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An Investigation on the Quality of Natural Spring Waters in Zonguldak Province (Turkey)

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An Investigation on the Quality of Natural Spring Waters in Zonguldak Province (Turkey) Karaelmas Fen ve Müh. Derg. 7(2):485-490, 2017 Research Article Karaelmas Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi Geliş tarihi / Received : 14.02.2017 Journal home page: http://fbd.beun.edu.tr Kabul tarihi / Accepted : 30.03.2017 An Investigation on the Quality of Natural Spring Waters in Zonguldak Province (Turkey) Zonguldak İlindeki Doğal Kaynak Sularının Kalitesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma (Türkiye) Hüseyin Aytekin1* , Nazmi Bayraktaroğlu2 1Bülent Ecevit University, Science and Arts Faculty, Department of Physics, Zonguldak, Turkey 2Zonguldak High School, Zonguldak, Turkey Abstract In this study, an investigation on the quality of 49 natural spring water samples collected from the Zonguldak province was carried out. Temperature (T), electrical conductivity (EC), pH and radioactivity levels of water samples and the correlations between them were investigated. Keywords: Natural spring waters, Temperature, pH, Conductivity, Gross alpha and beta, Zonguldak Öz Bu çalışmada, Zonguldak ilinden toplanan 49 doğal kaynak suyu örneklerinin kalitesi üzerine bir araştırma yapılmıştır. Su örneklerinin sıcaklık (T), iletkenlik (EC), pH ve radyoaktivite özellikleri ile bunlar arasındaki korelasyonlar incelenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sıcaklık, Doğal kaynak suları, pH, İletkenlik, Toplam alfa ve beta, Zonguldak 1. Introduction the water (Absolute Water Treatment 2011). On the other hand, that pH which is above a value of 8.0 in drinking water Water is the most important natural resource, which is is a disadvantage in order to treat it with chlorine (Oyem an essential compound for all living things. Therefore, et al. 2014). The World Health Organization (WHO) measurement of T, pH, EC physico-chemical parameters recommends that pH in drinking waters to be between 6.5 (Oyem et al. 2014; Yılmaz and Koç 2013; Kumar et al. and 8.5 (WHO 2011). 2017) and radioactivity levels in drinking waters (Kobya et al. 2015; Turgay et al. 2016; Korkmaz and Ağar 2016) are The EC is the measure of ionic component dissolved in important for the healthcare. The temperature of drinking the water and therefore, it is an indicator of total dissolved water resource should close to temperature of environment, matter amount (Yılmaz and Koç 2013). According to and not to be at high temperature that changes its taste, Turkish Standards (TS) the recommended EC values for smell and color, and increase the corrosion problems (Oyem spring waters is 650 µScm-1 (TSE 1997). On the other hand, et al. 2014). The pH indicates the hydrogen concentration in the natural radioactivity in drinking waters arises from the water, which defines its acidity and alkalinity. Dissolved the alpha and beta emitters. Underground waters are in gases and salts affect the pH value and remove it from its contact with different geological formations and the natural natural value that is 7. A water sample with a pH < 7 is radionuclides can be dissolved into the water. Natural considered acidic. Acidic waters are soft and corrosive. radionuclides in drinking water generally come from Therefore, they can leach metals such as copper, zinc, and primordial radionuclides 232Th and 238U series and 40K. The lead from pipes causing elevated levels of toxic metals in measurement of gross alpha and beta activity concentrations attempts to determination of the radioactivity level in *Corresponding Author: [email protected], drinking waters. The recommended values for the gross [email protected] alpha and beta activity concentrations in drinking waters are -1 -1 Hüseyin Aytekin orcid.org/0000-0002-2065-9932 500 mBq L and 1000 mBq L , respectively (WHO 2011). Nazmi Bayraktaroğlu orcid.org/0000-0001-5356-9151 Some published results for the measurement of gross alpha Aytekin, Bayraktaroğlu / An Investigation on the Quality of Natural Spring Waters in Zonguldak Province (Turkey) and beta activity concentrations in water samples can be 2. Material and Methods found in the literature (Kobya et al. 2015; Turgay et al. 2016; Zonguldak province is located between 41º00’ and 41º59’ Korkmaz and Ağar 2016; Aytekin and Bayraktaroğlu 2016). N latitude and between 31º29’ and 32º 29’ E longitude with Whiles the most common alpha emitter radionuclides are 226 222 238 a population of 595.907 as of 2015 and an area of 3.310 Ra and its decay product Rn of U series the beta 2 40 228 km . Some information about