Iveconnaissance Soil Survey of Liberia

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Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 66

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations and UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF STATE Technical Cooperation Administration For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C—Price 25 cents Washington, D. C. June 1951 Preface

A soil survey of a country is a scientific inventory of its soil resources. It includes classification, mapping, and a study of factors that determine the uses for which soils are best suited. It supplies information that is especially useful for research programs on crops, soils, fertilizers, and land use planning. The use of such a survey may prevent many mistakes and much waste of soil resources. This report presents the results of just such an inventory of the soils of Liberia, one of the several fact-finding surveys carried out by the United States Economic Mission to Liberia in 1944-48. It was the first work of its kind in that area. As the title suggests, it was not a detailed survey ; however it yielded much information that will be useful in developing the general agriculture of the country. Grateful acknowledgement is made of the advice and cooperation of Dr. Charles E. Kellogg, Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, United States Department of Agricul- ture, and other members of the Bureau staff, all of whom gave generously of their time and knowledge to the preparation of the manuscript. CONTENTS

Pa^e General information 1 General physiography and geology. 1 Climate : 2 Vegetation 2 Methods used in conducting the survey... 6 Classification of soils , 7 Latosols—. : 10 Kakata association ....10 Sálala association 12 Suakoko association 12 Gbarnga association 12 Ganta association :.. 13 Zorzor association 13 Voinjama association 14 Lithosols - : 22 Regosol^... 25 Soils not shown on map but included with Latosols, Lithosols, and Regosols: Alluvial soils..... 25 Gray Hydromorphic soils 20 Half-Bog soils - .29 Mangrove Swamp soils 29 Agriculture and soil management; Agriculture .32 Soil fertility. .33 Effect of fertilizers 43 Need for lime .46 Green-manure and cover crops 48 Soil erosion ..49 Land capability 49 Policies for future land use 50 Appendix 53 Reconnaissance Soil Survey of Liberia

William E. Reed* Agricultural Research Specialist

General Information The Republic of Liberia lies on the west coast of Africa, between 4^32' and 8^50' north latitude and 7°32^and 11°32^ west longitude. Its boundaries are Sierra Leone on the west, French Guinea on the north, the Ivory Coast on the east, and the Atlantic Ocean on the south. The area of the country is about 38,000 square miles and its population is estimated to be between 1 and IV2 million.

General physiography and geology Liberia for the most part is a rolling country. The coastal area is a narrow strip of level land more or less cut up by lagoons, tidal creeks, and marshes. Included in this area are several promontories. Extending from the coastal area inland about 50 miles, the country is rolling, interspersed with a few hills from 400 to 600 feet high. Beginning at 50 to 80 miles inland and extending for about 20 miles farther is a steeply rolling and hilly escarpment area, in which the elevation rises from about 200 feet to 600 to 1,000 feet. From this point and on, into French Guinea at the northern boundary, the topography is gently rolling to rolling. This part of the country has some resemblance to a dissected plateau. Low mountains ranging from 1,500 to 3,000 feet occur inter- mittently throughout Liberia. Somewhat higher are Mt. Nimba in the Central Province, with an altitude of 4,200 feet, and Mt. Walo in the Western Province, with an altitude of 4,500 feet. Liberia is well-drained by six large rivers and several smaller ones, all of which run nearly perpendicular to the coast and empty into the Atlantic Ocean. The average fall in the channel of the rivers ranges from 5 to 10 feet per mile, a variation that means they are poorly graded. All of the rivers flow almost entirely on bedrock and over rapids. There are no well-developed valleys and flood plains in Liberia. ^ The author, who during the survey was a foreign staff officer for the U. S. Department of State, is now dean of the School of Agriculture, Agricultural and Technical College of North Carolina, Greensboro, N. C. 2 INFORMATION BULLETIN 66, Ü. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE

The native bedrock of Liberia is entirely of Pre-Cambrian age. Rocks of the same age occur also in Sierra Leone, the Ivory Coast, the southern part of French Guinea, and the southwestern part of the Gold Coast It consists of an older series of granitic gneisses, gneissic sandstones, and schists, and a younger series of intrusive rocks consisting of massive granites, pegmatites, and diorites. The diorites are less extensive and occur largely in the coastal belt.

Climate

The climate of Liberia is tropical and humid (tables 1-3), Tem- perature remains uniformly high throughout the year : it probably never exceeds 100°F,, nor does it fall below 50°; and the average is about 80"^ for all sections of the country. Diurnal small changes average about 12° in the coastal belt, increasing to about 20° at the extreme northern boundary. Rainfall averages 150 to 180 inches a year along the coast and decreases to about 70 inches in areas farthest inland. Most of the rain falls between the months of April and November, thus making definite wet and dry seasons. Along the coast the average relative humidity is about 82 during the wet season and about 78 during the dry. During the harmattans —dry, heavily dust-laden winds from the Sahara Desert that occur between December and March—the relative humidity may occasionally fall below 30.

Vegetation

The vegetation of Liberia may be classifiexi roughly into four types.^ Type 1 is the coastal forest and mangrove swamps occurring in a narrow strip of land from 1 to more than 9 miles in width, running parallel to the seacoast and extending up along the rivers for short distances. Red and white mangrove, associated with a few other species, occurs on the land that extends to the level of high tide. Sparse stands of oil palms and scrubby bush, and occasional plantings of coconut palms, occur on the level coastal sandy soils that are not subjected to flooding by the tides. Type 2 is the evergreen rain forest that begins on the highland near the seacoast and extends inland about 30 miles, in the rainfall belt of 100 to 200 inches. This forest consists of hardwood, or broadleaf, trees with no definite seasonar leaf-fall. In undisturbed forest the trees form a closed canopy from 100 to 200 feet high. Underneath is a fairly dense stand of scrubby and herbaceous vegetation. Much of the original evergreen rain forest has been destroyed, and the subsequent growth of secondary bush is periodically cut and burned in preparation for farming. The Kakata and Sálala soils were developed under this type of vegetation. Type 3 is the deciduous forest that begins 40 to 50 miles inland 1 Mayer, Karl R., Forest Resources of Liöerm, Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 67, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, 1951. TABLE 1.—Rainfall, temperature^ and relative humidity at United States Navy Station, Camp Johnson, Monrovia, Liberia, by months, November 1944- to April 19^7

Temperature (degrees Fahrenheit) Relative humidity (percent)

Rainfall (inches) Month Maximum, ave. Minimum, ave. Average Maximum, ave. Minimum, ave. Average

id 1944 1945 1946 1947 1944 1945 1946 1947 1944 1945 1946 1947 1944 1945 1946 1947 1944 1945 1946 1947 1944 1945 1946 1947 1944 1945 1946 1947 o o

January.. 1.02 0.24 81 72 > m February. .25 .20 73 m March... 1.53 2.61 72 > April 4.30 5.11 85 74 a ta May... 14.7 21.9 85 June... 39.5 30.2 July... 18.7 21.1 August. 4.6 10.7 September. 18.4 32.5 October... 15.9 41.4 November. 9.5 7.5 6.2 87 o December. 2.1 3.02 .68

Total. 129.19 172.84 td TABI^E 2.—Rainfall at Research Department} Harhel Group, Firestone Plantations Co., Liberia, hy months, 1936-46 [In inches]

Total, Average, Month 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1936-46 1936-46 5; O Jan .. . . 0.2 0.00 0.28 2.91 0.90 2.08 2.24 0.74 1.70 1.07 11.94 1 19 Feb. 3.61 .10 3.94 .51 .36 1.44 2.39 .28 2.04 .37 15.04 1 50 'A Mar i.. . o 4.17 1.30 7.05 8.18 4.56 2.27 3,31 3.59 9.17 4.30 6.64 54.54 4 88 "^ Acr.. 8.04 4.25 8.59 4.00 5.93 7:28 4.79 7.99 3.00 6.39 9.82 70.08 6.37 w May. 11.65 9.58 13.41 18.34 8.31 16.15 9.50 10.39 5.89 7.85 13.47 124.54 11 32 d June. 17.69 10.93 11.85 19.43 13.60 17.31 10.44 17.15 20.39 14.51 14.51 167.82 15-26 t-i July.... 9.28 18.27 13.36 20.93 17.86 9.95 24.07 4.85 30.07 17.00 9.89 175.53 15-96 Aug 16.23 15.26 15.92 20.27 26.86 26.94 15.41 21.66 19.00 13.76 16.17 207.98 18 91 n Sept.. 27.80 23.38 24.33 16.71 21.41 21.94 23.60 29,70 31.68 16.59 24.37 261.51 23.78 Oct.. 12.57 17.10 20.64 22.75 16.37 5.77. 13.53 12.99 12.51 17.94 21.89 174.06 15.82 Nov. 12.78' 7.81 5.69 6.28 8.67 5.09 8.24 9.27 5.80 6.64 5.42 81,69 7.43 Dec.... . : 6.30 3.51 2.08 5.71 2.62 1.79 , /I-55'; 3.64 5.30 1.19 2.05 35.74 3 25

Total 126.51 115.02 123.02 146.82 129.61 115.75 117.96 125.86 144.33 109^91 125.68 C3 mHO

1 Location: 10°2r west longitude, 6^18' north latitude. Altitude; 100 ft. above sea level. o > o

Ci TABLE 3. -Rainfall at Methodist Mission Station, Ganta, Liberia, by months, 1927-46 [In inches]

Month 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Jan.., 1.21 0.80 0.50 Feb. . 2.25 0.25 2.87 1.25 1.95 1.40 Q) 3.10 1.37 1.60 3.25 Mar. 3.75 2.20 5.70 5.30 7.40 Apr. . (0 5.00 2.30 8.55 4.95 5.67 2.50 (1) Q) O 4.60 4.75 6.15 May. 7.56 9.00 3.70 8,30 (1) 4.90 3.75 June. (1) 6.40 13.55 15.37 14.20 7.15 13.40 (1) 6.85 (1) 10.10 13.00 11.05 July.. 10.93 9.40 5.40 (}) 5,60 Aug.. (0 8.15 6.80 6.50 15.87 16.40 6.80 (0 9.65 (0 15.50 11.90 5.40 Sept., 13.06 15.50 16.90 (}) (}) 10.80 12.00 Oct. . (0 14.00 13.20 9.31 8.80 9.65 (1) (1) 11.40 (1) 7.20 8.10 7.70 Nov.. 4.68 1.65 4.41 (1) 3.60 2.35 Dec. 3.90 8.40 .85 (1) 0) .90 1.00 .70 Total. 82.80 84.56 68.13 (1) (0 (1) (1) 72.42 78.70 78.45

