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A Ahupua`A, Kawaihau District, Kaua`I

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A Ahupua`A, Kawaihau District, Kaua`I Exhibit M A Cultural Impact Assessment for the Proposed Kapaʻa Exploration Associates Ltd. Highlands Phase II Kapaʻa Ahupuaʻa, Kawaihau District, Kauaʻi A Cultural Impact Assessment for the Proposed Kapa`a High- lands Phase II, Kapa`a Ahupua`a, Kawaihau District, Kaua`i TMK (4) 4-3-03:01 by Nancy McMahon, M.A. Prepared for Three Stooges LLC By Exploration Associates, Ltd. May 2012 EAL 3-2600 Kaumualii Hwy 1300-306 T 808 639 6695 [email protected] 428 Exploration Associates Ltd. Exploration Associates Ltd. LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Tax Map Showing the Kapa‘a Highlands Phase II 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Figure 2. Aerial View of the Project Area Looking North 8 Figure 3. Portion of 1872 Survey Map by James Gay, Showing Swamp Land in Puna 23 Figure 4. Aerial View of Kapa‘a, Kaua‘i, looking west, circa 1933 (Bishop Museum Archives) 31 INTRODUCTION 2 Figure 5. Hawai‘i Territory Survey Map (Iao 1914) of Kapa‘a Section Showing Roads, Scope of Work 2 Railroads and Camps 32 Methods 2 Figure 6. Historic Properties in Kapa‘a Ahupua‘a 37 Figure 7. Cattle Grazing 40 KAPA’A 6 Figure 8. Goats (in the Distance) Grazing 40 Natural Setting 9 Figure 9. Solar Farm and Equipment Buildings 41 Mo‘olelo of Kapa‘a 10 Figure 10. Road Remnant with Cattle in Background 45 Place Names and Wahi Pana of Kapa‘a 18 Summary of the Mythological and Traditional Accounts of Kapa‘a 22 LIST OF TABLES Early Post-Contact Period The Mahele Period 26 Table 1. Place Names of Kapa’a 10 The Late 1800s 20th Century History of Kapa‘a 29 Table 2. Mahele Land Claims and Land Use of Kapa‘a 25 Previous Archaeological and Cultural Studies of Kapa‘a 33 Table 3. Heiau of Kapa‘a 33 RESULTS OF COMMUNITY CONSULTATION 39 Table 4. Historic Properties in Kapa‘a Ahupua‘a 34 TRADITIONAL RESOURCES/CULTURAL PRACTICES 42 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 46 BIBLIOGRAPHY 48 APPENDIX 58 CIA KAPAA HIGHLANDS 1 CIA KAPAA HIGHLANDS 2 429 Exploration Associates Ltd. Exploration Associates Ltd. the report. In an attempt to obtain more regional or local sources, historic documents were INTRODUCTION sought at the Kaua‘i Historical Society, Kaua‘i Museum and the Kapa‘a Public Library. 2. Archaeological Review The library at the Department of Land and Natural Resources, State Historic Preserva- tion Division were used to obtain information regarding previous archaeological and cultural Scope of Work studies in the Kapa’a area. Previously identified archaeological sites are presented for each section separately and are discussed in the context of associated cultural tradi- The following scope of work was agreed upon to fulfill the requirements of a cultural impact tions. A complete review of archaeological sites, including descriptions, ahupua‘a, settlement assessment, as outlined by the Office of Environmental Quality Control guidelines: patterns and archaeological constraints is available in a separate archaeological assessment document (McMahon 2012). 1) Further background research with the goal of identifying traditional Hawaiian ac- tivities including gathering of plant, animal and other resources or agricultural pur- 3. suits as may be indicated in the historic record. Identification of Knowledgeable Informants Hawaiian organizations, community members and cultural and lineal descendants 2) Examination of historical documents, Land Commission Awards, and historic maps, with with lineal ties to the greater Kapa‘a area were contacted to: (1) identify potential knowl- the specific purpose of identifying traditional Hawaiian activities including gathering of edgeable individuals with cultural expertise and knowledge of the project area and sur- plant, animal and other resources or agricultural pursuits as may be indicated in the his- rounding vicinity, and (2) identify cultural concerns and potential impacts relative to the toric record to develop a Cultural landscape background study, project. An effort was made to locate informants who either grew up in the project area or 3) A review of the existing archaeological information pertaining to the sites in the study who, in the past, used the area for cultural purposes. These included lifetime residents area as they may allow us to reconstruct traditional land use activities and identify of Kapa‘a Town, families with ties to the historic rice industries of Kapa‘a and former and describe the cultural resources, practices and beliefs associated with the parcel employees of Lihue Plantation who may have lived in one of the residential camps near and identify present uses, if appropriate. the study area. Other potential user groups were residents in the Kapa‘a who have their roots in Kapa‘a, and continue to utilize the makai areas for cultural reasons. In addition, 4) Conduct oral interviews with persons and agencies knowledgeable about the historic and informal