The Bulletin of the Geological Society of America CENTENNIAL ARTICLE and Charles Doolittle Walcott

ELLIS L. YOCHELSON U.S. Geological Survey (retired) and Research Associate, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560

ABSTRACT

Charles Doolittle Walcott, who became the third Director of the in a hardware store until 1871, when he had had a bellyfull of hardware U.S. Geological Survey and the fourth Secretary of the Smithsonian and of clerking. Institution, was author of a paper in volume 1, number 1, of the The next five years were spent at Trenton Falls with William P. Rust, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. From 1890 through "farmer and paleontologist." Rust was a skilled collector and, in return for 1906, he published six scientific papers, one abstract, eight discus- his room and board, Walcott helped with farm chores and did much sions, and a presidential address in that journal. Examination of these collecting. Trenton fossils were a profitable sideline to farming; in 1873, four categories of publication helps trace the history of the Society and the Rust-Walcott collection was sold to Louis Agassiz for $5,000, a most the Bulletin through their early years. impressive sum. Walcott, inspired by a few days with Agassiz, began to Walcott made a very few errors of fact and of judgment in the six make the transition from purveyor of fossils to actually studying them. He papers. Notwithstanding those, the quality and breadth of the papers wrote his first paper in 1875, a two-page description of a new Ordovician demonstrate that he was a geologist of wide-ranging interests and trilobite; this transition to science was against a backdrop of his wife's confirm his importance in American geology; only part of his scientific death (she was one of Rust's sisters) after only 16 months of marriage. activities during this 16-year interval were published in the Bulletin. In November 1877, James Hall of Albany offered Walcott a position The subsequent impact of Walcott's scientific papers is included in this as special assistant (Yochelson, 1987). Walcott received $75.00 a month historical review. in his first paid geologic position. He did a variety of jobs for Hall, yet he was the only one of Hall's assistants who published under his own name INTRODUCTION while in Hall's employ. What stands out among these papers is Walcott's discovery of the limbs of trilobites, which he found at the Rust farm by Charles Doolittle Walcott was an eminent administrator in science, sectioning enrolled specimens from the Trenton Limestone and which he the only man to be both Director of the U.S. Geological Survey and pursued independently of his work for Hall. James Hall was a complex Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. He was also de facto head of the and tough-minded individual addicted to the acquisition and description of Forest Service, Chief of the Reclamation Service, and founder of the fossils; Walcott was equally tough-minded, and ultimately there was National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics. He was equally an eminent friction. Late in 1878, Hall did not renew Walcott's contract, but for scientist. Although Walcott is best known as a paleontologist, his publica- months Walcott continued to study fossils and to write in Albany, position tions in the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America document a or no position. Prospects for employment in geology were so abysmal that breadth of geologic investigations. in the spring of 1879, he returned to Trenton Falls. On March 3, 1879, the Geological Survey was WHO WAS WALCOTT AND WHERE WAS HE IN 1890? founded. Quite unexpectedly, in July, Walcott was hired as a temporary geologist at $600 a year and was sent off to the Colorado Plateau. He was Chas. D. Walcott, as he often wrote his name, was born March 31, a good field man and, in one year earned a permanent position at $1,200. 1850, in New York Mills, New York, just west of Utica; he was the After four years in the West and in the office, which culminated in Paleon- youngest in his family, and his father died when Walcott was two years old tology of the Eureka District (Walcott, 1884), Walcott began investiga- (Yochelson, 1967). Very early in life, he began picking up fossils from the tions in eastern New York and New England, originally to help clarify the Utica Shale (Middle Ordovician). In 1863, he spent a summer at Trenton issue of the Taconic System. The year 1888 was particularly fine for Falls, New York, collecting more and different fossils from the Trenton Walcott, for he remarried and, during a working honeymoon in New- Limestone (Middle Ordovician). Interest in fossils became a passion which foundland, discovered that the Cambrian trilobite sequence there had been lasted all his life. misinterpreted and was essentially the same as the Scandinavian series. Walcott began public school in Utica at age 8 and finished all formal The Walcotts continued on to the International Congress of Geologists in education a decade later. His uncle wanted him to study for the ministry, London, where he reported this new finding. During 1889, Walcott for the sickly youngster who was addicted to rocks was deemed a poor risk plunged more deeply into work on the Cambrian, but he took time to visit to manage the family knitting mills. Walcott refused and worked as a clerk Toronto for the first summer meeting of the new Geological Society of

Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 100, p. 3-11, January 1988.

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America (GSA). On August 29,1889, he presented a talk, "Study of a line spent many a futile day searching for fossils in the Algonkian shales. of displacement in the Grand Cañón, in northeastern Arizona." The last Likewise, nowhere is there any hint that when his field companion became line of his published introduction indicates that it was the manuscript of depressed with the gloomy depths of the canyon and left, and when the the speech; the formal term "reading a paper" certainly applied. cook went for supplies, for days Walcott was alone. The structural work entailed hazardous climbs and was not what he had been sent into the WALCOTT'S FIRST BULLETIN PAPER canyon to investigate (Yochelson, 1967). His study is a fine example of initiative, finding an alternative when the original problem fails. In the first volume of the Bulletin, a fair amount of space is devoted to The time between submission of manuscript and publication early in organizational matters. This is followed by James Hall's presidential ad- 1890 was short. The numerous cross sections required some weeks of dress and some abstracts. Walcott's is the second paper printed, following drafting time. Perhaps Walcott used large cross sections to illustrate his one by James Dwight Dana. To have been on the first scientific program lecture, thereby having the drafting already completed when the manu- and to have his paper published in full demonstrates that Walcott was well script was submitted. A display of lantern slides is mentioned in known to his peers. For whatever the honor is worth, Walcott published connection with the following meeting, but for years they were an un- the first text figures to appear in the Bulletin. common event. Walcott began his paper, The subject is unexpected in that Walcott commonly published the results of his field work promptly, having gotten out a brief note on Paleozoic stratigraphy of the canyon in 1883. It is a reasonable assumption During the summer and fall of 18821 was engaged in studying the Paleozoic rocks that the problems of finishing his monograph on fossils from Nevada, and of southern Utah and northern Arizona, north of the Grand Cañón of the Colorado his subsequent focus on eastern investigations, prevented his writing more River, and in the winter of 1882-'83 in a detailed study of a portion of the Grand Cañón. The area under investigation in the Cañón, included its head, at the foot of on the Grand Canyon for a few years. Marble Cañón, and the Grand Cañón with its lateral cañón valleys on the west, As to the long-term results of this paper, no one followed in Walcott's from Nun-ko-weap valley outlet to the westward turn of the cañón, where it cuts footsteps for nearly half a century. Apart from the work of Edwin McKee through the Kaibab plateau and exposes the Archean rocks in the depths of the in the 1930s, the Grand Canyon, and particularly the north side, was inner cañón. A partial account of the notable sections of Algonkian and Paleozoic strata has been published, but nothing has yet appeared relating to a line of dis- neglected by most geologists. It was not until the uranium boom of the placement whose early history was mainly determined by the study of the stratig- 1950s that structural and stratigraphic investigations of the plateau country raphy within the cañón. To-day I wish to describe this displacement and also to call began in earnest. Although Walcott's paper is almost never cited, it was a your attention to certain conclusions drawn from the consideration of the pheno- useful contribution and, in retrospect, one that was correct. The rocks menon presented by it. (Walcott, 1890a, p. 49) exposed in the Grand Canyon have finally been mapped in detail (Hun- toon and others, 1976), and, fittingly, on the east side of the Walhalla Plateau near where the Colorado River makes almost a right-angle bend, a At the end, he summarized, structural feature is designated as "Walcott graben."