1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 Average Jan. . 0.04 0.15 1.20 2.83 0.40 0.96 Feb.. 0.75 0.03 0.61 2.40 1.97 0''l2 1.32 .25 .55 .71 2.36 1.38 1.30 1.62 Mar. 3.90 7.80 4.33 1.12 4.37 4.43 3.64 7.21 5.04 Apr. . 4.62 4.59 2.20 2.79 5.08 4.62 3.68 8.19 7.08 5.04 4.61 3.35 4.93 May. 8.12 (}) 7.90 7.52 11.65 6.44 10.57 7,88 June. 8.98 2.65 7.58 8.93 (}) 11.39 11.63 13.39 9.23 11.16 7,70 6.91 8.47 10.58 July. 11.22 (1) 15.75 15.08 14.98 5.73 5.10 16.24 Aug.. 8.76 4.55 9.71 11.69 (0 8.93 12.50 14.77 11.87 14.69 17.07 10.89 16.30 11.59 Sept.. 21.38 (0 14,60 19.49 11.65 17.75 15.12 19.55 14.12 Oct.. 14.61 7.99 (}) 11.99 15.94 5.85 12.85 9.00 9.00 18.16 10.19 Nov.. 1.68 (}) 7.15 3.25 5.80 3.52 5.28 1.60 Dec. 4.10 4.09 (}) .85 .70 1.73 4.78 2.54 .17 .26 (1) .96 Total..... 79.55 88.08 (}) 93.32 89.32 88.17 84.93 94.78 83.96 (1) 83.37 ^ Not available. 6 INFORMATION BULLETIN ßß, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE along a line roughly paralleling the seacoast and, except for the Voinjama area occupying the northern tip of Western Province, extends to the northern boundary. Between the evergreen ram forest and the deciduous forest is a narrow transitional belt consisting of both evergreen and deciduous species. The deciduous forest occurs in a rainfall belt of 70 to 100 inches. The deciduous forest consists of trees that become defoliated ; however, this condition is not very conspicuous because not all of the trees, not even those of the same species, shed their leaves at the same time. The deciduous forest is not so dense as the evergreen rain forest. Much of the original deciduous forest has been destroyed and is now under secondary bush that is subjected to periodic cutting and burning. The Gbarnga and Ganta soils were developed under the deciduous-forest vegetation. Type 4 is the savanna and park forest vegetation that occurs in the extreme northern part of Western Province and in very small localized patches near Kpandarmai and Sanokwelle. Grasses, including some elephant grass, and scattered trees of poor form occurring singly or in clusters and only rarely forming thickets, give this area the appearance of savanna and park forests. The Voinjama soils occur in the area now occupied by this type of vegetation. Methods Used in Conducting the Survey The field work of this survey consisted of a study of the general characteristics of the land, such as topography, drainage, parent material, native vegetation, apparent productivity, erosion, and crops. Field notes were recorded more or less according to general inspection as the various areas of the country were traveled over afoot. Routes that were followed, with field trips distinguished from plane trips, are shown on figure 1. The soils in the areas covered were examined frequently to depths ranging from 2 to 5 feet, with spade and post-hole digger. Careful observations were made of the color, texture, structure, consistency, and thickness of the various horizons. Three to four y2-V0VLnd soil samples were collected from the respective horizons of each profile and brought into the laboratory for additional physical and chemical examinations. The samples were analyzed for texture (sieve and hydrometer method), organic matter (wet-digestion method), acidity (pU) (glass-electrode, using about 1-to-l soil-water ratios), cation-exchange capacity (Nesslerization of absorbed ammonia after extraction with sodium chloride), exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium, exchangeable potassium, and exchangeable manganese (macro- methods as described in United States Department of Agriculture Circular No. 757). The map showing distribution of soils (fig. 2) was prepared from data obtained in the field and the study of aerial photographs. RECONNAISSANCE SOIL SURVEY OF LIBERIA 7 Classification of Soils

Soils are formed by the accumulated action of various physical, chemical, and biological processes on rocks, minerals, and elemen- tary substances on the surface of the earth. The nature of these processes and the kinds of soil formed depend on factors of climate, vegetation, parent material, relief, and time. These factors vary from place to place and produce a variety of soils, each with special characteristics (such as color, type, and sequence of soil layers, i. e., horizons; structure; chemical properties) that express each factor in various degrees of dominance. The way in which these soil characteristics are expressed serves as a basis for distinguishing one kind of soil from another. Soil research in tropical regions has been of a restricted nature, conducted more or less by isolated individuals, most of them Euro- peans, whose objectives and methods of study and scientific termi- nology lack the uniformity essential to developing an adequate system for classification and nomenclature. The staff of the Amer- ican Soil Survey has conducted field research necessary for detailed soil surveys in only two tropical countries—Puerto Rico^ and Hawaii^—but has made additional investigation in several other tropical areas. This recent work of the American Soil Survey has been drawn upon in studying the soils of Liberia. At the highest level of classification, soils are grouped into zonal, intrazonal, and azonal. Zonal soils are those with well-developed characteristics that reflect the effects of climate and vegetation. These are usually the dominant group of a given climatic and vegetation zone. In Liberia, Latosols are the dominant zonal soils. Intrazonal soils are those that, because of some local factor of environment, such as low relief and consequent poor drainage, or abnormal composition of parent material, have profile characteristics not normal for the vegetation and climatic zone. In Liberia, these soils for the most part are rather inextensive and unmappable at the scale of mapping employed. For this reason, they have been included either with the zonal or azonal soils with which they are closely associated. Azonal soils are those without well-developed soil characteristics, either because they are young, owing to recent deposition of parent material, or because geologic erosion has kept pace with soil development. Azonal soils in Liberia developed from unconsolidated sands are Regosols; those that are shallow are Lithosols. The dominant soil-forming process in zonal soils of tropical regions is laterization—essentially a process of depleting the soil of silica and bases and consequently enriching it in hydrous oxides of iron and aluminum. Previously, these soils were named ''lateritic 2 Cline, M. G., Soils of Hawaii and Their Environment (manuscript for pub- lication) . Dept. of Agronomy, Cornell University, 1948. s Roberts, E. C, et al., Soil Survey of Puerto Rico, U. S. Dept. of Agr., Washington, D. C, 1942. FIGURE 1.—Routes traveled by author. RECONNAISSANCE SOIL SURVEY OF LIBERIA 9

soils." As a more specific name for the zonal group of soils of tropical regions, the term "Latosol" has been proposed. The sub- ^^^^ n" Latosols into great soil groups has not been worked up ofticially, and therefore only tentative names for them can be used It has been suggested that color be used as a basis for subdividing Latosols mto great soil groups.* This basis, however, proves very unsatisfactory in Liberia, because even within small areas the soils oí that country vary in color from deep red to yellow, including shades of brown. If color were used, there would be several great soil groups occurring in rather complex association. Except for color, the Latosols of Liberia have characteristics uniformly alike The results of texture analyses show that these soils are made up ot a number of soil classes. Some of them contain a high percentage of coarse and fine sand and, on the basis of texture analyses, would be classified as sands ; however, they contain a fairly large amount of organic matter that gives them a loamy consistency, and therefore they are classified as sandy loams. The principal class IS sandy clay loam. Clay loam occurs much less widely. The soils on steeply rolling and hilly land are usually gravelly. These soils, in undisturbed condition, have a thin leaf mold and 6 to 9 inches of dark-brown or gray-brown topsoil that contains from 3 to 6 percent organic matter. The topsoil usually has a weak crumb structure, but occasionally granular. Its texture ranges from sand to clay. Most of it is sandy clay loam. Usually, the topsoil on steeply rolling land is gravelly and compact, but porous, u transitional zone from topsoil to subsoil is in most places sharp. The color of the subsoil is a shade of red, brown, or yellow Gravelly concretions are present in most of the profiles in layers 10 to 50 inches thick; however, laterite hardpans seldom occur, ihe^structure of the subsoil is crumb or granular and occasionally nutty. Sometimes it contains slightly indurated material that has cellular structure. The soils have good permeability and internal drainage. The clay fraction usually is nonplastic. These soils have strongly eluvial profiles. It is characteristic of them to have highly resistant material—largely laterite and quartz sand—concentrated in the surface horizons. In the_report pn his soil survey of Hawaii, Cline« names several great soil groups by using terms descriptive of relative organic- matter content—for example, Humic Latosol and Low-Humic Latosol. The Latosols of Liberia are more nearly like the Humic Latosols described by Cline for Hawaii. All of the zonal soils of Liberia appear to fall into the one great soil group—Latosol—and will be referred to as such throughout the report. These are sub- divided on the map into associations on the basis of parent material. ^Kenogg,G. K,Preliminary Sv^gestions for the Classification and Nomen- clature of Great Sou Groups m Tropieal and Equatorial Regions. Proc. Conf on Tropical and Sub-tropieal Soils, Techn. Communication No. 46 of the Com- monwealth Bur. of Sou Science, Harpenden, England. 5 Cline, op. cit. 10 INFORMATION BULLETIN 6Q^ U. S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE

An association as used in this report includes all the soils that make up a landscape underlain by one kind of parent material. It includes not only the zonal soils, but the normally associated intrazonal and azonal soils; together these form either a simple or complex pattern, but one that is repeated over and over again. The associations are named after the dominant member of the zonal soils. The individual members of the association are soil types, but these are not shown on the map. For purposes of presentation, the soils of Liberia have been broadly grouped into Latosols, Lithosols, and Regosols. These are discussed in the following pages.