the geology of the region can emitter radionuclides are K and the decay product Ra 232 226 228 be found in the study of (Karacan and Okandan 2000). To of Th series. The Ra (t1/2=1620 y) and Ra (t1/2=5.75 y) can easily dissolve and travel within the aquifer, which are measure the T, pH, EC parameters and gross alpha and beta the most radiotoxic and dangerous radionuclides in case of activity concentrations, 49 samples were collected from the ingestion (Altınkulaç et al. 2015). Radioactive 40K, which is a spring water reservoirs in Zonguldak province. The T, pH small fraction of natural 39K, behaves as the other potassium and EC parameters of the samples were measured while isotopes in the body after ingestion. Some published results collecting the samples by using the Logger Pro 3.9 software can be found in the literature for the analysis of 226Ra, with Surface Temperature Sensor, Vernier pH sensor and 228Ra and 40K activity concentrations in drinking waters conductivity probe. The measurement system is seen in (Altınkulaç et al. 2015; Ajayi and Adesida 2009; Agbalagba Figure 1. On the other hand, the gross alpha and beta et al. 2015). activity concentration measurements in the samples were made by using standard EPA 900.0 method (Aytekin and Considering the reasons mentioned above, for the Bayraktaroğlu 2016). development of civilization, the amount and the evaluation of underground waters and their qualities are important in 3. Results and Discussion the respect of strategic planning and the development of the water resources (Al-Harbi et al. 2006). For this aim, to In this work, the measured T, pH and EC values in 49 water determine the radiological characters of the natural spring samples collected from natural spring water reservoirs in waters in the center of Zonguldak and its districts Kozlu, central Zonguldak and its districts Ereğli, Kozlu, Kilimli Ereğli, Kilimli and Çaycuma the gross alpha and beta activity and Çaycuma were analyzed. The measured T, pH, EC concentrations were measured in the collected water samples values and gross alpha and beta concentrations were shown from the water reservoirs of these places. The correlation in Table 1. The sample places and their coordinates were between the measured alpha and beta activity concentrations, also given in Table 1. The temperatures of water samples and some statistics about these concentrations were also were found to be close to the environment temperatures, published (Aytekin and Bayraktaroğlu 2016). In the present and therefore we have considered that no change is occurred study, the measured parameters T, pH and EC were analyzed in taste, smell and corrosion of water samples (Oyem et al. and the correlations between, T and pH, pH and EC, and 2014). As it is seen in Table 1, the T, pH and EC values are gross alpha and EC and gross beta and EC were investigated. in the ranges of 15.44-26.21 oC, 3.4-7.2 and 35.13-1319 µS Figure 1. The measurement system. 486 Karaelmas Fen Müh. Derg., 2017; 7(2):485-490 Aytekin, Bayraktaroğlu / An Investigation on the Quality of Natural Spring Waters in Zonguldak Province (Turkey) Table 1. The sample locations and coordinates of natural spring waters, T, pH, EC, gross α and gross β activity concentrations in the water samples in Zonguldak Province (Turkey) α β o EC Gross Gross Places Latitude Longitude T ( C) pH -1 -1 -1 (µS cm ) (mBqL ) (mBqL ) Zonguldak 1. Ontemmuz-1 N41o 26’ 10,5’’ E031o 46’ 25,9’’ 19,04 4,10 135,9 11,60 69,80 2. Ontemmuz-2 N41o 26’ 23,9’’ E031o 46’ 30,8’’ 18,2 5,57 264,3 35,00 106,20 3. Çaydamar N41o 25’ 1’’ E031o 48’ 2’’ 18,16 4,57 35,13 14,20 33,70 4. Rüzgarlımeşe N41o 27’ 28,1’’ E031o 48’ 22,7’’ 18,56 5,59 254,4 18,90 44,60 5. Milli Egemen N41o 19’ 57,1’’ E032o 02’ 44,5’’ 21,46 6,05 608,7 57,00 48,30 6. Çayköy N41o 20’ 32,0’’ E032o 01’ 51,6’’ 25,58 5,91 800,7 74,40 78,70 7. Karaman-1 N41o 22’ 48,01’’ E031o 57’ 23,8’’ 19,4 5,80 409,5 36,80 40,00 8. Karaman-2 N41o 22’ 153’’ E031o 57’ 8,4’’ 20,89 7,18 759,1 52,60 122,00 9. Sapça N41o 25’ 08,6’’ E031o 55’ 49,7’’ 21,54 5,52 103 9,70 23,10 10. Mevlana N41o 25’ 46,2’’ E031o 53’ 32,4’’ 20,76 5,34 64,1 2,90 30,10 11.Elvanpazar1 N41o 25’ 44,5’’ E031o 52’ 19,1’’ 22,44 5,47 251,9 13,40 15,40 12. Elvanpazar2 N41o 25’ 47’’ E031o 51’ 43,8’’ 18,18 5,55 192,9 24,90 20,90 13. Terakki-1 N41o 26’ 47,6’’ E031o 46’ 58,3’’ 16,59 5,86 195,4 9,60 126,50 14. Terakki-2 N41o 26’ 68,6’’ E031o 46’ 64,9’’ 22,71 6,46 68,36 8,70 69,30 15. Terakki-3 N41o 26’ 48,8’’ E031o 46’ 35,1’’ 20,2 4,62 215 18,70 77,70 16. Asma N41o 27’ 01,0’’ E031o 50’ 07,4’’ 20,49 6,06 181,2 17,00 37,20 Ereğli 17. Ömerli N41o 10’ 02,1’’ E31o 25’ 51,9’’ 21,02 6,21 331,5 22,50 23,70 18.
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