The history of the displacement is briefly stated as follows: The East Kaibab move- WALCOTT'S SECOND PAPER ment began in the region of the Grand Cañón as a pre-Cambrian fault displacing the older Algonkian strata, with a downthrow to the west of from 400 to 4,000 feet. A At the second annual meeting, held at the American Museum of period of rest then ensued that was broken, in the latter part of Paleozoic time, by the formation of an eastward-facing monoclinal fold of a few hundred feet. So far as Natural History, Walcott again spoke; volume I of the Bulletin also con- known this movement ceased with the close of the Paleozoic, and was not resumed tains "The value of the term 'Hudson River Group' in geologic nomencla- until Tertiary time. It then began and continued until the East Kaibab fold and the ture," an 18-page work followed by 2 pages of discussion (Walcott, accompanying fault had developed; the displacement aggregating over 2,700 feet in 1890b). In contrast to the original work reported in his first paper, this is in the vicinity of the Grand Cañón. This occurred before the removal, by erosion, of large measure a literature survey. Faunal lists are given to support conclu- the Permian and probably more or less superjacent strata over the Grand Cañón area. (Walcott, 1890a, p. 64) sions, but the paper is essentially a summary of physical stratigraphy and correlation. The Hudson River beds or group was delineated in the 1830s by the In the body of the paper, which included a dozen cross sections and a Natural History Survey of New York for strata near the Hudson River. In clearly written text, he named and described in detail the Butte fault and today's terminology, it would be a series term within the Ordovician; reconstructed the history of its movements. Because there are effectively no "Ordovician" was not used at that time, and the notion of named intervals fossils below the Middle Cambrian Tonto (now Tapeats) Sandstone, much of time, as distinguished from named formations, was not generally appre- of this work was based on matching parts of the Algonkian (now middle ciated. James Hall subsequently extended use of this term, presumably in a Proterozoic) section on opposite sides of the fault. During the early Ter- time sense, throughout the state and, later, as far west as Iowa. In 1862, tiary, lavas in the inner river canyon accompanied the faulting and were Hall changed his mind and restricted "Hudson River group" to older beds; affected by later vertical movements. Having analyzed the various times as a consequence, in 1865 Meek and Worthen proposed "Cincinnati" for and directions of movement on the fault, Walcott indicated how the fault the younger interval. In 1877, before Walcott arrived in Albany, Hall at depth had affected development of the great monocline, how the Butte reversed himself and revived the geographically widespread use of "Hud- fault compared in magnitude with the Hurricane fault, and the possible son River" to designate what has come to be called "Late Ordovician" role that this fault might have played in directing the course of the Colo- time. rado River. Walcott reviewed the older literature and added his 1879 work on This is a succinct paper, building from the particular to the general. the Utica Shale and later discoveries of faunas which correlated shales near Nowhere is there a hint that John Wesley Powell thought the beds in the Albany to those in the Mohawk Valley. He also reported new discoveries canyon to be Lower Silurian, as the term was then used, and that Walcott of graptolites in northeast New York, forms which occur low in the

