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Thèse Poli Juillet 2008-Dépôt Production de footballeurs, réseaux marchands et mobilités professionnelles dans l’économie globale Le cas des joueurs africains en Europe Thèse présentée à la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines de l’Université de Neuchâtel. Institut de géographie Université de Neuchâtel En co-tutelle avec à l’UFR Lettres SHS, Laboratoire THéMA, CNRS-UMR 6049 de l’Université de Franche-Comté. Pour l’obtention du grade de docteur ès sciences humaines (Suisse) et de docteur en géographie et aménagement des territoires (France) Raffaele Poli Acceptée sur proposition du jury Prof. Etienne Piguet, directeur Prof Jean Praicheux, directeur Prof. Allan Findlay, rapporteur Prof. Jean-Louis Juvet, rapporteur Prof. Jean-Baptiste Meyer, rapporteur Soutenue le 2 juin 2008 Université de Neuchâtel 2008 2 Le footballeur africain en Europe Mots clés en français Géographie, sport, football, migrations, globalisation, réseau, commerce, intermédiaires Mots clés en anglais Geography, sport, football/soccer, migration, globalisation, network, trade, intermediaries Résumé Cette thèse de doctorat en géographie humaine étudie le commerce et les migrations internationales des footballeurs africains vers et à l‘intérieur de l’Europe à travers un cadre théorique relationnel. L’objectif est de mieux comprendre à travers l’étude de cas des joueurs africains différents mécanismes ayant plus largement cours dans le contexte de l’économie globale, tels que la nouvelle division internationale de travail, la mise en place de réseaux de production globaux et la segmentation des marchés du travail. La thèse plaide pour la prise en compte de l’enracinement social de l’action économique et des réseaux comme unité analytique fondamentale pour comprendre le processus de globalisation. 3 A mon fils Léonard Isidoro 2007 Tu resteras pour toujours dans mon cœur et dans mes pensées 4 Conventions d’écriture et de référencement Dans le texte les citations sont notées en italique. Une marge plus importante a été appliquée pour les citations de cinq lignes ou plus. Contrairement aux citations dans d’autres langues, les citations en anglais comportant plus d’une phrase n’ont pas été traduites. Les noms des clubs ont été laissés dans leur langue originale. Les noms des sociétés d’agents de joueurs et d’autres entreprises privées ont été notés en italique. Les définitions des principaux concepts utilisés se trouvent en gras dans le corps du texte. Les montants évoqués sont présentés en euros. Pour les autres devises, nous avons utilisé les taux de change en vigueur au début du mois de juillet 2007. Les références bibliographies sont présentées en accord avec la convention stylistique propre à la revue Progress in Human Geography (système Harvard, http://www.sagepub.co.uk/journalsProdManSub.nav?prodId=Journal201826). SOMMAIRE Résumé ................................................................................................................................ 9 Préambule......................................................................................................................... 13 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 17 1. La construction de l’objet de recherche ...................................................................... 27 1.1. Globalisation et espace........................................................................................... 27 1.2. Problématique ........................................................................................................ 28 1.3. Question de départ ................................................................................................. 29 1.4. Hypothèses............................................................................................................. 30 1.5. Méthodologie ......................................................................................................... 31 2. La perspective théorique .............................................................................................. 39 2.1. Une théorie de l’action sociale............................................................................... 39 2.2. Théories de la migration......................................................................................... 45 2.3. Une théorie de la globalisation............................................................................... 50 3. Le cadre analytique...................................................................................................... 57 3.1. La segmentation du marché du travail ................................................................... 58 3.2. La nouvelle division internationale du travail........................................................ 64 3.3. Approches circulatoires de la production et des migrations................................... 70 4. L’offre internationale de travail dans le football professionnel................................. 81 4.1. Introduction............................................................................................................ 81 4.2. Football et nouvelle division internationale du travail........................................... 85 4.3. Vers une délocalisation de la production des joueurs ? ......................................... 95 4.4. Les logiques spatiales de l’import/export de footballeurs.................................... 113 4.5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 131 5. La mise en relation entre l’offre et la demande de travail dans le football professionnel .................................................................................................................. 135 5.1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... 135 5.2. Réseaux de transfert et intermédiaires ................................................................. 138 5.3. Commerce de joueurs et chaînes de valeur ajoutée.............................................. 160 5.4. Le coût humain d’un système spéculatif.............................................................. 181 5.5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 193 6. La demande de travail dans le marché des footballeurs européen........................... 197 6.1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... 197 6.2. La polarisation économique .................................................................................199 Le footballeur africain en Europe 6.3. La segmentation du marché du travail ................................................................. 208 6.4. La place des joueurs africains dans le marché du travail européen des footballeurs ..................................................................................................................................... 219 6.5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 233 7. Conclusion générale ................................................................................................... 237 Bibliographie .................................................................................................................. 247 Annexes ........................................................................................................................... 259 Table des matières .......................................................................................................... 297 Liste des cartes................................................................................................................ 301 Liste des graphiques........................................................................................................ 303 Liste des tableaux............................................................................................................ 305 8 RESUME Cette thèse de doctorat en géographie humaine analyse les migrations des footballeurs africains vers l’Europe et à l’intérieur de ce continent, dans le contexte de la problématique de l’intégration fonctionnelle des espaces à une échelle transnationale caractérisant la globalisation de l’économie (Dicken 2003). Ce processus est étudié selon une perspective théorique relationnelle dont le postulat de base propose la compréhension de tout phénomène social par la référence à l’enracinement de l’action humaine dans les réseaux sociaux. Définis comme des formes spécifiques d’interdépendance entre acteurs, les réseaux sociaux constituent l’unité analytique fondamentale. D’un point de vue économique, la thèse sous-jacente à l’approche relationnelle de la globalisation postule que les avantages comparatifs se construisent socialement au travers de l’interaction entre réseaux d’acteurs et entre acteurs dans un réseau. Par conséquent, les opportunités économiques ne sont pas les mêmes pour tout le monde : elles dépendent des connaissances et des relations dont les acteurs en réseau disposent ou sont à même de mobiliser. Loin d’être univoque, la notion d’opportunité assume ainsi une valeur relative et relationnelle. Dans la mesure où les acteurs se trouvent à la base de leur formation, les opportunités ne peuvent pas être analysées indépendamment des caractéristiques des réseaux mis en place par ces derniers. L’analyse des flux de footballeurs
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