of 2013, only 6 % of directors were female. The statistics have fluctuated very little since 1998 (Lauzen, 2014). In contrast to corporate Hollywood, in independent filmmaking the situation is different, and the numbers are in women’s favor. A recent study conducted by the Annenberg School of Communication & Journalism shows that across 11 years (2002 – 2012) of programmed U.S. feature-length films at the Sundance Film Festival 17 % of narrative movie directors were women. However, during the same 11-year period 34.5 % of documentary directors who presented their U.S. feature films were women and in 2012 women directed 41.9 % of documentary films screened at the festival. In 2013 women directed almost half of documentary movies featured in the Sundance Film Festival (Smith, Pieper & Choueiti, 2013). Female documentary filmmakers from all around the world have been in the news recently: the surge of Arab female documentary filmmakers (“We want to tell stories from our part of the world,” said Palestinian Rana Khaled al-Khatib) (Jones, 2013) and documentaries by Indian women winning national and international awards (Anand, 2012). In 2014 the film “The Square,” by Jehane Noujaim, was nominated for an Academy Award in the Best Documentary category. In 2012, two women documentary 1 filmmakers were awarded the MacArthur Genius Grant ($500,000 without any strings), which is recognition for excellence in the field and an incentive for fostering further vision. Grants were awarded to Natalia Almada (“El Velador”, 2011) from Mexico City and American Laura Poitras (trilogy of feature-length documentaries about America’s actions in a post-September 11 world) (Brooks, 2012). This research attempts to answer the question why women are successful in documentary filmmaking and what role their gender could play in their success. The women who participated in this study were asked whether they consider their gender a curse or a blessing. The study looks into the situation only through female filmmakers’ eyes without making comparisons to male documentary film directors. As there is a lack of scholarly research in documentary films and filmmaking specifically, this research establishes a new track and provides important body of knowledge in gender and media studies as well. It also sheds new light on the field especially now when documentary films are drawing a lot of attention and gaining more and more recognition as a compelling and attractive way to tell a story. 5.2. Theoretical framework 5.2.1. What is a documentary film? In various discussions documentary film appears in the middle between journalism and art. Filmmaker Grierson (1946) defined documentary as a “creative treatment of reality.” He argued that documentarians, as filmmakers, are artists who are concerned not only about truth-telling but also aesthetics and artistic appearance. Ruby (2005) adds to this conversation by saying “human beings construct and impose meaning 2 on the world. We create order. We don’t discover it. We organize a reality that is meaningful for us. It is around these organizations of reality that filmmakers construct films” (p. 36). Nichols (1991), a pioneer who tried to standardize description of documentary film, agrees that it is a “construction of reality” based on multiple discourses of law, family, education, economics, politics, state, and nation (p.10). He claims that “documentary as a concept or practice occupies no fixed territory” because there is no set list of techniques, topics, forms and styles that documentary filmmakers employ (p.12). However, expectation from the audience connects all different documentary films. According to Nichols (1991), “as viewers, we expect that what occurred in front of the camera has undergone little or no modification in order to be recorded on film and magnetic tape. We are wont to assume that what we see would have occurred in essentially the same manner if the camera and tape recorder had not been there” (p. 27). Such expectation imposes some kind of ethical standard for documentary filmmakers who are expected to rely only on the ‘historical world’ (Nichols, 1991) – the world that is not created but unfolds in front of filmmaker. This also leads to a clear distinction between fiction and documentary films. While a fiction film offers a world (fictional/imaginary), a documentary film offers access to a world (shared, historical construct). “The world is where, at the extreme, issues of life and death are always at hand. History kills” (p. 109). Taking into consideration distinctions between fiction and documentary films, a documentary one situates quite close to journalism or more explicitly photojournalism practice. Most importantly, documentary filmmaking and journalism have similar intentions – to educate, shed light on the situation and include 3 multiple sources and/or voices. Nichols (1991) said that documentary films should be based on socially responsible motives and intentions, and a viewer is offered a chance to interpret an argument that a film introduces. This differentiates documentary films from the Hollywood production – “escapist, meretricious spectacles” (p. 4), which provides a viewer with only a singular moral (p. 166). The production of documentary films is not a short process, which includes choosing subjects, filming and editing. Thus, filmmakers’ experiences and understanding of the world could reflect in the film, and that is why the filmmaker’s presence has to be taken into account (Ruby, 2005). Different choices made during the whole documentary film creating process lead to different results. In this regard, women might bring their standpoints into the documentary films and documentary filmmaking in general. 5.2.2. Feminist standpoint Feminist standpoint epistemology locates women’s experiences in the center of attention. Using this as a starting point leads to building knowledge. Feminist standpoint scholars (Harding, 1991; Jaggar, 1997) say that only by researching and investigating women’s lives through their experiences can we construct knowledge that would accurately represent and reflect women. Yet the theory goes further. It suggests that gathering information through women’s experiences could help not only understand women better but society as well. Feminist standpoint scholars suggest that women have the capacity of “double consciousness” because of their gender-specific subordinate status in historical society. Within this discourse, women are said to understand both sides of the world: the one of 4 the “oppressed” and the one of the “oppressor.” While women take into account men’s activities and attitudes alongside their own, men, as members of a dominant group, see reality only through their eyes. Thus, double consciousness “grants them [women] a unique perspective, or lens, through which to evaluate society as a whole” (Brooks, 2007, p.65) and to understand “certain features of reality… from which others are obscured” (Jaggar, 2004, p.60). Such ‘epistemological advantageous position’ might help women in observing others’ lives and in creating documentary films. Johnston, Friedman and Peach (2011) relied on the feminist standpoint theory in the study of women’s contributions to political blogs. The idea of women’s double consciousness allowed the researchers to claim that “women’s contributions to political blogs are an important source of political knowledge” and that “studying them provides an opportunity to cultivate a richer, even liberatory, explanation of the world.” (p. 274) This ties to the fact that studying women’s perspectives and experiences might lead to better understanding of the overall processes. The subordination of women has not disappeared. As such, women tend to be sympathetic toward other subordinate groups as well (Brooks, 2007). If, as feminist scholars say, women’s double consciousness “can be applied to diagnose social inequalities and injustices” (Brooks, 2007, p.66), this can be an advantage for female documentary filmmakers - allowing them to get closer to the very center of the issues and understand others’ thoughts. Feminist standpoint scholars also stress that such advantageous position allows women to produce “an accurate, comprehensive and objective interpretation of social reality” (Brooks, 2007, p.66); their view of the world “is more reliable and less distorted” (Jaggar, 2004, p. 56-57). Feminist standpoint scholars 5 name such ability as “strong objectivity”, which corresponds directly to what documentary filmmakers are striving for – objective and authentic record of ‘historical world.’ Furthermore, findings made by feminist standpoint epistemology theorists give an important insight on women’s psychology in general. Jaggar (1997) argues women are especially skilled at expressing and reading emotions because of ongoing practice as caretakers and nurturers. She claims women have “emotional acumen” – a unique, intuitive ability to read and interpret pain and hidden emotions and understand the genesis of those emotions. This “emotional acumen” was derived from her research about women’s roles at home and family. However, Jaggar claims that “emotional acumen” could help to find new insights in other disciplines, especially in sociology, philosophy, psychiatry and political analysis (p. 192).

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