Latosols

Latosols occupy about 75 percent of the total area of Liberia. They occur on undulating, gently rolling, rolling, or steeply rolling land that varies in elevation from almost sea level to about 1,800 feet, in a climatic zone that has an annual rainfall ranging between 70 and 180 inches, a mean temperature of about 80° F., and wet and dry seasons. Some of the soils are under original tropical high- forest vegetation, while those that are used for shifting farming are for the most part under a secondary growth of low trees. The parent materials of these soils are crystalline metamorphic and igneous rocks. The soils vary in thickness over bedrock from a few feet to considerable depth. The principal associations of Latosols, which are shown on figure 2, are Kakata, Sálala, Suakoko, Gbarnga, Ganta, Zorzor, and Voinjama. They are here described briefly. Kakata Association. The Kakata soils are brownish red in color and consist of sandy loams and clay loams developed on dioritic rocks. They occur on gently rolling to rolling topography in a rainfall belt that ranges from 120 to 170 inches precipitation. In a dry state these soils assume a distinctly rusty-red color. The Kakata soils have a granular structure. The topsoil on the ridges contains a considerable amount of dark-brown and black gravels (latérite) and is very compact, especially when the moisture content is low. At depths of several feet these soils usually show mottling, an indication of impeded drainage. Following is a description of profile : (0) Very thin leaf mold. (1) Dark reddish-brown sandy clay loam to clay loams 5 to 10 inches thick. This layer may or may not contain concretions. (2) Reddish nonplastic sandy clay and clay 18 to 36 inches thick containing hard dark-brown and black concretions. (3) Red to reddish-yellow clay, compact with weakly developed blocky structure, 3 to 6 feet thick, frequent mottling and with few or no concretions. Major associates of Kakata are similar in most physical properties but differ in color, some of them being reddish-yellow, RECOMN/V\SSANCE SOILS SURVEY MAP OF LIBERIA

SOILS

G barngO Voinjomo Ganta ^'''/¡i^ZA Li t h OS o }

Zorzor \Ñ;¡\ Coastal sands

Â T L Â N T i OCEAN

FIGURE 2.—Reconnaissance Soils Survey Map of Liberia. 12 INFOEMATION BULLETIN 66, U. S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE brownish-yellow, or grayish-brown. Lesser associates are Lithosols and Gray Hydromorphic soils. Sálala Association. The Sálala soils are reddish brown in color and consist of sandy loams and sand clay loams developed of granitic rocks. They occur on gently undulating to rolling topography in areas in which the annual rainfall ranges from about 100 to 120 inches. These soils have a crumb to weakly granular structure. The topsoil is loose and friable. Internal drainage appears to be good. The physical properties of these soils make them better suited to agricultural crops than the reddish-brown Kakata soils. Description of profile is as follows : (0) Very thin leaf mold or mull. (1) Reddish-brown sandy loam and sandy clay loams 8 to 12 inches thick. On burnt-over land, this layer may have a grayish-brown color. Con- cretions may or may not be present. (2) Transitional zone of 5 to 10 inches thick grading into reddish-yellow friable clay loam of weakly granular structures. (3) Reddish-yellow sandy clay loam 15 to 40 inches thick containing light- brown to- dark-brown concretions. (4) Yellowish-red sandy clay loam 3 to 8 feet thick with little or no mottling. Major associates of Sálala are similar in most physical properties but differ in color, some being brownish-yellow or grayish-brown. Lesser associates are Gray Hydromorphic soils, Lithosols, and Half- Bog soils. Suakoko Association. The Suakoko soils are yellowish brown in color and consist of sandy loam soils developed on quartzite and light-colored schists. They occur along the upper part of the escarpment area on gently rolling to rolling topography. Here the annual rainfall is about 100 inches. The Suakoko soils have a low moisture-holding capacity and have low drought resistance. They are loose, friable soils with free internal drainage. Description of profile is as follows : <0) Very thin layer of leaf mold. (1) Brown and grayish-brown light sandy loam 5 to 12 inches thick. This layer has a weakly crumb structure. It may or may not contain concretions. (2) Yellowish-brown sandy loam 12 to 30 inches thick. Concretions may or may not be present in the profile. Some quartz pebbles may occur occasionally. (3) Brownish-yellow sandy loam, loose with very little tendency toward a crumb structure, 50 or more inches thick. Major associates of Suakoko are similar in most physical properties but differ in color, some being yellowish-red, brownish-yellow, or grayish-brown. Lesser associates are Gray Hydromorphic soils and Lithosols. Gbarnga Association. The Gbarnga soils are pinkish red in color and consist of sandy loams and sandy clay loams developed on i foliated rocks that are rich in quartz, orthoclase feldspar, and dark i minerals. These soils occur on rolling topography in the dissected! plateau region of the country. They are characterized by their dis-l RECONNAISSANCE SOIL SURVEY OP LIBERIA 13 tinct pink to bright-red color and greater depth of weathered materiaL The Gbarnga soils occur more widely than many of the other types. The annual rainfall in the areas in which they occur amounts to 80 to 100 inches. The Gbarnga soils are among the better agricultural soils of Liberia. However, a large percentage of these soils are on steeply rolling topography and are therefore unsuited for the production of open-cultivated crops. Description of profile is as follows : (0) Thin layer of maid or mull. (1) Dark reddish-brown friable sandy clay loam and clay loam 7 to 10 inches thick. Concretions may or may not be present. The color may be grayish- brown in burnt-over land. (2) Transition layer 6 to 8 inches thick of pinkish-red to bright-red friable clay loam. (3) Pinkish-red to bright-red clay loam of crumb structure containing concretions 20 to 50 inches thick. (4) Pinkish-red clay loam with little or no concretions and mottling. This type of material may extend to a depth of more than 15 feet. Major associates of Gbarnga are similar in most physical properties but differ in color, some being reddish-yellow, reddish-brown, or grayish-brown. Lesser associates are Gray Hydromorphic and Half-Bog soils and Lithosols. Ganta Association. The Ganta soils are reddish yellow in color and consist of sandy clay loams and clay loams developed on granitic rocks. They occur on undulating to gently rolling topography in areas receiving an annual rainfall of 70 to 100 inches. The Ganta soils are probably the best soils to devote to a more diversified type of agriculture. Because they occur on more gentle topography and under conditions of lesser rainfall than the other major associations, the Ganta soils can be more successfully used for producing open-cultivating crops on an intensive basis. Description of profile is as follows : (0) Thin layer of mold or mull. (1) Dark-reddish brown and grayish-brown sandy loam and sandy clay loams of crumb or granular structure 9 to 12 inches thick. Some concretions may or may not be present. (2) Transition layer 5 to 8 inches thick of sandy clay loam grading into reddish-yellow sandy clay loam and clay loam, of weak granular structure. (3) Reddish-yellow clay loam containing small concretions of granular structure 15 to 30 inches thick. (4) Reddish-yellow and yellowish-brown clay loam 40 to 80 inches thick with some mottling at the lower depth. Major associates of Ganta are similar in most physical properties but dififer in color, some being red, brownish-yellow, or grayish- brown. Lesser associates are Lithosols, Gray Hydromorphic, and Half-Bog soils. Zorzor Association. The Zorzor soils are red in color and consist of deep red clays, developed on syenitic rocks. These soils are characterized by their deep red color and nutty structure. They occur on rolling topography over a rather restricted area. Zorzor clays are very plastic. 14 INFORMATION BULLETIN 66, U. S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE

Description of profile is as follows: (0) Thin layer of leaf mold. (1) Dark brownish-red granular clay 8 to 10 inches thick. (2) Dark-red clay, nutty, 30 to 70 inches thick. No concretions. Major associates of Zorzor are similar in most physical properties but differ in color, some being grayish-brown. Lesser associates are Gray Hydromorphie soils and Lithosols. Voinjama Association. The Voinjama soils are yellowish brown in color and consist of coarse sandy loam and sandy clay loams developed on coarse-grained granites and pegmatites. They occur on undulating to gently rolling topography between the higher mountains. The soils probably were originally under forest, but now they are mostly under savanna. They represent only a small percentage of the soils of Liberia. Description of profile is as follows: (0) Thin leaf mold. (1) Yellowish-brown coarse sandy loam 10 to 12 inches thick. Under burnt- over conditions this layer may have a grayish-brown color. Concretions may or may not be present. Quartz pebbles usually occur. (2) Transitional layer into brownish yellow 6 to 10 inches thick. (3) Brownish-yellow clay loams with occasional recticular structure 20 to 40 inches thick. Some of this material fits the description of ground- water latérites. Concretions and quartz pebbles are usually present. Major associates of Voinjama are similar in most physical properties but differ in color, some being reddish-yellow or grayish- brown. Lesser associates are Lithosols and Gray Hydromorphie and Half-Bog soils. The results of analyses of samples taken from profiles of this group of soils are given in tables 4-10. The sampling was rather well-distributed over the entire country; therefore these results are considered to be representative. The figures given are the maximum, mean, and minimum values for the number of indicated analyses. The organic-matter content of soils under virgin forest (tables 4, 6, and 8) averages 6 percent in the surface 6 inches of soil and 2.5 percent at a depth of 3-6 inches. In those soils on which the original forest has been destroyed and which are now under a secondary growth of bush (tables 5, 7, and 9) the organic-matter content averages 4 percent and 2 percent, respectively. These data indicate that, on an average, the soils used for "shifting farming" contain about 25 percent less organic matter than they had originally. The nitrogen content of soils correlates closely with the amount of organic matter present. These soils have an organic matter/ nitrogen ratio that averages about 30 and equals a carbon/nitrogen ratio of 17. The soluble-phosphorus content varies from 4 p. p. m. (parts per million) to 15 p. p. m. It averages about 8 p. p. m. in the topsoil and 5 p. p. m. in the subsoil. A characteristic of these soils is strong acidity in the thin surface layer and extreme acidity in the layers beneath. The acidity in the surface 3 inches ranges from pB. 4.00 to pR 5.50, averaging about TABLE 4.—Latosols in Liberia on steeply rolling and hilly topography: Analytical data for profiles under virgin forest

Percent fine fraction Exchange properties (in miUiequivalents per 100 grams of soil) Depth in inches Organic Phos- § (with number Gravel matter Nitrogen phorus Acidity Ex- Exchangeable cations o of analysis) change o Sand Silt Clay capac- Z ity Cal- Magne- Potas- Manga- > cium sium sium nese

a Parts za per O h-l Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent million f f88 89 20 28 10.43 0.305 15.8 5.41 18.6 4.53 1.85 2.10 0.038 m 0-3 (No. 17) J15.1 73.9 15.3 10.8 6.07 ,183 7.6 4.52 11.9 1.65 .89 1.11 015 [2 58 8 4 4.22 .126 4.8 4.04 7.8 .80 .45 .38 .003 Í74 76 19 18 2.84 .085 8.8 4.21 12.9 .99 .87 .53 .006 3-6 (No. 4) ^45 71.7 16.5 11.7 2.20 .078 6-7 3.88 8.1 .47 .51 .19 002 O .14 63 14 6 1.75 .065 4.4 3.78 4.4 .30 .39 .07 .000 CO 32 Í59 71 28 11.2 4.10 12.0 1.02 .38 .34 009 50 6-9 (No. 13) ^23.2 57.9 19.7 21.5 7.1 3.83 7.0 .42 .22 .17 003 , 5 46 15 12 4.4 3.70 4.4 .21 .10 .05 .001 Í72 60 28 32 9.2 4.20 8.7 .42 .28 .20 004 18-30 (No. 11) 47.4 53.3 22.2 24.5 5.8 3.91 6.5 .34 .21 ,09 002 ^ 3 43 15 18 4.2 3.65 5.1 .22 .11 .00 001 TABLE 5.—Latosols in Liberia on steeply rolling and hilly topography: Analytical data for profiles under secondary hush

Exchange properties Percent fine fraction (in milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil)