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section. Walcott recognized that in general, the shales on the east side of System. Furthermore, by that time, most of his field work on the Taconic the Hudson were older than those to the west in the Mohawk Valley, and problem had been completed, and discovery of the correct trilobite zona- he also recognized the over-all westward thinning of the section. tion in Newfoundland had clarified many of the remaining stratigraphic Walcott suggested that "Hudson" be retained for the "series of strata problems. There still remained the point of correct terminology for rocks between the Trenton limestone and the superjacent Upper Silurian rocks" in the upper portion of the Taconic terrane, and a paper on nomenclature and added "The second part of the name is dropped in order to bring it would have assisted resolution of this issue. into harmony with the names Trenton, Chazy, Niagara, etc., and to adapt to its position as a generic term" (Walcott, 1890b, p. 352 and footnote). THE THIRD BULLETIN PAPER OF WALCOTT He also emphasized that terms such as "Maqoketa shale," "Cincinnati shale and limestone," and "Frankfort shale" should be retained and used Walcott's third publication by the Geological Society of America was locally for rocks of Hudson age. Walcott was clear on the distinction of based on a remarkable discovery. In December 1890, he was examining time versus strata. some invertebrates collected by T. W. Stanton from the Harding Sand- stone of southern Colorado to more precisely date that formation (Yochel- In reply, then to the question, "What is the value of the term Hudson River in son, 1983). The material was mainly internal molds of Ordovician the light of recent geologic research," I think we may say that its essential part is pelecypods, but intermixed with them were a few phosphatic pieces. Wal- established by the rules of geological nomenclature, except against the prior use of cott immediately recognized these as fragments of fish, like those that he the name Salmon River. In relation to this, I think all geologists will agree that the had seen in the Devonian of the Grand Canyon in 1879. They were far interests of geology will be subserved by leaving the term Salmon River in the obscurity in which it has so long remained. The term Hudson has a clear and distinct older than the classic Old Red Sandstone fishes of Europe. This identifica- meaning. It is known in the geologic nomenclature of America and Europe, and it is tion was an ideal example both of serendipity and of fortune favoring the sustained by the testimony of the rocks in the valley of the Hudson. (Walcott, 1890b, prepared mind. In a few days, Walcott set off for Colorado to collect more p. 353) specimens and to examine the local stratigraphy in detail. Early in the new year, his investigations had progressed sufficiently that he reported his find It is difficult to understand why Walcott felt impelled to advocate the to a local scientific society in Washington, D.C. Rumors of these very old term "Hudson," for, after twenty-five years, "Cincinnati" had come into vertebrates spread, and several geologists came to Washington to see the fairly common use as a time term. Cincinnati was more accurate, as the specimens. typical Hudson River beds were older, and it was only by extending the As an aside, one may wonder why there are a larger number of GSA name to younger shales to the west in New York that the sequence reaches meetings than there are years of the GSA, but the explanation is simple. to the Silurian limestones. Walcott, the paleontologist, noted in his sum- Originally, the new Society was closely associated with the American mary that "Hudson" had priority, although he rejected the still earlier Association for the Advancement of Science and held both a winter an- name "Salmon River" because it had not come into common usage. Many nual meeting and a summer meeting, generally in connection with the paleontologists are strong advocates of the principle of priority, but not Association (Eckel, 1982, p. 104-106). On August 24,1891, the Geologi- every paleontologist is or was in favor of strict priority; obviously, Walcott cal Society of America met in Washington, D.C., for its third summer was not in this instance. Legalistic as these arguments are, priority was not meeting. Walcott spoke of his dramatic discovery; in contrast to his other an established concept at that time, only one proclaimed by individuals. papers, the title of the talk, "The Lower Silurian (Ordovician) ichthyic Indeed, this paper was written some years before the formal adopting of an fauna and its mode of occurrence," differed slightly from that of the international code of zoological nomenclature which supported priority as publication. This meeting was unique in that it immediately preceded the a basic principle. It was nearly half a century before a code of stratigraphic Fifth International Congress of Geologists; 240 persons attended the Con- nomenclature, which includes some of the concepts of the zoological code, gress, 73 from outside the United States and about one-third of the re- was formally prepared. mainder from Washington, D.C. (Rabbitt, 1980, p. 291). It is apparent, Walcott's paper did not have the intended impact. On this nomen- considering that the GSA membership was only a bit more than 200, that clatural issue, the concept of accepted usage triumphed over the principle a large percentage of the American geological community either was of priority. For decades, students memorized that in the Ordovician, the present when Walcott spoke or heard about his discovery from others Trentonian was followed by the Cincinnatian, which in turn was divided during the next few days. It was also the second time that he announced a into Eden, Maysville, and Richmond. Precise correlation between the New dramatic discovery before an international audience. York and the River sections continued to provoke argument among Walcott described local stratigraphy and gave lists of marine inverte- paleontologists and stratigraphers. Eventually, the U.S. Geological Survey brate fossils to establish the Trenton (Middle Ordovician) age of the Hard- began mapping the state of in detail, approaching Cincinnati ing Sandstone. After getting the age and the environment of the rocks from the south. An ancillary activity was renewal of interest in correlation. firmly in hand, Walcott concluded by naming three new genera of fish, Independent lines of evidence from several different fossil groups now each based on a single species. Walcott had never worked on vertebrates confirm that the lower part of the Cincinnati section is the correlative of and, being aware of the limitations of his knowledge, entitled the publica- the upper part of the Trenton Limestone (Sweet and Bergstrom, 1976). tion "Preliminary notes on the discovery of a vertebrate fauna in Silurian Those who supported "Cincinnati" and those who chose "Hudson" were (Ordovician) strata" (Walcott, 1892). both partly right and partly wrong. Perhaps this is true of many geological There was considerable discussion from the audience on taxonomic controversies, especially when the issue is as much nomenclatural as placement of the fish, although no one really argued with the basic conclu- scientific. sion that they were more similar to the Devonian armored fish than to the There is no clue from its context why the Hudson nomenclatural scraps known from the Silurian. Professor James Hall supported Walcott's paper was written or when the manuscript was prepared, but some guesses age interpretation. Professor Otto Jaekel from Germany looked at thin may be made. During his 1888 trip to the International Congress of sections, and, as a result, an extra plate and several pages of text were Geologists, Walcott had learned details of the newly proposed Ordovician added to the manuscript to confirm the vertebrate features. This informa-

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tion and a footnote added in March 1892 establish that the talk was importance of this work to the worrisome issue of homotaxis in correla- modified for publication. The fossils are illustrated by drawings, even tion. He also tossed a compliment to a talk by W J ("no stop") McGee, though the Bulletin had included photographs of plant fossils the previous who, among other activities, had been the first editor of the Bulletin. year. Likewise, photomicrographs had already been published, but Wal- At the third annual meeting, in Washington, D.C., Walcott made a cott used drawings; this may have been done to insure that the illustrations mark by commenting on four papers. He amplified on the overthrusts of met with the approval of Professor Jaekel before he left America. the southern Appalachians by emphasizing how unrecognized thrust faults The long-range scientific effect of this paper is disappointing. Fish in had given a spurious stratigraphic section—confusing the remains, far more fragmentary and slightly older, had been described from geologists—and how thrusting was a common phenomenon along the Baltic Russia, although that work was generally ignored. For about ninety length of the Appalachians (Walcott, 1891a). He compared rocks of the years, Walcott held the record as having described the oldest vertebrates, Blue Ridge near Harpers Ferry to those of the Adirondack area (Walcott, but these Ordovician forms did little to influence thought on the develop- 1891b). Both additions were helpful and favorable, not surprisingly, as he ment of the vertebrates. Because the material was mainly individual plates had just been in the field with the authors of these papers. Several years or scales, it was given little attention, but even a partial skull waited a earlier, he had investigated around Quebec, and, thus, he made remarks quarter of a century for its first description. about H. M. Ami's research there (Walcott, 1891c); most of the comments For about fifty years, vertebrate paleontologists argued that for phys- centered on terminology as to whether "Quebec" should be used for iological reasons, fish must have evolved in fresh water. As a conse- younger beds in the sequence and "Levis" for older ones. It is a bit quence, they surmised that the fragments in the Harding Sandstone must unexpected to find an inquiry by Walcott (189Id) about the Comanchean have been transported great distances. Had they examined the delicate of Texas, but he had been in the Llano region in 1884 to examine the older material of Dictyorhabdus, one of Walcott's genera, they would have seen rocks exposed in the domal uplift, and he wanted confirmation that the that extensive transport was unlikely. The evidence suggests that the Hard- Cretaceous was removed by erosion. Certainly, Mr. Walcott had a variety ing Sandstone fish disarticulated more or less in situ-, their construction of interests. may not have been so rigid as in the Devonian armored fish. In addition, he commented on G. M. Dawson's work in the Selkirk The key point was not just the new fish, but their antiquity. Walcott Range in western Canada. This is a curious case, for remarks by J. C. went to great lengths to document the associated invertebrates. He wrote Spencer and G. K. Gilbert are appended to Dawson's paper, whereas several pages on his locality for the Congress guidebook (Walcott, 1893a). Walcott's (1891e) remarks appear hundreds of pages later in the volume. A German geologist at the meeting later visited the Canyon City area, In summary, Dawson noted that Walcott incorrectly dated the Olenellus- made some collections, and, in a short, vitriolic note, insisted that the beds bearing Bow River Series as Algonkian rather than Early Cambrian. Wal- were Devonian, infaulted into the area. Everyone else, however, accepted cott agreed with Dawson, although he was not quite up to actually stating Walcott's evidence on age for the careful work that it was. that he was wrong in his earlier interpretation. This is the only Bulletin The red herring of transport from fresh water inhibited ideas about discussion by Walcott which was separately printed and distributed as a the early vertebrates and tended to negate the importance of this discovery. reprint. Perhaps the most significant effect of this paper was the prominence it gave There is no discussion by Walcott listed in the next volume, but, in to Charles Walcott. This is not a frivolous remark, for in 1891 and particu- the summer of 1893, in spite of difficulties within the U.S. Geological larly 1892, Director Powell was in grave political difficulty with Congress, Survey, he traveled to the Madison meeting of the Geological Society of and the U.S. Geological Survey budget was slashed. Walcott was picked to America. Walcott had been elected to the council, and he treated elective head the Geologic Division in 1894, followed Powell as Director. It is not office as a responsibility, not an honor; simultaneously, he was vice- clear why he was selected in 1892, but his fine scientific reputation, which president of section E of the American Association for the Advancement was burnished by the finding of these early fish, could well have been the of Science. At the meeting, he made remarks following J. W. Spencer's deciding factor. talk on submergence in the southeastern United States (Walcott, 1893b). Although this talk was mainly on Pleistocene epeirogenic movement, THE DISCUSSIONS Walcott reiterated that Paleozoic sedimentation came from an eastern source. That was the last published comment by Walcott in the Bulletin. For the first few years, some, although by no means all, papers in the Within a few years, the tradition of printing remarks made by the audience Bulletin included "Discussion by . . .," when there were matters of sub- lapsed. For a few more years, discussants were named, although what they stance. This interchange between speaker and audience always added to said was not recorded; that is not very helpful information. those reports and, for a few, was more interesting and informative than the report itself. Even abstracts carried audience comments. In the early days WALCOTT'S FOURTH BULLETIN PAPER of the Society, few geologists attended the meetings. For the first decade of its scientific sessions, attendance at the annual meeting ranged from 29 to Walcott was examining rocks in Pennsylvania during October 1893, 77; attendance at the summer meetings was always small. Those present and, the following month, he worked with Arthur Keith on the Ocoee apparently thought it almost a duty to comment on the material presented rock sequence in (Rabbitt, 1980, p. 233). He did not attend the for their benefit. Boston meeting of the Society, but "Paleozoic intraformational conglom- Charles Walcott was not a shrinking violet in the GSA audience. At erates" was read by title and published February 9, 1894. By anyone's the Toronto meeting, he commented on Dana's paper, although the re- standards, that is quick time from field observation to printed page. mark is not recorded. At the second annual meeting, held in New York Walcott began, City, he discussed two papers. To the first, on Ordovician stratigraphy around Lake Champlain, he added some details on thickness and extended Usually the presence of a conglomerate in a stratigraphic series of rocks is a observations southward into Tennessee (Walcott, 1890c). To a talk on matter of considerable importance to the geologist. He naturally infers the presence Devonian correlations in central New York, Walcott (1890d) noted the of a break in the continuity of sedimentation; an orographic movement of greater or

