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Masterarbeit / Master's Thesis MASTERARBEIT / MASTER’S THESIS Titel der Masterarbeit / Title of the Master‘s Thesis „Analyse des Rakhaing-Konflikts“ verfasst von / submitted by Michael Schweiger, BA angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2018 / Vienna, 2018 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 066 589 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Masterstudium Internationale Entwicklung degree programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Univ. Prof. Dr. Wolfram Schaffar II Danksagung Ein großer Dank gilt Prof. Dr. Wolfram Schaffer für die motivierende und hilfsbereite Betreu- ung meiner Masterarbeit. Weiters möchte ich mich sehr herzlich bei allen bedanken, die mir während des Forschungs- prozesses und bei der Erstellung der Masterarbeit mit Wissen und Tipps weitergeholfen ha- ben. Erwähnen möchte ich an dieser Stelle Mandy Fox und Rainer Einzenberger. Ein großer Dank gilt meinen Interview-Partnern und ich hoffe, dass eines Tages die Rohingya in Frieden in Myanmar leben können. Ganz besonders dankbar bin ich Jasmin Gerstenmayer für ihre Unterstützung, ohne die diese Arbeit nicht möglich gewesen wäre. Zum Schluss möchte ich mich auch noch bei meinen Eltern, Anna und Rudolf Schweiger be- danken. III Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis ______________________________________________________ VI Abbildungsverzeichnis ______________________________________________________ VII Tabellenverzeichnis ________________________________________________________ VII 1. Einleitung ______________________________________________________________ 1 1.1. Begriffserklärung & Problemstellung __________________________________________ 2 1.1.1. Myanmar, Rakhaing und Rohingya ________________________________________________ 4 1.1.2. Rakhaing-Konflikt und Problemstellung _____________________________________________ 6 1.2. Persönlicher und theoretischer Forschungszugang _______________________________ 9 1.2.1. Forschungsinteresse ____________________________________________________________ 9 1.2.2. Eigene Situierung ______________________________________________________________ 9 1.2.3. Persönliche Beziehung zu Forschungssubjekten _____________________________________ 10 1.2.4. Epistemologische und theoretische Grundannahmen ________________________________ 10 1.2.5. Grenzen der Arbeit ____________________________________________________________ 12 1.3. Forschungsfragen & Hypothesen ____________________________________________ 13 2. Theoretische Grundlage _________________________________________________ 16 2.1. Friedens- und Konfliktforschung ____________________________________________ 17 2.1.1. Frieden _____________________________________________________________________ 18 2.1.2. Gewalt ______________________________________________________________________ 18 2.1.3. Krieg _______________________________________________________________________ 19 2.1.4. Konflikt _____________________________________________________________________ 19 2.1.5. Das zivilisatorische Hexagon ____________________________________________________ 21 2.1.6. Autismus-Konzept _____________________________________________________________ 22 2.2. Theorieansätze aus den Sozialen Bewegungen _________________________________ 22 2.2.1. TAN-Konzept _________________________________________________________________ 23 2.2.2. Political Opportunity und Boomerang Pattern ______________________________________ 25 2.2.3. Das Framing-Konzept __________________________________________________________ 26 2.3. Konzeptionen ___________________________________________________________ 29 2.3.1. Völkerrecht __________________________________________________________________ 29 2.3.2. Genozid _____________________________________________________________________ 30 2.3.3. Menschenrechte ______________________________________________________________ 32 2.3.4. Responsibility to Protect________________________________________________________ 33 2.3.5. Ein postkolonialer Blickwinkel ___________________________________________________ 36 3. Der Rakhaing-Konflikt ___________________________________________________ 37 3.1. Historischer Kontext ______________________________________________________ 38 3.2. Myanmar nach der Unabhängigkeit _________________________________________ 41 3.3. Entwicklungen seit 2008 ___________________________________________________ 44 3.4. Akteure ________________________________________________________________ 46 3.4.1. Militär und USDP______________________________________________________________ 46 3.4.2. Aung San Suu Kyi und NLD ______________________________________________________ 47 3.4.3. Buddhistische Extremisten ______________________________________________________ 48 3.4.4. Arakan Salvation Army _________________________________________________________ 48 4. Methode und Material __________________________________________________ 49 IV 4.1. Das leitfadengestützte Interview ____________________________________________ 49 4.2. Material ________________________________________________________________ 50 4.3. Methodische Vorgehensweise ______________________________________________ 53 4.4. Darstellung der Analyse ___________________________________________________ 55 5. Darstellung der Ergebnisse _______________________________________________ 57 5.1. Darstellung der Ergebnisse vor dem 25. August 2017 ____________________________ 58 5.1.1. The Global New Light of Myanmar _______________________________________________ 62 5.1.2. Perspektive der Rohingya _______________________________________________________ 66 5.1.3. Westliche Perspektive _________________________________________________________ 68 5.1.4. Türkisch-Muslimische Perspektive ________________________________________________ 68 5.2. Darstellung der Ergebnisse seit dem 25. August 2017 ______________________________ 69 5.2.1. The Global New Light of Myanmar _______________________________________________ 73 5.2.2. Perspektive der Rohingya _______________________________________________________ 77 5.2.3. Westliche Perspektive _________________________________________________________ 80 5.2.4. Türkisch-Muslimische Perspektive ________________________________________________ 83 6. Interpretation der Ergebnisse _____________________________________________ 88 6.1. Interpretation der Ereignisse ______________________________________________________ 88 6.2. Akteure _______________________________________________________________________ 92 6.3. Humanitäre Hilfe ________________________________________________________________ 94 6.4. Postkoloniale Interpretation _______________________________________________________ 95 6.5. Feministische Perspektive _________________________________________________________ 95 6.6. Kritische Friedensforschung _______________________________________________________ 96 7. Schlussfolgerungen _______________________________________________________ 98 Zusammenfassung ________________________________________________________ 102 Summary ________________________________________________________________ 104 Literaturverzeichnis _______________________________________________________ 106 Abstract (Deutsch) ________________________________________________________ 117 Abstract (English) _________________________________________________________ 118 Anhang I: Zeitungsartikel _______________________________________________________ 119 The Global New Light of Myanmar _______________________________________________________ 119 Arakan News Agency __________________________________________________________________ 123 Der Standard _________________________________________________________________________ 126 The Guardian ________________________________________________________________________ 127 Daily Sabah __________________________________________________________________________ 130 Anhang II: Interviews mit Rohingya-Aktivisten _____________________________________ 137 Interview 1 __________________________________________________________________________ 137 Interview 2 __________________________________________________________________________ 146 V Abkürzungsverzeichnis ARSA – Arakan Salvation Army ASEAN – Association of Southeast Asian Nations AFPFL - Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League BSSP – Burma Socialist Programme Party HaY – Harakah al-Yagin ICISS – International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty INGO – Internationale Non-Governmental Organisation MaBaTha – Organisation for the Protection of Race and Religion NGO – Non-Governmental Organisation NLD – Nationale Liga für Demokratie POS – Political-Opportunity-Structure R2P – Responsibility to Protect SLORC – State Peace and Development Council TAN – Transnationales-Advocacy-Netzwerk UN – United Nations UNDP – United Nations Development Programme USDP – Unionspartei für Solidarität und Entwicklung WFP – World-Food-Programme VI Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildung 1: "Das zivilisatorische Hexagon" (Senghaas 1995) ............................................................. 21 Abbildung 2: Boomerang Pattern (Keck & Sikkink 1998: 13) ................................................................ 26 Abbildung 3: Ausschnitt Kodierung ....................................................................................................... 56 Abbildung 4: Kategorienbildung: The Global New Light of Myanmar .................................................. 57 Abbildung 5: Daily Sabah, 15. August 2017 ..........................................................................................
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