Depth in inches Organic Phos- z (with number Gravel matter Nitrogen phorus Acidity Ex- Exchangeable cations of analysis) change Sand Silt Clay capacity Cal- Magne- Potas- Manga- cium sium sium nese o w Parts c! per r« 1 ^ercent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent million ^82 96 32 20 6.01 0.224 16.5 5.46 15.5 2.36 1.03 4.05 0.015 0-3 (No. 31) 10.5 77.0 14,7 9.0 3.68 .118 9.5 4.47 8.1 .97 .54 .71 .006 lO 53 3 1 2.48 .081 4.4 4.22 5.1 .30 .25 .22 .001 '80 78 30 30 3,10 .118 12.4 4.10 11.8 1.49 .63 .42 .004 3-6 (No. 7) ...... 46.1 59.1 21.3 19,6 2,53 .088 8.4 3.95 7.1 .48 .32 .18 .002 [13 40 12 10 2.00 .071 4.5 3.80 4.7 .09 .20 .03 .001 ^69 71 28 35 11.5 4.16 7.4 .69 .61 .23 .007 i 6.2 3.85 5.4 .29 .21 .10 .001 6-9 (No. 24) 36.0 60,1 21.3 14.1 O ['2 44 11 7 3.2 3.27 3.1 .06 .12 .00 .000 *^ 13.6 4.24 10.0 .48 .46 .18 .002 Í78 59 42 37 to 5.1 3.87 5.5 .24 .27 .05 .001 1—I 9-18 (No. 11) 50.5 62.4 25.9 23.3 Cl [l4 40 8 18 1.0 3.55 3.9 .08 .10 .00 .000 d t:^ 1^ [70 74 36 32 6,3 4.38 6.9 .42 .58 .15 .002 d 18-30 (No. 17) 45.1 55.6 23.7 20.2 5.0 3.90 4.9 .25 .21 .05 .001 22 40 12 10 3.8 3.65 2.8 .05 .10 .00 .000 [62 66 42 35 5.4 4.38 6.5 .48 .60 .16 .002 30-36 (No. 5) -. 41.8 46.7 27.4 25.8 4.4 4.01 5.1 .29 .28 .06 .001 27 25 17 18 3.2 3.69 3.6 .10 .10 .00 .000 ^ — TABLE 6. —Latosols in Liberia on gentleÎ upper slopes: Analytical data f or profil es under virgin forest

Exchange properties Percent fine fraction (in milHequivalents per 100 grams of soil)

Depth in inches Organic Phos- Ex- Exchangeable cations (with number Gravel matter Nitrogen phorus Acidity o of analysis) change Sand Silt Clay capac- g ity Cal- Magne- Potas- Manga- I—I cium sium sium nese m m> Ci Parts m per O Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent million ill 83 20 19 7.77 0.224 12.0 5.04 15.0 3.45 1.62 3.00 0.032 0-3 (No- 15) 5.3 75.5 14.9 9.6 5.78 .182 8-8 4.47 9.9 1.37 .69 .88 .009 [o 65 12 3 4.95 .161 4.3 4.11 6.2 .35 .31 .09 .002 .123 12.5 4.51 9.2 .88 .63 .20 .002 Í30 77 32 22 3.65 o 3-6 (No 4) n4.o 62.0 22.3 15.8 3.34 .112 8.0 4.09 6.9 .46 .47 .14 .002 48 11 11 2.88 .095 5.0 3.98 5.0 .29 .21 .03 .001

Í31 77 28 32 11.0 4.90 10.2 .75 .48 .28 .008 ¥3 fi-Q ÍNo 12) \ 9.5 61.8 19.7 18.5 6.3 3.95 6.3 .36 .26 .12 . 003 [ 1 42 U 8 4.2 3.46 4.8 .20 .11 .00 .000 Í62 70 45 33 10.2 4.12 8.5 .47 .38 .17 .004 18-30 (No. 14) J23.6 53.5 25.2 21.3 5.5 3.83 5.7 .29 .22 .07 .001 I 6 25 12 11 2.8 3.55 4.4 .15 .10 .00 .000 TABLE 7.—Latosols in Liberia on gentle upper slopes: Analytical data for profiles under secondary bush

Percent fine fraction Exchange properties (in milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil) Depth in inches Organic Phos- (with number Gravel matter Nitrogen phorus Acidity Ex- Exchangeable cations o of analysis) change Sand Silt Clay capacity Cal- Magne- Potas- Manga- cium sium sium nese O Parts ci per t-i Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent million Í16 86 29 28 6.85 0.222 25.8 5.19 15.0 3.43 1.31 1.62 0.032 n 0-3 (No. 36) 3.0 70.3 17.0 11.7 4.02 .172 9.3 4.45 9.6 1.40 .69 .86 008 I 0 58 7 4 2.46 .080 5.4 3.95 4.4 .43 .33 .03 .002 |12 84 24 28 3.24 .114 17.0 4.85 12.0 1.52 .97 .40 .013 3-6 (No. 12) 4.4 .084 11.3 4.17 65.7 16.8 17.5 2.33 8.0 .79 .53 .19 .004 m [ 0 53 7 5 1.90 .066 5.0 3.88 4.1 .34 .34 .06 .001 S [17 77 45 36 13.4 4.21 16.0 1.52 .64 .43 012 6-9 (No. 24) 5.6 60.3 19.8 20.0 6.3 3.93 6.9 .51 .34 .13 002 1 0 31 6 8 3.0 3.40 4.0 .10 -11 .00 000 o Í25 74 47 30 8.0 4.26 10.2 .48 .42 .15 002 o> 3.82 5d 9-18 (No. 13) 8.6 57.5 22.3 20.2 4.7 5.8 .26 .26 .06 001 hi 1 40 6 5 2.6 3.64 2.5 .11 .12 .00 000 O d Í40 74 38 38 8.5 4.18 12.5 .96 .45 .26 008 a•-3 18-30 (No. 28) 16.8 55.1 23.2 21.2 5.3 3.92 6.4 .38 .27 .06 001 I 2 40 4 5 2.5 3.50 2.8 .11 .14 .00 000 # 71 48 29 6.4 4.12 9.6 .70 .45 .16 004 30-36 (No. 12) 18.9 55.3 26.3 18.3 4.0 3.95 6.0 .34 .30 .08 001 1 40 16 10 2.5 3.52 3.9 .10 .11 .00 000 TABLE 8,~Latosols in Liberia on lower foot slopes: Analytical data for profiles under virgin forest

ity Cal- Magne- Potas- Manga- I—I> cium sium sium nese œ m> a Parts per Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent million pH Í 8 84 26 22 7.24 0.226 16.1 4.95 18.6 3.11 1.20 0-3 (No. 15) 2.12 0.041 1 1-7 67.9 18.3 13.9 6.17 .189 11.0 4.60 12.2 2.12 .77 1.02 .017 i 0 58 6 4 4.13 .167 4.8 4.45 8.0 . .86 .55 .37 .004 Í 7 79 32 30 3.51 .117 11.2 4.20 12.5 .68 .55 3-6 (No. 6) .25 .011 3.7 55.3 24.2 20.5 2.46 .084 8.2 4.05 8.6 .54 .36 .16 o , 0 .007 44 14 5 2.05 .063 3.4 3.60 6.2 .31 .22 .08 .002 Í 7 63 31 26 9.6 4.50 11.2 .74 .34 6-9 (No. 10) .35 .014 2.6 54.5 22.5 23.0 8.1 4.08 8.0 .51 .28 .17 ^ 0 .005 43 12 16 5.2 3.98 5.8 .22 .19 .00 .002 r4o 65 38 34 8.8 4.50 10.2 .61 .40 18-30 (No. 14) .20 .-005 \ 8.9 50.1 25.6 25.0 6.7 3.95 7.1 .37 .25 .08 .002 1 30 13 18 1 1 5.0 3.40 5.2 .22 .12 .00 .001 TABLE 9.^Laíosoís m Liberia on lower foot slopes: Analytical data for profiles under secondary bush

Exchange properties Percent fine fraction (in milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil) o Organic Phos- Depth5n|mches Exchangeable cations (with number Gravel matter Nitrogen phorus Acidity Ex- change of analysis) Sand Silt Clay capac- O ity Cal- Magne- Potas- Manga- ^' cium sium sium nese DO d

Parts per Percent Percent million pH Percent Percent Percent Percent 0.027 20 5.58 0.222 13.5 5.46 14.8 4.02 1.63 1.93 [12 85 37 .76 .009 20.5 10.7 4.59 .148 7.8 4.71 8.8 1.58 .63 0-3 (No 27) 3.6 68.7 .32 .28 .36 .002 lo 48 10 5 2.88 .081 3.4 4.42 5.9 2.42 .090 14.0 4.32 12.6 .78 .62 .24 .009 Í 9 60 31 33 .14 .004 23.5 2.12 .077 7.9 4.06 8.8 .52 .31 3-6î(No. 8) 3.9 52.0 24.5 .12 .05 .001 45 14 15 1.71 .062 5.1 3.44 6.4 .35 11 o 8.2 4.34 8.7 .55 .52 .26 .004 ill 64 46 .24 .08 .002 fi_Q fMn 9CÙ 28.7 "l9.2 5.9 3.98 5.9 .36 \ 5.9 52.2 .10 .00 .000 Q 31 17 3.5 3.52 4.1 .25 S I 0 o .39 .12 .003 fl8 76 44 28 8.4 4.22 9.1 .48 f 5.7 .30 .23 04 .001 18"-30:(No. 26) \ 8.0 48.5 30.8 20.8 5.4 3.99 3.0 3,65 2.8 .10 .05 .00 .000 I 1 34 16 8 S 6.7 4.30 8.9 .45 .37 .10 .003 [28 53 49 28 .06 .002 ^fl—'^fi {^r\ 7\ 32.7 21.0 5.0 4.03 6.2 .33 .28 46.3 .24 .00 .000 lo 33 20 12 2.5 3.60 2.2 .22 ' TABLE 10.—Latosols in Liberia planted to upland rice: Analytical data for profiles under secondary hush that had been cut and burned in place

Exchange properties Percent fine fraction (in milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil)

Depth in inches Organic Phos- (with number Gravel matter Nitrogen phorus Acidity Ex- Exchangeable cations of analysis) change capac- Sand Silt Clay o ity Cal- Magne- Potas- Manga- cium sium sium nese