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less extent; erosion of a prexisting formation. He sees in his mental review, the folding in the White Mountain Range of Inyo County, California," and waves sorting and depositing sand, pebbles, and bowlders derived from the uplifted "Lower Cambrian rocks in eastern California"; the latter "was presented land. The idea of a lapse of a period of time of considerable and often long duration by the author in a few words." Walcott had been able to get into the field is formed as he recalls orographic movement, erosion and unconformity of deposi- tion. If the conglomerate is near the base of formation or series of formations, he in California for two weeks during August 1894, and he made the most of views it as almost conclusive evidence of the marked change that introduced the this opportunity. Then, as now, not all talks presented at a GSA meeting new deposits. This is all fair induction from observed facts, and it is general and were published in the Bulletin, and both papers appeared in 1895 in other approved experience of geologists. When I ventured to describe to a veteran geolo- journals. Subsequent non-GSA publications of Walcott are not dis- gist the peculiarities of a formation of conglomerate that occurs in the Lower Cambrian rocks of the eastern United States he advised my reviewing my field work cussed, even though some were presented at meetings of the Society. and opinions, as the latter were unusual. This has been done and observations extended, with the result that I find the presence of intra-formational conglomerates THE PENULTIMATE WALCOTT BULLETIN PAPER a not uncommon phenomenon, one that must receive the attention of every field geologist working in the Appalachian region, from the Saint Lawrence valley in the northeast to the Cretaceous boundary of the Paleozoic of the far southwest in After a hiatus of five years in GSA publication, Walcott produced and . (Walcott, 1894, p. 191-192) "Pre-Cambrian fossiliferous formations" (Walcott, 1899). This mag- num opus for the Bulletin was his longest work in that journal, with the most varied illustrations, including plates of fossils, cross sections, and Now that is nice writing! Apart from the introduction, this short correlation tables. It also contains his most prominent error in paper consists of three parts. First, Walcott defined his concept of consoli- paleontology. dated limestone that was broken and then moved into matrix, commonly Walcott introduced the subject by reviewing the various areas of also limestone, of the same age. The Lower Cambrian at Schodack Land- Algonkian outcrop. He discussed the Belt rocks of Montana, emphasiz- ing, New York, is his type locality. ing the physical unconformity between them and the overlying Middle Second, Walcott reviewed various occurrences of this type of rock Cambrian. He redescribed the strata in the Grand Canyon and touched and differentiated between limestone breccia and conglomerate. He briefly briefly on the rocks of the Llano uplift in Texas. Walcott used the noted localities in Quebec and New England. A longer section is on York, literature and letters from G. F. Matthew to supplement his hasty look Pennsylvania, where these breccias are well developed; Walcott included at Newfoundland in 1888; he discussed the Lake Superior region, again three photographs to supplement his text. A few occurrences in Virginia relying mainly on literature, especially the work of Charles Van Hise. A are mentioned. Most space is devoted to Tennessee localities, for conglom- few comments about Utah, Nevada, and California concluded the re- erates had been cited as evidence that part of the Ocoee Series was view of lithostratigraphy. Walcott established that in all regions, a Ordovician, rather than older. By emphasizing that these particular con- profound unconformity separates the Cambrian from the underlying glomerates did not automatically indicate a long hiatus, Walcott was able rocks. to counter that interpretation. Next, Walcott considered presumed Precambrian fossils described The third part, the last page, is devoted to origin of the deposits. by others. He touched on "Eozoon" and on the presence of graphite, Walcott observed that the breccias indicated fairly rapid consolidation of concluding that neither necessarily indicated organic origin. A long- lime mud. He proposed modest uplift as a method for breaking and questioned form, "Palaeotrochus" was given its final push into the transporting the limestone; this is quite a plausible interpretation. For realm of pseudofossils. The Lake Superior area had yielded some fossils moving large limestone boulders, however, the only mechanism he could preserved in iron ore, but Walcott was able to show that they were evoke was the old standby of rafting on sea ice. In that respect, he followed Cambrian, not older. He also disposed of "Aspidella" from Newfound- Sir William Dawson's interpretation of the Levis conglomerates. land. Walcott ultimately noted that authentic Algonkian fossils oc- By distinguishing between conglomerates at unconformities and those curred only in the Grand Canyon, in the Belt terrane, and "in the which indicated essentially no time break, Walcott both clarified ideas on Etcheminian terrane of New Brunswick and Newfoundland, if the lat- stratigraphy and contributed data to carbonate sedimentation. The descrip- ter proves to be truly pre-Cambrian" (Walcott, 1899, p. 227). In hind- tive work is good, but again, for decades, his observations were not ex- sight, it is evident that Matthew included fossiliferous pre-Olenellus tended by other geologists. Today, some of the edgewise breccias would be beds in the Etcheminian stage. Matthew had made some miscorrela- ascribed to storm ripup, or tidal effects, not too different from the modest tions in the past and was suspect, but in considering the Etcheminian, uplift Walcott suggested. In contrast, many of the conglomerates are olis- Walcott missed the significance of Matthew's find. Strictly speaking, tostromes moved down submarine slopes, possibly during earthquakes. these rocks contain Tommatian fossils, earliest Cambrian, not Precam- Long after Walcott died, the beds around York, Pennsylvania, stimulated brian. Perhaps, if Walcott had spent more time in the area, he might the concept of a steep foreslope to the Lower Cambrian limestone plat- have seen what Matthew saw. form of eastern North America (Rodgers, 1968). Turbidity currents and Part of the paper presented new data. "When collecting material other transport mechanisms, which we consider plausible today, are no- from the Chuar terrane in 1883, I was strongly impressed with their tions that no one had in the 19th century. resemblance to the forms occurring in the upper Cambrian rocks of Sara- toga county, New York, which Professor James Hall subsequently de- NON-GSA PAPERS OF THIS DECADE scribed as Cryptozoan proliferum" (Walcott, 1899, p. 235). Sir William Dawson saw the stromatolite in 1883, shortly after Walcott returned from For a generation, Society activities were published in the Bulletin. the Grand Canyon, but did not describe it until 1897. Dawson's original They provide a chronicle of who was working on what in geology. From comments are reproduced in Walcott's paper, along with illustration and this source, one can determine that at the seventh annual meeting in description. This may be the first authentic Precambrian fossil described Baltimore, Walcott presented two talks. Although he had been Director of from North America. the U.S. Geological Survey for a scant six months, having succeeded John Walcott described a new genus, Chuaria, also from the Grand Can- Wesley Powell, he still found time to prepare "The Appalachian type of yon. It is a nondescript, small, carbonaceous sphere, crushed flat. During