talk-story with community members familiar with the study area is ongoing. traditional practices in the project area and region. This includes eight formal inter- The organizations consulted were the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD), The Of- views and more informal interviews plus coordination with relevant community fice of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA), the Kaua‘i/Ni‘ihau Islands Burial Council, the Royal Or- groups. der of Kamehameha, Kaumuali‘i Chapter, Kaua‘i County Council, Kaua‘i County Mayor, 5) Preparation of a report on items 1-3 summarizing the information gathered related to tra- Kaua‘i Health Heritage Coastal Corridor Committee, Kaua‘i Historical Society, Kaua‘i His- ditional practices and land use. The report will assess the impact of the proposed action toric Preservation Commission. on the cultural practices and features identified. 4. Interviews Interviews were conducted for this assessment. Once the participant was identified, Methods she/he was contacted and interviewed. Excerpts from the interview are used throughout this report, wherever applicable. 1. Historic Research Research was conducted to find historic maps at the Hawai‘i State Survey Office, the State 5. Report Historic Preservation Division library and the Kaua‘i Historical Society. Historical re- This study documents relevant information on traditions and practices from the search was conducted at the State Historic Preservation Division Library, the Hawai‘i historic record as well as from contemporary oral sources. The report includes cultural State Archives and the Bishop Museum where information on historic land use and past and historic documentation of Kapa‘a, a summary of archaeological studies, the results of cultural traditions was sought. The Bishop Museum also provided historic photographs for CIA KAPAA HIGHLANDS 3 CIA KAPAA HIGHLANDS 4 430 Exploration Associates Ltd. Exploration Associates Ltd. community consultation, and an assessment of traditional resources/traditional practices. The report is organized in such a way that reflects the effort of data and information gather- ing. This is the information used in the final assessment of Traditional Resources/ Cultural Practices reported in the Conclusions Section IV and V. KAPA‘A The Kapa‘a Highlands Phase II is located in Kapa‘a, above the Kapa‘a Bypass Road and adjacent to Kapa‘a Middle School. The property is further identified by Kaua‘i Tax Map Key No. (4) 4-3-03:01. The total acreage of the area is 163.125. (Figure 1 and 2). The project area lies in the traditional ahupua‘a of Kapa‘a belongs’ to the ancient dis- trict of Puna (now the district is more commonly called "Kawaihau"), one of five an- cient districts on Kaua‘i (King 1935: 228). Puna was the second largest district on Kaua‘i, behind Kona, and extended from Kipu south of Lihu‘e to Kamalomalo‘o, just north of Kealia. For taxation, educational and judicial reasons, new districts were cre- ated in the 1840's. The Puna District, with the same boundaries became the Lihu‘e Dis- trict, named for an important town in that district. In 1878, by the act of King Kalakaua in securing a future name for the new Hui Kawaihau, created the new district of Ka- waihau. This new district encompassed the ahupua‘a ranging from Olohena on the south to Kilauea on the north. Subsequent alterations to district boundaries in the 1920's left Kawaihau with Olohena as its southernmost boundary and Moloa‘a as its northernmost boundary (King 1935:222). CIA KAPAA HIGHLANDS 5 CIA KAPAA HIGHLANDS 6 431 Exploration Associates Ltd. Exploration Associates Ltd. Figure 2. Aerial View of Project Area Looking North Figure 1. Tax Map Showing the Project Area for Kapaa Highlands Phase II. CIA KAPAA HIGHLANDS 7 CIA KAPAA HIGHLANDS 8 432 Exploration Associates Ltd. Exploration Associates Ltd. shaped gulches and small valleys in the uplands, through which small tributary streams run, including the Kapahi, Makaleha, Moalepe and Konohiki Streams. While some of Natural Setting these streams combine with other tributaries in neighboring Keālia to form Kapa‘a Stream, which empties into the ocean at the northern border of the ahupua‘a, others flow di- rectly into the marsh areas of Kapa‘a and Waipouli (Handy and Handy 1972:394,423; Territo- rial Planning Board 1940:9). Kapa‘a Town areas is built on a sand berm with ocean on the makai side and marsh on The ahupua‘a of Kapa‘a, is located on the eastern side of the island of Kaua‘i, in the old the mauka side. The sand berm was probably slightly wider here than in other localities, district or moku of Puna. Adjacent and to the north is the ahupua‘a of Keālia, and to the south, but dry land was probably always at a premium. Waipouli. Like other ahupua‘a in Puna, Kapa‘a is exposed to the northeast tradewinds and receives 40 to 50 inches of rain a year at the shore and considerably more precipitation in- land. The area of the ahupua‘a of Kapa‘a, is approximately 6,394 acres (Gay 1872 R.M.
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