Parts per > Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent million pi/ f44 92 40 29 8.83 0.272 61.2 6.43 17.0 7.56 2.50 2.76 0.027 0-3 ÍNo 54) {10.4 70.1 17.1 12.9 4.77 .154 18.0 5.32 10.6 2.67 .90. 1.22 .015 I 0 38 7 1 2.12 .077 5.0 4.46 4.0 .49 .32 .11 .003 f66 74 45 30 4.69 .175 19.8 4.45 14.6 .60 .34 1.58 .009 3-6 (No. 6) ^20.0 46.7 29.8 23.3 2.78 .101 9.2 4.03 11.2 .51 .29 .42 .005 i 0 30 11 15 2.00 .071 5.0 3.70 6.4 .42 .24 .03 .003 r64 77 44 33 13.2 4.54 14.8 .70 .60 .30 .009 o 6-9 CNo 49) 121.5 57.7 20.2 22.2 6.6 3.96 7.1 .40 .27 .15 .003 3.5 3.52 4.4 .22 .14 .02 .001 I 0 33 11 8 CO Í79 61 54 30 10.5 4.65 8.5 .65 .42 .15 .005 9-18 (No. 11) 34.4 52.5 26.8 19.9 6.9 3.97 6.7 .37 .26 .06 .002 I 6 31 12 8 3.4 3.52 4.2 .20 .16 .00 .000 [78 63 48 ^ 38 10.5 4.10 10.5 .55 .42 .20 .007 1^30 (No. 13) {25.2 48.6 28.2 23.8 5.3 3.91 6.6 .34 .24 .05 .002 I 0 25 13 15 2.4 3.70 4.1 .24 .10 .00 .000 rAft 48 49 32 5.5 4.30 9.4 .44 .38 .16 .004 30-36 (No. 10) 27.9 37.5 39.1 23.4 4.2 4.07 6.9 .33 .26 .06 .002 .00 .000 I "0 19 30 11 2.4 3.92 4.4 .24 .17 â2 INFORMATION BULLETIN Û6, U. â. ÛÊPT. ÔP AGÏIICULTUEE pH 4.50. At a depth of 3 to 6 inches it averages about pR 4,00; and below 6 inches, pH 3.85, The cation-exchange capacity of soils under virgin forest averages about 12 in the surface 3 inches; and the capacity of those under secondary bush, about 9. The difference is due largely to the higher organic-matter content of soils under virgin forest. The cation-exchange capacity at a depth of 3 to 6 inches averages about 8 ; and at a depth of 6 to 36 inches, about 5, A high proportion of the total exchangeable bases of the profile are concentrated in the surf ace 3 inches of soil. The percent base saturation of this surface layer is about 30, but that of the subsoil averages less than 12. In table 10 are presented the results of analyses of samples taken immediately after the soil had been burnt over. These data show that, on the average, burning increases the soluble-phosphorus content of the surface 3 inches from 8 p. p. m. to 18 p. p. m. and the percent base saturation from 30 to 46, but decreases soil acidity from about pH 45 to pH 5.3. These soils are naturally very deficient in plant nutrients and can be farmed continuously only by repeated application of fertilizers. They are best adapted to tree crops and forest, which furnish protection against rain and the heat of the sun and favor the accumulation of organic matter. By use of fertilizers and green manures, open-cultivated crops may be produced successfully on soils of gently sloping land. The Latosols are the most productive soils of the country.

Lithosols The Lithosols of Liberia generally occur on hilly and rugged land ; they represent about 16.7 percent of the total area. They are shallow soils, varying in depth from several inches to a few feet, and not infrequently outcropping of the native bedrock occurs. Most of the deeper soils are of coUuvial formation. The vegetation consists of trees and shrubs. The soils that are developed on two or more feet of unconsolidated material consist of 5 to 8 inches of dark-brown topsoil that grades into brownish-yellow, reddish-yellow, or reddish parent material. The structural pattern of the parent rock is often retained by the parent material—"rotten rock." The clay in some of the soil is plastic and in some it is nonplastic. The results of analyses are given in table 11. These soils havej the usual texture range, from sands to clays, but show practically! no differentiation of texture with depth. The organic-matter content of these soils averages about 5 per-^' cent in the surface 3 inches and about 2.3 percent in the 3-to-6-incH layer. The soluble-phosphorus content averages 13 p. p. m. in thd topsoil. The acidity of the surface 3 inches averages about pH 4.J and in the layer beneath it averages ^^H 3.9. The cation-exchang^ capacity of the surface soil is about 12; in the subsurface layersl it is about 6. The exchangeable bases are also concentrated in thq| surface layer. TABLE 11.—Lithosols of Liberia: Analytical data for profiles

Parts s: per o } °ercent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent million Í10 87 32 32 8.28 0.232 30.0 5.95 20.0 3.19 1.81 2.41 0.034 0-3 (No. 42) 1 3.7 65.5 21.1 13.4 5.02 .158 13.5 4.40 11.7 1.32 .83 .93 .014 lo 40 11 2 3.38 .105 7.0 3.75 6.8 .40 .34 .15 .002 m d [10 68 29 20 3.82 .128 25.0 4.12 12.5 1.26 .98 .60 .017 3-6 (No. 11) 4.6 58.9 24.0 24.0 2.27 .078 13.1 3.90 8.0 .66 .49 .21 .006 52 20 20 1.38 .046 5.0 3.50 5.1 .21 io .30 .00 .001 o m 76 35 38 18.0 4.21 15.1 1.62 1.54 .63 01^ 6-9 (No. 32) \ 5.0 59.1 23.2 17.7 7.1 3.90 6.8 .50 .35 .18 004 CO i 0 37 15 5 3.4 3.42 3.4 .12 .12 .00 000 53 Í19 66 35 24 19.0 4.50 5.4 .54 .45 .25 009 9-18 (No, 7) \ 8.6 57.1 24.8 15.1 8.6 4.06 4.5 .34 .27 .11 003 I 5 40 16 8 5.0 3.54 3.2 .11 .10 .00 000 Í14 75 32 34 16.0 4.22 12.2 1.00 .73 .24 008 l&-30(No.33)...... \ 5.6 58.3 23.4 18.3 5.7 3.85 6.1 .39 .30 .10 .003 0 39 15 7 2.0 3.50 2.1 .10 .05 .00 non to TABLE 12,—Coastal sands of Liberia: Analytical data for profiles

Exchange properties Percent fine fraction (in miUiequivalents per 100 grams of soil)

Depth in inches Organic Phos- (with number Gravel matter Nitrogen phorus Acidity Ex- Exchangeable cations g ¿of analysis) change Sand Silt Clay capacity Cal- Magne- Potas- Manga- cium sium sium nese O w • a Parts per Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent million 98 5 3 1.06 0.028 2.0 5.50 1.2 0.24 0.15 0.38 0.0003 0-3 (No. 7) 95.7 2.6 1.7 .73 .022 1.2 5.09 1.0 .21 .11 .21 .0001 94 1 1 .56 .014 .8 4.50 .8 .15 .10 .14 .0000

97 4 4 .5 4.80 .7 ' .17 .05 .05 .0000 .02 .0000 6-9 CNo 7) 94.4 2.6 .3 4.45 .53 .10 .02 92 1 .2 4.10 .4 .04 .00 .00 .0000 ■I ( 96 3 4 .5 4.60 .5 .16 .02 .03 .0000 O 18-36 (No. 7).. 95.1 2.0 2.9 .3 4.27 .4 .07 .00 .00 ,0000 [.::::. 94 1 2 .2 3.80 .2 .05 ,00 .00 .0000 >

a 5 S RECONNAISSANCE SOIL SURVEY OF LIBERIA 25

The extreme topographic variation of the Lithosols, together with their shallowness, makes them of limited agricultural value. They are better suited for wildlife and forest reserves.

Regosols The soils of the Eegosol group consist of sands. The sands of Liberia occur in the narrow coastal belt and in several small tracts farther inland. Sands along the coast are ocean deposits; those inland are developed from coarse sandstones. Vegetation consists of a sparse stand of savannah-type growth and palms. Results of analyses are given in table 12, which is presented mainly to show the extreme poverty characteristic of soils that consist of almost pure saud. The sands are inherently infertile and can be made productive only by heavy application of fertilizers. The coconut palm and oil palm are the crops that seem best adapted to the Regosols of Liberia.

Soils not shown on map but included With Latosols, Lithosols, and Regosols Alluvial Soils. The alluvial soils of Liberia, most of which occur in narrow discontinuous tracts along the stream and river beds, represent about 2.1 percent of the total area. The vegetation on these soils consists of forest or a mixture of forest trees and coarse species of grasses. These soils are developed, for the most part, on relatively shallow deposits. They consist of 6 to 10 inches of dark-brown or reddish- brown or yellowish-brown subsoil. The structure of the topsoil of sandy loams and sandy clay loams is crumby or granular; that of clay loam is granular or nutty. The results of analyses of the alluvial soils are given in tables 13-15. Texture of these soils shows very little variation within the profile. The soil types vary from sandy loam to clay. Organic- matter content of the soils under forest averages about 5 percent for the surface 3 inches and about 2 percent for the 3-to-6-inch layer. In the soils under a mixed stand of grasses and trees it averages about 10 percent in the 3-to-6-inch layer. These soils have a carbon/nitrogen ratio of 17. The soluble-phosphorus content averages 11 parts per million in the topsoil of soils under forest and about 16 parts in that under [grasses and trees. In the subsoil it averages 6 p. p. m. and 8 p. p. m., [respectively. The acidity of the soils under forest averages about [pH 4.6 in the surface 3 inches and pH 4.00 in the soil beneath. -"Under grasses it averages about pB. 4.7 and pB. 4.2, respectively. The cation-exchange capacity of the topsoil averages about 10.7 for soils under forest and 17.5 for those under grasses. In the subsoil it is about 6.5 and 8, respectively. Most of the exchangeable bases are concentrated in the topsoil. However, these soils contain rsUghtly more bases in the subsoil than other groups. to TABLE IZ.^Alluvial soils in Liberia: Analytical data for profiles under a mixed stand of trees, shrubs, coarse grasses (floor of valleys)

Exchange properties Percent fine fraction (in milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil)