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the last two decades, specimens have been found in Scandinavia, India, deduction, as great erosion may leave but slight trace, either in conglomerates or in China, and elsewhere in North America. Within broad limits, Chuaria apparent nonconformity in the dip and strike of the strata. seems to be a good index fossil in the Middle Proterozoic. The Random terrane is considered to be the upper member of the Avalon series [named by Walcott in 1899]. Animal life existed during the deposition of a From the Belt rocks in Montana, Walcott had two sorts of fossils. portion of it, as is evidenced by clearly marked annelid trails. (Walcott, 1900, p. 5) The first were presumed trails, most of which have turned out to be filamentous algae (see Yochelson, 1979, p. 274-275). The second was Beltina, described as a eurypterid. It was an error, but an understandable It was not until the 1950s, when Martin Glaessner began detailed one, as the forms do resemble fragments of Silurian eurypterids. Walcott investigation of the Ediacara fossils and new finds were made in Siberia, had looked hard and long for fossils; he deserved to find some! Despite the that the notion of pre-trilobite faunas again became a subject of study. It fact that Beltina was not an arthropod, it has biostratigraphic utility in the was only in the late 1960s that unconfirmed reports of body fossils in the Belt of Montana. upper Precambrian of southern Newfoundland began to circulate by word Australia and, later, other regions have yielded the Ediacara fauna of of mouth. It was not until the 1970s that the idea of trace fossils older than larger invertebrates. This pre-trilobite fauna is far younger than and differ- early body fossils was seriously considered as a working hypothesis. ent from fossils in the Belt rocks. Had radioactive dating been available to After years of neglect of this part of the Newfoundland section, Walcott, so that the great age of the Belt, relative even to the Ediacara geologists and paleontologists have finally recognized that the area might fossils was known, he might not have been so keen to interpret the scraps contain both Ediacaran and Tommotian, earliest Cambrian, faunas. Be- as animals as complex as eurypterids. cause of this, in 1987, Newfoundland was seriously considered as a candi- No apologia is needed. Even with misinterpretations of some of the date for the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary stratotype. Who can say Belt material, this paper is exceptionally important. It took Precambrian how rapidly studies of this boundary might have progressed if Walcott had fossils out of the area of myth and moved them to reality. The stage was set had the time to spend another season examining the Random terrane, or if for great advances. Walcott did more work on the Precambrian and even others had read his abstract and followed him in the field? endowed a medal to encourage research (Yochelson, 1979), but no one followed his lead. A full generation of geologists elapsed between Wal- THE PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS cott's death and renewed interest in such early fossils Walcott was an original fellow of GS A, that is, a member of section THE ABSTRACT E of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, but he was among the last to join the new Society during its first year (Fairchild, Ten percent of the Society membership, 23 persons, attended the 1932, p. 101). After three years on the Council, beginning in 1893, he was summer meeting at Columbus, Ohio, in August 1899. Walcott was not elected second vice-president for 1899 and first vice-president for 1900. In among those present; however, "Random, a pre-Cambrian Upper Algon- 1901, Walcott succeeded G. M. Dawson, to serve as the thirteenth presi- kian terrane" was printed as part of the proceedings (Walcott, 1900). The dent. An address by the retiring president is one of the nicer GSA tradi- structure of meetings and use of abstracts was far different then. Typically, tions. Walcott gave his address on December 31, 1901, at the Rochester, in the report of a meeting, the title of a talk was published, followed by New York, meeting, on the "Outlook of the geologist in America." A few where it was published in the Bulletin or, more rarely, in another journal. days earlier, Walcott had helped Andrew Carnegie launch the Carnegie Occasionally, when a speaker was absent, the Secretary would read the Institution of Washington, and he must have been in an optimistic frame paper, but more common was the comment "by title only." In effect, "title of mind when he spoke. only" announced what research was in progress and, in a sense, staked a The rationale for the subject was to indicate the prospects of a young claim to that problem. It was assumed that in the near future, a paper man [sic] who was considering geology as his career. The first part of this would be forthcoming. paper surveyed the various organizations employing geologists and paleon- Abstracts were published in the "Proceedings" section of the Bulletin tologists in 1901. Walcott noted that the U.S. Geological Survey gave and included either informal remarks or exceedingly short notes which the continuous employment to 36 geologists and paleontologists and tempo- author did not consider worthy of full publication. Walcott's three pages is rarily employed about another 50. He then examined the museums, aca- printed in six-point type and would be a respectable contribution in a demic institutions, and state surveys of the United States. modern journal. He judged it as merely a follow-up to his 1899 paper, however. In his eyes, it was just a report on field work, not a full-fledged Taking account of all these agencies, whether surveys, museums, or educa- study. tional institutions, I estimate that seventy geologists are enabled by financial support to devote themselves wholly to professional research work; that fifty geologists, The 1899 season in Newfoundland was a busy one for Walcott. mining engineers and technologists, though occupied chiefly in other ways, receive Several years earlier, G. F. Matthew had proposed "Etcheminian" for a pay for special work in the field of research and that seventy other geologists, Paleozoic series below the Cambrian. For a start, Walcott and S. W. Loper employed and salaried as teachers either are urged or permitted without prejudice to found Olenellus within those beds, thus moving them back to the Cam- devote part of their time to scientific investigations. (Walcott, 1902, p. 103) brian. Next, with J. P. Hawley, they measured sections and searched for fossils between the dated Cambrian and the underlying Signal Hill Con- Since that time, geology in America has boomed in terms of research glomerate. The beds between were named by Walcott and Hawley the positions. Walcott would have been pleased with the number and variety "Random terrane," for Random Island in Trinity Bay. of opportunities today. In particular, because he was of a practical turn of mind so far as pure research is concerned—not really an oxymoron if you think about it—he would have been delighted with the research laborato- The Random terrane is probably 1,000 feet, and possibly more in thickness. It ries of the petroleum industry which so influenced mid-century geology in fills in a portion, if not all, of the gap between the Signal Hill conglomerate and the America. Walcott's remark concerning teachers "permitted without preju- Cambrian. The erosion preceding the deposition of the Cambrian about Trinity bay appears to have been slight as the conglomerate resting on the Random is rarely dice" to engage in research stands in stark contrast to the "publish or over 18 inches in thickness, and usually much less. This however, is not a safe perish" pressure cooker of current campus life.

