IRSH 60 (2015), Special Issue, pp. 207–226 doi:10.1017/S0020859015000425 © 2015 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis Migration, Ethnicity, and Divisions of Labour in the Zonguldak Coalfield, Turkey E ROL K AHVECİ Department of Sociology, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Izmir University of Economics 35330, Balçova, Izmir, Turkey E-mail:
[email protected] ABSTRACT: This article examines labour relations and labour conditions in the Zonguldak coalfield on the Black Sea coast in Turkey. From 1867, peasants from surrounding villages were obliged to work in the mines on a rotational basis. Peasants continued to work part-time in the mines after the end of this forced-labour regime in 1921, and after its reintroduction between 1940 and 1947. The article explores the significance of the recruitment of local villagers for the division of labour in the mines. Underground work was performed by low-skilled rotational peasant-miners, while migrants became skilled, full-time surface workers. Different ethnic origins added to the division of labour between these two groups. Attention is then turned to trade unionism in Zonguldak. The miners’ trade union was controlled by permanent workers, mostly migrants of Laz origin, to the detriment of underground peasant-workers. Ethnographic fieldwork reveals that these divisions have persisted over many years. At Zonguldak, located on the western Black Sea coast of Turkey, coal has been mined since the 1840s. It was the largest coalmining area in Turkey, and the sole source of the hard coal that fuelled the Ottoman navy, transport, government installations, and utilities. In fact, Zonguldak was the engine of Turkey’s industrialization.