Depth in inches Organic Phos- Exchangeable cations I (with number Gravel matter Nitrogen phorus Acidity Ex- of analysis) change Sand Silt Clay capac- o ity Cal- Magne- Potas- Manga- cium sium sium nese w Parts per Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent million 89 36 32 14.77 0.412 37.4 5.22 28.6 5.30 2.31 3.43 0.054 Í 5 1.54 .0266 0-3 (No. 20) I 0.4 70.7 19.5 9.8 9,95 .331 15-8 4.68 17.5 3.25 1.40 .155 5.0 4.10 10.2 .55 .35 .24 •Oil Lo'-' 49 9 2 5.22 ? ,042 [ 8': 77 37 30 7.13 .225 40 5.59 16.8 3.71 1.82 1.70 .38 .011 3-6 (No. 10) 1.2 61.9 25.0 12.3 4.19 .145 17.1 4.31 10.3 1.06 .63 lo 49 15 9 2.66 .094 4.3 3.80 5.5 .25 .30 .08 ,002 I i'5 ' 70 53 59 4.83 .176 35 4.72 12.0 1.88 1.02 .48 .023 .19 ,008 6-9 (No. 6) 0.5 48.3 30.9 20.8 3.48 .134 9.0 4.09 8.4 .78 .48 o lo 11 16 7 2.13 . 112 3.5 3.55 4.1 .15 .20 -06 .001 .008 f 0 68 55 23 15.0 4.90 10.8 ,88 .46 .41 § 50,0 34 15.6 7.2 4.28 6.6 ,44 .35 .16 ,005 o 9-18 (No. 7) 0,0 .00 .001 d u 22 22 8 4,2 3.98 5.4 .12 ,21 5 65 56 59 12.5 5.19 15.8 1,12 .78 .24 .008 Í 7 .12 .004 18-30 (No. 15)... 0.3 46.9 30.5 23.3 7,0 4.20 7.9 ,62 ,36 ^0 11 15 8 2.4 3.80 3.2 .24 .15 .05 .001 .008 [6 71 74 63 15.0 4.64 14.6 1.12 .72 .40 36.3 43.3 20.8 8.4 4.26 8.1 .47 .38 .13 .005 30-36 (No. 12) 0,3 .001 0 8 18 9 3.5 3,90 3.5 ,05 .22 .00 TABLE 14.—Alluvial soils in Liberia: Analytical data for profileh * under virgin forest

Exchange properties * Percent fine fraction (in milUequivalents per 100 grams of soil)

Depth in inches Organic Phos- (with number Gravel matter Nitrogen phorus Acidity Ex- Exchangeable cations of analysis) change Sand Silt Clay capacity Cal- Magne- Potas- Manga- cium sium sium nese o

Parts I—I per m PercetU Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent million P^ > (10 85 38 30 7.41 0.247 25.0 5.14 24.6 5.11 2.37 2.50 0.041 0-3 (No. 30) \ 0.7 69.4 18.7 12.5 5.14 .160 10.4 4.57 10.7 1.80 .77 .83 .012 & 54 11 2 1.68 .070 4.2 4.02 5.6 .72 .24 ,06 .002 za I 0 O [12 74 39 23 3.17 .098 30 4,50 12.5 1.34^ .61 .57 .009 a-6(No. 11). \ 1.6 62.7 23.5 13.7 2.23 .075 11.7 4.11 7.4 .61 .43 .20 .004 lo 47 15 5 .89 .032 2.6 3.72 3.1 . 20 .11 .04 .001

Í 3 68 38 37 11.2 4.28 15.8 1.02 .80 .28 .012 6.7 3.99 6.5 .42 ,29 .11 .003 o 6^9 (No 26) 0.6 55,4 22.8 21,7 •=3 I 0 41 10 9 2.8 3.65 3.1 .20 .11 ,00 ,000 t5ö 74 44 40 13.4 4.22 10.5 .67 .48 .19 .005 9-18 (No, 9) 55.1 23.8 21.1 6.7 3.83 6.6 .34 .30 .07 .002 {h 40 12 4 2.6 3.42 4.1 .16 .16 .00 .000 77 43 45 14.0 4,25 14.2 1.05 .61 .18 .008 18-30 (No. 33) 53.2 23.5 23.1 6.4 3.96 6.2 ,38 .26 .10 .001 Ir 25 8 8 2.2 3.60 2.2 .15 .08 .00 .000 fl9 77 48 32 8.1 4.46 9.1 .52 .41 .18 .003 30-36 (No. 10) ^ 3.7 50.1 28.5 21.5 5.4 4.03 5.9 ,36 .30 :10 .001 , 0 25 10 5 2.8 3.78 3.4 .16 .19 .02 .000 to 00 TABLE"" 15.—Alluvial soils in Liberia planted to upland rice: Analytical data for profiles under secondary bush that had been cut and burned in place

Exchange properties Percent fine fraction (in milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil) 55

Depth in inches Organic Phos- I (with number Gravel matter Nitrogen phorus Acidity Ex- Exchangeable cations change of analysis) O Sand Silt Clay capacity Cal- Magne- Potas- Manga- cium sium sium nese tod

Parts per Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent million as 2.08 1.80 0.035 Í Ö 81 36 22 8.55 0.252 30.0 6.00 22.0 6.81 0-3 (No. 27) ■ 0.5 68.7 18.7 12.6 5.24 .171 11.1 4.88 10.8 2.42 1.14 .76 .025 I 0 49 8 5 3.52 .114 4.8 4.04 6.8 .85 .32 .28 .006

Í 4 75 41 36 5 45 .198 12.3 4.62 11.0 1.20 1.05 .62 .020 3-6 (No. 6) \ 0.4 58.5 21.8 19.7 2.62 .093 9.3 4 30 9.0 .73 .58 .21 .008 [0 42 15 11 .83 .030 3.6 3.85 7.0 .32 .20 .04 .002 o 73 38 36 8.5 4.74 10.5 .92 .89 .22 .009 6-9 (No.f^20) \ 0.5 61.2 21.4 18.0 5.9 4.12 6.1 .42 .28 .13 .003 Q [o 41 11 6 2.5 3.90 2.2 .15 .12 .64 .000 S Od Í 7 73 36 36 8.4 4.50 8.4 .54 .47 .12 .005 s 18-30 (No. 10)...... 59.7 18.7 21.6 5.9 4.01 5.4 .29 .24 .07 .002 a I 0 41 9 14 3.5 3.65 1.6 .11 .05 .00 .000 Í 6 70 60 63 9.8 4.24 10.8 .43 .40 .14 .007 30-36 (No 8) .... 1.0 36.8 35.0 28.3 6.3 4.12 7.1 .32 .25 .00 .003 [ 0 9 16 14 4.2 3.96 3.8 .05 .11 .CO .000 RECONNAISSANCE SOIL SURVEY OP LIBERIA 29

They contain the largest amount of plant nutrients of all groups of soils in Liberia and are the best adapted soils for production of annual food crops. Gray Hydromorphic Soils. The Gray Hydromorphic soils of Liberia occur in more or less seasonal types of swampland in the floors of valleys. They occur in small narrow tracts in all parts of the country and represent about 2.5 percent of the total area. The vegetation on these soils consists of low trees, shrubby palms, grasses, and sedges. The soils consist of a thin layer, 3 to 5 inches thick, of gray-brown or gray-black sandy-loam topsoil over grayish-yellow subsoil. Struc- ture development is very poor. The results of analyses of these soils are given in table 16. The analyses of texture indicate that they range from sands to clays, consisting predominantly of sandy loams. The organic-matter content averages about 4 percent in the top 3 inches. The C/N ratio is about 18. The soluble-phosphorus content is about 10 p. p. m. in the topsoil and about 5 in the subsoil. The acidity of the topsoil is about pH 4.6, and of the subsoil, about pB. 4.0. The cation-exchange capacity of these soils is generally low. It averages close to 6.5 in the top 3 inches and about 3.9 in the layers beneath. The amount of total exchangeable bases is relatively very small. These soils, extremely deficient in plant nutrients, are among the least productive soils of Liberia. However, if drained and fer- tilized, they can be used for producing rice and other food crops. Half-Bog Soils. The Half-Bog soils of Liberia occur in a few scattered swampy areas, under conditions of poor drainage in which the soil remains more or less permanently saturated. They represent about 0.4 percent of the total area. Ferns, sedges, and grasses are the main types of vegetation. These soils are composed of a layer of dark-brown or grayish- black peaty loam or mucky loam, 8 to 15 inches thick, over grayish sand or clay that grades into yellowish subsoil. The results of analyses of this group of soils are given in table 17. The results of texture analyses of the mineral fraction indicate it is composed mostly of sandy loam and a small amount of clay. The organic-matter content averages about 12 percent in the surface 3 inches and 4 percent in the 6-to-9-inch layer. The C/N ratio averages about 20. The soluble-phosphorus content averages about 10 p. p. m. in the subsoil. The acidity of the topsoil averages about pH 4.6. In the subsoil it is about j?H 4.2. The exchange capacity of the topsoil averages about 14. In the subsoil it is about 5. Most of the exchangeable bases are concentrated in the surface layer. Half-Bog soils usually contain a considerable amount of plant nutrients but are unproductive because of poor drainage. If drained, they can be used for the production of special food crops. Mangrove Swamp Soils. The Mangrove Swamp soils of Liberia are of coastal marshland types. They occur in the tidal lowlands located near the mouths of rivers that empty into the ocean and in lagoons and shallow depressed areas along the coast. They make TABLE 16.--Gray Hydromorphic soils in Liberia: Analytical data for profiles o

Exchange properties Percent fine fraction (in milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil)

Depth in inches Organic Phos- (with number Gravel matter Nitrogen phorus Acidity Ex- Exchangeable cations o of analysis) change Sand Silt Clay capaC' > Potas- Manga- H ity Cal- Magne- S cium sium sium nese Sí

d Parts per I 1 ^ercent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent million 93 32 19 7.88 0.211 22.0 5.25 15.5 3.34 1.11 0.93 0.032 0-3 CNo. 36) 0.6 80.8 11.4 7.8 3.97 .126 10.4 4.65 6.5 .75 .43 .44 .004 lo 49 2 1 2.11 .074 2.0 4.05 3.0 ,22 .17 .22 .001 12.5 4.38 11.8 1.02 '. .75 .22 .005 Í S 88 36 32 6-9(No. 31)...... 1.5 74.8 13.5 11.8 5.5 4.06 3,9 ,25 .18 .07 .001 io 32 3 3 3 0 3.80 1.0 .05 .04 -00 .000 I 86 30 25 8.2 3.94 6.2 .32 .18 .12 .000 9™18 (No. 5)...... 1 1.6 68.8 18.8 12.4 5.3 3.86 3.9 .16 .15 ,05 .000 lo 52 9 3.1 3 82 2.2 .05 ,12 .00 .000 Í18 93 38 30 9.6 4.40 6.6 .48 .32 .18 .001 I 18-30 (No. 35)...... , \ 3.2 77.7 12.3 10.3 4.1 4.08 2.8 .18 .14 .04 .0004 i \ n" 32 4 1 .5 3.80 .8 .00 .00 .00 .000 i TABLE 17,—Half-Bog soils in Liberia: Analytical data for profiles