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Walcott commented on the product of geologic effort, pointing out Currently, opportunity does not seem to be knocking for geologists, that of the 21,000 pages on American geology published in 1899, the GSA and young students [sic!] tend to be discouraged. To regain perspective, supported 500 pages. Even though the journal one measure is comparison of research geologists to population size. In 1900, the United States population was 76,212,168, and by 1980 it tripled to 226,548,861. Even at the nadir of the worst cycle in geologic employ- ... does not contribute to the support of the student, it is sometimes the factor which turns the doubtful scale and makes a contribution to geologic science possible. The ment, research positions are still many-fold above triple what were availa- Bulletin ... [is] supported by the scientific men themselves, and from one point of ble at the start of the twentieth century. view may seem to give no aid to the needy investigator, but it is really the readers who pay the printer, and the investigator is called on to pay only because he is also a WALCOTT'S FINAL GSA BULLETIN PAPER reader. (Walcott, 1902, p. 103) "Algonkian formations of northwestern Montana" (Walcott, 1906) Almost half of Walcott's address is devoted to indicating who was was presented by title only at the 1905 meeting. This is the second longest working on what problems during 1900. It is a who's who of geology, and of Walcott's Bulletin papers and is the one most profusely illustrated by most people should be able to recognize many of the names, if not the photographs, with 10 plates containing 13 photographs. These show Wal- research problems. Walcott then moved to the present and, in four pages, cott's skill as an outdoor photographer and include several taken using a summarized outstanding problems and interesting areas for investigation. panorama camera, the first such photographs published in the Bulletin. More than 80 years later, some of these problems still remain, and anyone The paper is in part a continuation of Walcott's 1899 work and incorpo- in need of ideas is referred to it. This section is a tribute to an interest in rates observations made during several field seasons. The quickest way to research, regardless of the specialty, and might be read with profit by those approach this study is to repeat the summary. who are a bit jaded in their outlook. In the final pages, Walcott explored the future. The Algonkian rocks which form the subject of this paper represent a total thickness of 37,000 feet and occupy an area extending from the Little Belt moun- . . . geology, although affording occupation to a somewhat limited number of tains on the southeast to the vicinity of Coeur d'Alene on the west and northward persons, is nevertheless a well established profession—a profession which flourishes into British Columbia. The Camp Creek, Mission Range section occurs near the in so many places and under such a variety of conditions that it may well be center of this area and is taken as the type because of the great vertical extent assumed to have altogether passed the experimental stage. If its recent history were (24,770 feet) and the fact that it is capped by Cambrian strata. reviewed in connection with its present status, its development as a profession In the four sections measured by the writer the Algonkian or Belt terrane is would seem to have fully kept pace not only with population but with the general overlain unconformably by massive coarse grained sandstones referred to the Mid- development of culture factors. There is no reason to doubt that its expansion will dle Cambrian. The unconformity is usually indicated by great changes in the vol- continue. (Walcott, 1902, p. 116) ume of the underlying strata and represents a considerable time interval. From the presence of Lower Cambrian fossils in the Bow river Series of McConnell, it is believed that this series was laid down during the erosion interval between the As one might hope, in a presidential address, there are a few good Algonkian and the Middle Cambrian in Montana. quotes. "In the interaction between applied geology and pure geologic The physical conditions under which the Belt terrane was deposited are very clearly indicated by the change in the character of the sedimentation from the science lies the charm and recompense of every-day routine geologic conglomerates, grits, and coarse sandstones on the northwest to the limestones, fine work" (Walcott, 1902, p. 115). "Every investigation undertaken to solve sandstones, and shales on the southeast. The land area from which these sediments some geologic problem, whether it proves successful or not, is sure to were mainly derived must have been to the west and northwest of the Kootenay develop other problems, and the geologic Alexander will never lack valley at Porthill, Idaho. The sediments which extend 300 miles or more to the worlds to conquer" (Walcott, 1902, p. 116). "It is impossible to forecast eastward betray frequent evidence of shallow water deposition, and in the Little Belt mountains indicate that the eastern land area was of low relief and situated still the problems of the future" (Walcott, 1902, p. 116). "The support of the further to the east, although the presence of a limited land area is shown by the geologist depends on public appreciation of the value of his services" conglomerates at the base of the Algonkian section near Neilhart. (Walcott, 1906, (Walcott, 1902, p. 117). "It is more and more understood by men whose p. 27-28) ability puts them in positions of responsibility that material progress de- pends, in the ultimate analysis, on the growth of knowledge, and from this increasing confidence in the ultimate utility of pure science research is Walcott covered a huge area in this report. He had crossed the Belt reaping a generous harvest of endowment" (Walcott, 1902, p. 117). Mountains in 1900 and observed to the west, below the Cambrian, rock Words to reflect upon. unlike those of the Little Belt Mountains. The following year, Bailey Walcott concluded with advice that still seems appropriate. Willis, F. L. Ransome, and Frank Calkins concentrated on other areas of Algonkian. In 1905, Walcott was back in western Montana and Idaho, where he was able to tie the various observations together. Considerably In closing I wish to say a word about the training of the men who will probably reap the largest results from the great opportunities in geology that will be more is now known of stratigraphy of the Belt Supergroup. Still, it seems offered during the century. The practical economic geologist will undoubtedly receive fair to say that Walcott's basic units and his notion of an east-west facies the largest financial returns, but in this field the man with the broadest, most change are essentially correct. Sections are long, and the rocks are recalci- thorough training will win out as competition becomes more and more active. In trant; knowledge of this part of geologic time has grown slowly. the more purely scientific lines a broad, general culture should be the groundwork for the special geological training. A few months of business training will be almost Close reading of the paper brings out two aspects. First, several pages invaluable to any student who aspires to be more than a directed assistant through- are devoted to long quotes from Canadian reports concerning the Bow out his career. Business method and habit must underlie all successful administrative River Series. Walcott had made an error, which was partially corrected in work, whether it be of a small party or of a great survey. It is needless to say that, as his discussion of Dawson's paper years earlier. Here, he developed the in modern business life so in science, character of the highest standard is essential to permanent success. The outlook of the well balanced, well trained student of geol- concept that in Montana, the Middle Cambrian lapped onto the Precam- ogy in America is most encouraging—far more so than when I began work with an brian. Only to the west, and particularly the west-northwest, did one find honored leader, James Hall, a quarter of a century ago. (Walcott, 1902, p. 118) Lower Cambrian rocks. He was still explaining away his original view.