Parts per > Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent million pH 89 38 29 45.60 0.924 22.8 5.06 45.0 9.52 2.08 2.04 0.041 0-3 (No. 13). 75.0 16,4 8.6 12.98 .367 9.9 4.65 14.2 2.36 .79 .94 019 39 4 2 8.22 .241 5,0 4.15 7.2 .85 .26 .21 .006 98 30 28 10.00 .291 13.2 5.04 18.0 1.51 .82 .88 .013 m 6-9 (No. 28). 71.2 15.2 13.8 4.22 .105 6,6 4.14 , 7.2 .56 .28 .19 .006 46 1 1 2.20 .068 2.6 3.50 3.6 .16 .10 .05 .002 Í20 95 33 32 8.7 5.00 8.8 .96 .29 .24 .008 o 18-30 (No. 30) ■ 7.0 71.2 16.3 12.6 4.7 4.12 5.0 .32 .18 .09 002 , 0 40 3 1 1.5 3.50 2.0 .12 .05 .00 .000 riî4 92 47 30 8.0 4.53 .28 .32 .68 .002 30-36 (No. 6) 18-2 67.8 23.2 9.0 3.9 4.26 "**4."5*' .23 .19 .06 001 1 25 5 2 2.1 4.02 .15 .11 .05 .001 32 INFORMATION BULLETIN 66, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE up about 0.8 percent of the total area. Vegetation on these soils consists of mangrove and a few herbaceous species. Most of these soils are composed of a matted fibrous layer of peaty material, of brown or gray-brown color, over bluish-gray clay or sand. Gradational types are peaty loams and mucky loams. Some of the soils are flooded only at high tide. Charcoal and dyes from the mangrove tree are the only products obtained from these soils in Liberia. i. ^ Experience in other countries has shown that coastal-marshland types of Mangrove Swamp soils, when drained and used to produce rice and other food crops, undergo decomposition and a long- continued shrinkage. Asa result, ditches become more and more ineffective and further drainage can be accomplished only by an ever-increased use of pumps and dikes, which makes cost of production prohibitive. Agriculture And Soil Management Agriculture The agriculture of Liberia centers largely around the production of rice and cassava for local consumption. At the beginning of the rainy season the land is scratched over with a small hoe and planted to these two crops. Occasional crops such as okra, pumpkin, squash, and corn are interplanted with the rice. In addition to these crops, some food is obtained by harvesting the fruit of the palm tree, which grows in scattered stands in cut-over forest, and some from wild animals and fish. AH food produced, however, is in- suflicient for local consumption. The agriculture is a type of "bush-rotation farming" that leans heavily on the use of fire and the machete. Farms or fields are made in small clearings, usually of 3 to 6 acres. They are made during the dry season by cutting down a secondary growth of trees, permitting it to become sufficiently dry, and burning it in place. The fertiHzing effect of the ashes, plus the favorable condition of *'new ground," usually results in fair yields. The land is farmed 1 to 2 years at intervals of 8 to 15 years. Approximately 700,000 acres of land are cleared for farming each year, and an area of similar size is permitted to revert to bush. Approximately 10 million acres are exposed to this type of "shifting farming." • Under the system of shifting farming the "bush" acts in accumu- lating nutrients in the plant and upper soil layers until enough is available to produce a crop. In soils with a reserve of primary minerals the fertility can be maintained if not more than two crops are harvested in succession in a lO-to-15 year interval. This system of farming is wasteful of forest, land, and labor and should in time be replaced with more efficient methods of agriculture. RECONNAISSANCE SOIL SURVEY OF LIBERIA 33 The livestock of Liberia consists of small numbers of goats, cattle, sheep, and hogs. The total livestock population is probably les£i than 20,000. A small amount of poultry also is raised. Attempts have been made in Nigeria and some other countries of Africa toward establishing a more permanent type of agriculture by introducing a system known as mixed farming. The original plan underlying mixed farming was to encourage the Liberian farmers to keep some livestock for meat and milk and to practice strict conservation of manure and other waste to apply to the soil. Al- though this system will no doubt provide for a more adequate diet, the importance of the manure from a few head of livestock in maintaining organic matter or fertility in the soils is of doubtful value. The principal commercial crop is rubber, most of it produced on the Firestone Plantations. The total amount of land devoted to rubber is about 100,000 acres. Coffee, cacao, and palm kernels are crops of small commercial value. A considerable amount of land in Liberia is in virgin forest. The area in forest considered commercially exploitable is estimated to be about 7 million acres. Table 18 shows the approximate distribution of land according to use.

TABLE 18.—Use of land in Liberia, approximate areas

Percent of total Type of use Area area

1,000 acres Farms (in shifting farming, i.e., farmed 1 to 2 years in every 8-to-15-year interval) 10,000 41.7 Forest: Considered commercially exploitable 7,500 31 1 Suited for wildlife: rugged land and marshes 4,000 16.7 Tree crops (estimated for solid stands of oil palm, coffee, cocoa, citrus, coconuts) 200 8 Commercial rubber 100 .4 Other (wasteland, rivers, towns, roads, etc.) . , . 2,200 9 2

Soil fertility The data given in table 19 represent the average number of pounds per acre of the organic matter and the principal plant nutrients that are present in the various soils of Liberia. These data are derived by calculations based on the mean results of analyses and the weight of an acre of soil, consisting of 2 million pounds of topsoil (the first 6% inches) and 10 million pounds of subsoil (the 6%-to-36-inch layer). The values obtained are then corrected for the amount of soil that is gravel by deducting an amount proportional to one-half the percentage of gravel. The Latosols of Liberia contain a fairly large amount of organic matter. Soils under secondary bush contain about 25 percent less TABLE Id.—Average total fertility of Liberian soils^ by kind of soil and vegetative cover CO [In pounds per acre]

CaCOs MgCOs K2O Kind of soil and Organic Ni P2O5 vegetative cover matter 'O" Topsoili Subsoil 2 Topsoili Subsoil 2 Topsoili Subsoil 2 K

^^h-1 Latosol: O Under virgin forest: w Hilly...... :..,. 76,000 2,430 34 780 1,350 470 670 490 320 a Gentle upper slope. 85,400 2,760 41 830 1,020 450 840 430 280 c Lower foot slope , 80,100 2,540 45 1,230 1,830 440 1,050 510 420 Under secondary bush: HiUy,... 58,400 1,940 43 600 1,020 280 770 350 200 Gentle upper slope 59,500 2,390 48 1,030 1,460 480 1,070 450 310 Lover foot slope...... 62,500 2,000 47 970 1>530 370 1,020 390 270 Under cut and burned bush.: Gently rolling tohüly,...... _..... 70,700 2,400 64 1,380 1,430 470 870 670 250 Half-Bog: Under ferns, sedges, shrubs, grasses.. 159,000 4,350 39 1,482 1,520 364 820 487 236 Gray Hydromorphic: Under sedges, shrubs, grasses. ., 45,700 1,460 37 395 890 252 625 236 226 Lithosol: Under low trees, shrubs. . , ; 67,900 2,200 60 920 1,110 519 555 494 480 Alluvial: Under trees, shrubs, grasses...... 131,500 4,430 1,983 2,685 974 1,579 830 595 Under secondary bush. 68,600 2,190 51 1,115 1,830 495 1,175 468 430 > Under cut and burned bush., 73,400 2,476 1,455 1,580 674 1,045 421 331 Coastal sand: Under palms and grasses ., 9,900 290 '4 180 400 58 80 109 740 S c! 1 Topsoil (to a depth of 63<3 inches) : Weight per acre is 2 million pounds. 2 Subsoil (from a depth of 6% inches to a depth of 36 inches) : Weight per acre is 10 million pounds. RECONNAISSANCE SOIL SURVEY OF LIBERIA 35 organic matter than those under virgin forest. This fact indicates that the system of shifting farming has resulted in decreasing the organic-matter content about 25 percent. The Half-Bog soils and the Alluvial soils, under vegetation consisting of grasses and shrubs, contain considerably more organic matter than the other groups. The Gray Hydromorphic soils contain only slightly more than one-half the amount of organic matter that is in Latosols under virgin forest. The organic-matter content of coastal sands is negligible. Those soils that contain a larger amount of organic matter have a proportionate amount of nitrogen, which exists almost entirely in the organic matter of v^hich it is a constituent. In this form nitrogen is not available to plants but must first be transformed by bacteria to an available form, such as ammonia and nitrates, which can be absorbed by the plants. A productive soil is teeming with Uving micro-organisms that obtain their food from soil organic matter. Through decomposition processes brought about by these organisms, nitrogen and other plant nutrients are made available at rates and proportions more nearly ideal for plant growth. In general, most of the organic matter of the soil is present in the first few inches of topsoil, and the amount falls off rapidly to almost none at depths of a few feet. In regions of high rainfall the decaying organic matter, or humus, gives the topsoil the dark color that distinguishes it from the underlying material. However, in regions of low rainfall and correspondingly scant vegetation, very little organic matter ac- cumulates, and no difference in color may be observed, except in occasional low, wet land. The organic matter of the soil for the most part is derived directly from plants and consists of plant constituents in various stages of decomposition and of substances resynthesized by soil micro- organisms. Organic matter affects the soil in numerous ways, especially in its structure, tilth, color, and fertility. The soluble-phosphorus content of all the groups of soils is lower than the content of any other nutrient. Several samples of Latosols were analyzed for total phosphorus, with results that ranged between 1,100 p. p. m. and 1,700 p. p. m. ; the same samples contained 8 to 10 p. p. m. of soluble phosphorus. Only a small percent of the total phosphorus of these soils is in readily available form. The soluble-phosphorus content of Latosol, expressed as phosphoric acid, varies between 40 and 50 pounds per acre of topsoil. Burning the bush of the land increases, on the average, the level of soluble phosphoric acid from about 45 to 65 pounds per acre. This fact explains partly why burning has a beneficial effect on the growth of the immediate crop. In the United States experience has shown that, for growing general crops, soils should contain an amount of phosphorus equivalent to at least 100 to 150 pounds of readily available phosphoric acid per acre. For fast-growing truck crops, 200 to 300 pounds are needed. Because of the longer growing season in the Tropics the level of available phosphorus apparently need not be so high. The acidity of all the soils increases with depth. There is a 36 INFORMATION BULLETIN 66, U. S. DEPT. OF AGEICULTURE reciprocal relation between the degree of acid and the content of exchangeable base of soils: if the acidity is high, the content of exchangeable base is low. Soil reactions ranging from pH 5.5 to 7.0 are generally the most favorable for plant growth ; but some plants thrive in moderately acid soil, pH 5, to strongly acid soil, pR 4. Very few plants will grow in strongly alkaline soils, i.e., in soils with reactions higher than 39H9.00. Figure 3 illustrates the way in which exchangeable calcium is distributed in the profile of the several groups of soils (terms used to distinguish groups by topography are listed in table 26). The calcium is expressed as pounds per acre of calcium-carbonate equivalent, or exchangeable lime. The soils are similar in having a large percentage of the calcium concentrated in the surface layer. In general, about 40 percent of all the calcium in the top 36 inches of soil is to be found in the top 3 inches. Figure 4 is a diagram showing the distribution of exchangeable magnesium—a distribution that is similar to that of calcium. Calcium and magnesium are the main bases that neutralize soil acidity ; they are also essential plant nutrients. For intensive agriculture in humid regions it is usually necessary to supply them in the form of lime. In general, exchangeable or available potassium is relatively high in most of the Liberian soils. The proportion in the surface layer is even higher than the proportion of either calcium or magnesium, in most cases amounting to more than 60 percent of the total amount in the profile (iig. 5). The effect that soil acidity and alkalinity have on the availability of plant nutrients in the soil is illustrated in figure 6. The soils of Liberia fall into the extreme acid range, in which the availability of most of the nutrients is low. Soil is the basic resource of agriculture in any country and its conservation for a sustained production of food and other products is a matter of vital concern to all nations and peoples wherever situated. Contrary to the belief of many, the soils of Africa in general do not contain an abundance of nutrient elements. Over vast areas of Africa the increased demand for food and the expanding crop- export economy, in the absence of fertilizers and other soil improve- ments, have already lowered the fertility to a dangerously low level. An obvious way to evaluate a soil-conservation program of a country is to compute the gains and losses of the land. Losses of fertility occur through the export of crops and minerals, and by leaching and erosion. Gains are by imports of food and other materials, especially fertilizers. Fertilizers containing phosphorus, potassium, and lime are most important. Although lack of available nitrogen may often limit crop yields as much as or more than lack of either of the other two, nitrogen can be obtained, with proper management, from the un- RECONNAISSANCE SOIL SURVEY OF LIBERIA 37 limited supply of the atmosphere. There are about 75 million pounds of nitrogen over each acre. This atmospheric nitrogen is made available to green plants largely through biological nitrogen fixation. However, the ash of the plant is derived from the soil, which has a relatively limited supply of its constituents, especially phosphorus, potassium, and, to a lesser degree, calcium and magnesium. In undeveloped and sparsely populated areas the demand on the soil is usually not great, but in areas where agriculture has attained a high stage of development, that demand may reach an alarming proportion. Each development that brings about an increase in production also increases the drain on the soil. For example, in the United States, in Iowa, the introduction of the improved types of hybrid corn has increased the yield from 35 bushels to 50 bushels per acre—an increase of about 40 percent. But at the same time the demand on the soil is being increasingly felt, so that now, in order to maintain the high crop yields, more commercial fertilizer is required. The loss of fertility in the form of grain, livestock, and other products removed from the Iowa farms must be replaced in the form of commercial fertilizers. There is no system of mixed farming and composting that will restore what has been lost, for livestock and micro-organisms do not create soil fertility in the sense of adding nutrients to the total supply. Table 20 shows the amount of nutrients removed per acre by some of the common crops of West Africa. In Nigeria and the Gold Coast the yields per acre of cocoa and oil palm have decreased at rates much faster than was expected. A lower level of fertility is the most probable cause for this decline.