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A more significant point is the use of fossils for correlation. Walcott wise, there is no indication of who drew the pictures of fish for plates or of identified the Siyeh Limestone as Algonkian because it contained stroma- who photographed the fossils for the 1899 paper. tolites. "Typical fragments of Beltina danai of the Newland limestone In contrast, the few photographs that Walcott published which were occur in the Altyn formation; also Cryptozoon" (Walcott, 1906, p. 19). not taken by him are acknowledged. Walcott was an outstanding photog- On a correlation chart, Walcott noted that the "fossiliferous" Newland rapher, and his landscape pictures are as good as any published in the Limestone is the principal horizon for correlation. Walcott was using Bulletin. G. K. Gilbert may have been the one who taught him the value of fossils for biostratigraphy in the Precambrian. He was wrong on the nature a camera in the field. The panorama camera Walcott packed around of Beltina, and he had the notion that stromatolites were indicative of fresh Montana and Canada for two decades was an enormous load, yet he saw a water—his only model was lake balls (Yochelson, 1979, p. 280-284). scientific advantage to it. (Pictures may show a bit more than just how the Even without a clear understanding of their origin, he trusted the stromato- outcrops looked. Plate 2 of Walcott, 1894, and plate 8 of Walcott, 1906, lites as indicators of time. It was not until half a century later, when each contain a long-handled hammer, but not the same one. This was long Russian workers in Siberia demonstrated the utility of stromatolites for before the Estwing era, and these hammers are what one would expect of a Precambrian correlations, that Walcott's remarkable insight was hard-rock man. The limestones of the Appalachians are hard, but the Belt vindicated. Series rocks are harder still, and Walcott's later hammer is heavier.) As to Scapegoat Mountain in the Mission Range, Montana, there Years ago, Bulletin papers did not include an abstract. Whether long should be a tangible item resulting from this paper, but no map records it. or short, each had a table of contents following the title. An abstract is a Walcott wrote, "The southeast point is Scapegoat (9,185 feet elevation) relatively new idea, and key words at the end of the abstract is an even and the northwest elevation (9,000 feet) I shall call Cambria" (Walcott, newer concept. In Walcott's day and for some time thereafter, references 1906, p. 3). Far more important than a name, Glacier National Park, itself, were given as footnotes in highly abbreviated form. Anyone who has may be attributed in part to the paper. Walcott was an advocate of setting searched the library for the likes of "Jb. Nassau Natur. 1847" will appre- aside this portion of the majestic scenery for the enjoyment of all, and he ciate the list of references at the end of a modern paper. was one of a group of geologists who campaigned to add the area to the Walcott's spellings, like "bowlder" and "pre-Cambrian," appear national park system. strange to our eyes. Words such as "limestone," "formation," or a geo- graphic locality that we expect to see capitalized are not. Diacritical marks MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS on English words have now almost entirely disappeared. Even if the conventions are different, however, the editing of the. Bulletin from volume In our present-day scientific climate, many papers are joint or multi- 1 onward has always been impressively uniform. authored, and "interdisciplinary" and "team research" are the current buzz Finally, it may be worthwhile to direct attention to the back of the words. In contrast, all of Walcott's GSA papers were written solely by earlier volumes of the Bulletin. The index included all papers, all talks, and him, and, indeed, throughout his long career, he was involved in only one all discussions, and these were indexed in depth. Walcott is quoted on joint publication. fossils that he identified from California. Walcott is cited in regard to the Nowadays, it is automatically assumed that an author's address is age of the Brigham Quartzite. Walcott is mentioned in connection with the given. For his first paper, the authorship is by "Charles Doolittle Walcott formation of natural bridges. The examples go on and on, of nuggets of of the U.S. Geological Survey." On all subsequent papers, only the name is information that otherwise might not be found. Anyone who has a hero or given, for it was then the custom of GSA not to include addresses. Bulletin a historical subject to pursue should not forget the Bulletin index. papers were written by Fellows for Fellows, and if one was not personally known, it was easy enough for others to consult the membership list. AFTERWARD One minor curiosity is a footnote on his 1984 paper, "Printed by permission of the Director of the U.S. Geological Survey," which does not Walcott's last Bulletin publication also signaled a major career appear on the three earlier papers. Presumably, after Walcott became change. In 1907, he became the fourth Secretary of the Smithsonian Chief Geologist in 1893, he instituted the practice of channeling all manu- Institution and immediately started a research program in western Canada. scripts through the Director's office to bring some order into Powell's For nearly twenty years he was in the field each summer. Discovery and untidy administration. Walcott then set an example of obtaining permis- description of the Burgess Shale fauna were only one of his accomplish- sion, for he always played by the rules. Inasmuch as Walcott was Director ments. Almost all of his investigations were published in the Smithsonian from July 1904 onward, no permission is given for his presidential address Miscellaneous Collections, and he filled six entire volumes. or his last two papers; after all, the Director ought to know what the Walcott expected fewer administrative duties in heading the Smith- Director is doing. sonian. He accumulated new organizations and new responsibilities just as In none of Walcott's Bulletin publications is there a section on ac- a rolling snowball accumulates snow, however. It is a wonder that he still knowledgements, for such was not the custom. Within the body of the found time to come to some of the annual meetings, yet he continued to text, where appropriate, Walcott mentions those he visited in the field or present his findings to the geologic community fairly regularly. In 1919, he those who assisted him with collecting. A footnote in his presidential gave his final talk on Middle Cambrian sponges. In 1920, he did not address acknowledges G. K. Gilbert and F. B. Weeks for advice, as well as appear, but "The Secretary then presented for the author, in his absence, those who furnished data. There is no indication of what draftsmen made an account of the wonderful anatomical structures preserved in the Middle the numerous cross sections, but, again, this is not strange; it is still not the Cambrian Burgess shale branchiopod crustacea near Field, British Colum- custom within the U.S. Geological Survey to single out such effort. Like- bia. Illustrated by lantern slides and specimens" (Bassler, 1921, p. 127).

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After his seventieth birthday, Walcott's health was slowly failing, but Walcott, C. D„ 1884, Paleontology of the Eureka District: U.S. Geological Survey Monograph 8,292 p., 24 pis., 7 figs. ——— 1890a, Study of a line of displacement in the Grand Cañón of the Colorado, in northern Arizona: Geological he pushed himself and his research for nearly seven more years. Consider- Society of America Bulletin, v. 1, p. 49-64,12 figs. ing his long association with the Geological Society of America, it is 1890b, The value of the term "Hudson River Group" in geologic nomenclature: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. I, p. 335-355, 1 fig. appropriate that the longest and finest obituary of Charles Doolittle Wal- 1890c, Discussion of paper by Ezra Brainard and Henry M. Seely on the Calciferous formation in the Champlain valley: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 1, p. 512-513. cott appeared in the Bulletin (Darton, 1928). 1890d, Discussion of paper by H. S. Williams on the Cuboides zone and its fauna: A discussion of methods of correlation: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 1, p. 499. 1891a, Discussion of paper by C. Willard Hayes on the overthrust faults of the southern Appalachians: Geological ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Society of America Bulletin, v. 2, p. 153. 1891b, Discussion of paper by H. R. Geiger and Arthur Keith on the structure of the Blue Ridge near Harper's Ferry: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 2, p. 163-164. — 1891c, Discussion of paper by H. M. Ami on the geology of Quebec and environs: Geological Society of America Several persons generously gave their time in helping me form my Bulletin, v. 2, p. 501-502. judgment of Walcott's scientific contributions discussed above. They in- 1891d, Discussion of paper by Robert T. Hill on the Comanche series of the Texas-Arkansas region: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 2, p. 526-527. clude Arly Allen, R. H. Flower, H. J. Hofmann, C. B. Hunt, Nicholas 1891e, Discussion of paper by George M. Dawson on the geological structure of the Selkirk Range: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v, 2, p. 611. Rast, and Donald Winston. For dramatic improvement of the original 1892, Preliminary notes on the discovery of a vertebrate fauna in Silurian (Ordovician) strata: Geological Society manuscript, I am greatly indebted to Tom Dutro, Bill Thomas, and A. R. of America Bulletin, v. 3, p. 153-172, pis. 3-5, 1 fig. 1893a, Silurian vertebrate life at Canyon City, Colorado: Congrès Géologique International, Compte Rendu de la Palmer. 5ME session, Washington, D.C., 1891, p. 427-428. 1893b, Discussion of paper by J. W. Spencer on terrestrial subsidence southeast of the American continent; Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 4, p. 22. 1894, Paleozoic informational conglomerates: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 5, p. 191-198, pis. 6-7. 1899, Pre-Cambrian fossiliferous formations: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 10, p. 199-214, REFERENCES CITED pis. 22-28, 7 figs. Bassler, R. S., 1921, Proceedings of the twelfth annual meeting of the Paieontological Society, held at Chicago, Illinois, 1900, Random, a pre-Cambrian Upper Algonkian terrane: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 11, p. 3-5. December 28-30,1928: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 32, p. 119-158. 1902, Outlook of the geologist in America: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 13, p. 99-118. Darton, N. H., 1928, Memorial of Charles Doolittle Walcott: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 39, p. 80-116, 1906, Algonkian formations of northwestern Montana: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v, 17, p. 1-28, 1 fig. pis. 1-11. Yochelson, E. L., 1967, Charles Doolittle Walcott 1850-1927: National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir, Eckel, E. B., 1982, The Geological Society of America, life history of a learned society: Geological Society of America v. 39, p. 471-540, 1 fig. Memoir 155, 167 p., numerous illustrations. 1979, Charles D. Walcott—America's pioneer in Precambrian paleontology and stratigraphy, in Kupsch, W. O., Fairchild, H. L., 1932, The Geological Society of America 1888-1930, a chapter in earth science history: New York, and Sarjeant, W.A.S., eds., History of concepts in Precambrian geology: Geological Association of Canada Special Geological Society of America, 232 p. Paper 19, p. 261-292,6 figs. Huntoon, P. W., and others, 1976, Geologic map of Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona: Grand Canyon Natural 1983, Walcott's discovery of Middle Ordovician vertebrates: Earth Sciences History, v. 2, p. 66-75, 2 figs. History Association and Museum of Northern Arizona, scale 1:62,500. 1987, C. D. Walcott, James Hall's "special assistant": Earth Sciences History, v. 6, p. 84-92. Rabbitt, M. C., 1980, Minerals, lands, and geology for the common defence and general welfare, Volume 2,1879-1904, United States Geological Survey: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 407 p., numerous illustrations, Rodgers, John, 1968, The eastern edge of the North American continent during the Cambrian and Early Ordovician, in Zen, E-An, White, W. S., Hadley, J. B., and Thompson, J. B„ cds„ Studies of Appalachian geology: Northern and maritime: New York, lnterscience Publishers, p. 141-150. Sweet, W. C.,and Bergstrom. S. M., 1976, Conodont biostratigraphy of the Middle and Upper Ordovician of the United MANUSCRIPT RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY MARCH 19,1987 Stales Midcontinent, in Bassett, M. G., ed., The Ordovician System: Cardiff, Wales, University of Wales Press and REVISED MANUSCRIPT RECEIVED JUNE 18,1987 National Museum ofWales, p. 121-152. MANUSCRIPT ACCEPTED JUNE 25,1987

Printed in U.S.A.

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