TABLE 20.—Fertility removed from the soil by average yields of common croj:s

Yield Nitrogen Phosphoric Potash Crop per acre (N) acid (K2O) (P2O5)

Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Sugar cane (^ who le plant, green weight) 100,000 22-30 20-28 95-100 Rice (entire plant, air dry weight).. .. 6,500 50-55 28-30 38-40 Oranges (fruit) ,...,. 20,000 15-18 4-5 12-14 Bananas (fruit) .. 20,000 14-16 2-3 34-38 Rubber (latex, dried). 1,000 Coffee (fruit, dried) 580 42-46 9-11 60-65 Cacao (fruit, dried) 550 9-10 45-50 6-7 Tobacco (leaf, dried) 900 40-45 12-14 60-70 Coconut palm (fruit) 3,200 25-28 7-8 24-26

These countries use no commercial fertilizers, and the fertility of their soils is rapidly declining. To this decline, the export of crops is contributing. The amount of fertility lost through export of a single crop in the Gold Coast may be estimated in this way : One ton of dried cocoa beans contains phosphorous equivalent to 100 pounds of 18-percent acid superphosphate, and potassium equivalent to 50 pounds of 50-percent potash. During the past 20 38 INFORMATION BULLETIN 66, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

LATOSOLS LATOSOLS Hiily Hilly - Virgin forest Secondary bush Shifting cultivation

LATOSOLS LATOSOLS Gentle upper slopes Gentle upper slopes Virgin forest Secondary bush Shifting cultivation

LATOSOLS LATOSOLS Lower foot slopes Lower foot slopes Virgin forest Secondary bush Shifting cultivation

6 12 18 24 30 36 0. 6 12 18 34 30: 36 DEPTH OF PROFILE IN INCHES DEPTH OF PROFILE IN ÎNCHÊS

Represents an amount of exchangeable calcium per acre of soil equivalent to 100 pounds of calcium carbonate.

FIGURE 3, part I—Diagrams of the way exchangeable calcium is distributed in the profile of various kinds of soil of Liberia. RECONNAISSANCE SOIL SURVEY OP LIBERIA 39

ALLUVIAL SOILS HALF-BOG SOILS Floors of valleys Swamps Trees, shrubs, coarse Sedges, ferns, grasses grasses

LATOSOLS ALLUVLA.L SOILS Hilly and gentle upper slopes Floors of valleys Freshly cut and burned Forest Secondary bush planted to rice

GRAY HYDROMORPHIC Seasonal swamps COASTAL SANDS Shrubby piassava palms, Palms and bunched grasses shrubs, grasses

'y//Am<> y y y I / y >> y >IV >> >> >> yll^ >* y' y ^ Í 6 12 18 24 30 36 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 DEPTH OF PROFILE IN INCHES DEPTH OF PROFILE IN INCHES

Represents an amount of exchangeable calcium per acre of soil equivalent to i00 pounds of calcium carbonate.

FIGURE 3, part ÏI—Diagrams of the way exchangeable calcium is distributed in the profile of various kinds of soil of Liberia. 40 INFORMATION BULLETIN 66, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

LATOSOLS LATOSOLS Hilly Hill3^ Virgin forest Secondary bush Shifting cultivation

W///^y///ÁV///í(///M''///A '^^///MW//A'/////V^///A{////ä

LATOSOLS LATOSOLS Gentle upper slopes Gentle upper slopes Virgin forest Secondary bush Shifting cultivation

y^//^////A^///A^///M^//M

LATOSOLS LATOSOLS Lower foot slopes Lower foot slopes Virgin forest Secondary bush Shifting Cultivation

^ ALLUVIAL SOILS HALi^-BOG SOILS VV Floor of valleys Swamps yy;i Trees, shrubs, coarse grasses Sedges, ferns, grasííeí^:

ALLUVLA.L SOILS LATOSOLS Floor of valleys Hilly and gentle upper slopes Forest Freshly cut and burned Secondary bush planted

WF?/ÄW//X//MV///AV///A 6 12 18 24 30 36 0 6 12 Í8 24 30 36 DEPTH OF PROFILE fN INCHES DEPTH OF PROFILE IN IHGHES

Represents an amount of exchangeable magnesium per acre of soil equivalent to 100 pounds of magnesium carbonate.

FIGURE 4.—Diagrams of the way exchangeable magnesium is distributed in the profile of various kinds of soils of Liberia. RECONNAISSANCE SOIL SURVEY OF LIBERIA 41

LATOSOLS LATOSOLS jA^ Hilly Hilly //y Virgin forest Secondary bush 1 Shifting cultivation ^nn An m\f i rz^si un

LATOSOLS LATOSOLS Gentle upper slopes Gentle upper slopes Virgin forest Secondary bush Shifting cultivation

yT-^j/^x^^/^jvj^j/xjjjjAu^^jx 7¿n\n^nVu/^\m^Á>^/^n

LATOSOLS LATOSOLS Lower foot slopes Lower foot slopes yy Virgin forest . Secondary bush 7/ Shifting cultivation

VP>? j j IJ j j j jf> j j jj Jj j j j j|. j j j j J

. ALLUVLA.L SOILS HALF-BOG SOILS ^,. Floors of valleys Swamps ^ . Trees, shrubs, coarse Sedges, ferns, grasses i//. grasses

6\//7?/y///JÁ////Av///Á////A I ^XTTv}}\ j}jj\>>jjj\ >j>jÁ>}}jj'^

ALLUVLA.L SOILS LATOSOLS Floors of valleys AA Hilly and gentle upper slopes Forest //y/// Freshly cut and burnedbur: /yj. Secondary bush plantedplan to rice

'A^}?\??J?A>J?//\/?J?AWJ??X AiUiK 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 0 6 i2 18 24 30 36 DEPTH OF PROFILE IN INCHES DEPTH OF PROFILE IN INCHES

Represents an amount of exchangeable potassium per acre contained in 100 pounds of potassium oxide.

FIGURE 5.—Diagrams of the way exchangeable potassium is distributed in the profile of the various soils of Liberia. 42 INFORMATION BULLETIN 66, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE years, more than 4 million tons of cocoa has been exported. This is equivalent to 4,000 tons of IS-percent acid superphosphate and 2,000 tons of 50-percent potash. Quantitatively this loss of fertility is comparatively small, but where the fertility of the soil is already below the critical level it is important and must be replaced if production is to be sustained.

4;0 pH 4.5 50 9.0 9-5 pH tO.O Very Î j Vary Strofld alkalintty 6tron

FIGURE 6.—General trend of relation of soil reaction (pH) and associated factors to the availability of plant-nutrient elements. Each element is repre- sented by a band as labeled. The width of the band at any particular i>H value indicates the relative favorableness of this pB. value and associated factors to the presence of the elements in question in readily available forms (the wider the band, the more favorable the influence), 5itt not to actual . amount necessarily present, this being influenced by other factors, such as cropping and fertilization. The width of the heavily cross-hatched area between the curved lines at any pB. is proportional to the hydrogen-ion concentration (intensity of acidity) to the left of pH 7, and to the Oh-ion concentration (intensity of alkalinity) to the right of pH 7, Note: The soils of Liberia fall in the soil-acidity range to the left of íJH 5. (From Soil Science Society of America, Proceedings, v. 2, p. 305, 1946.)

Almost no fertility is lost through export of rubber latex. Latex contains a negligible amount of magnesium and phosphorous. Sugarcane and rice are particularly hard on the soil if all the plant is removed, but usually the straw is left on the land. Tobacco also removes considerable fertility, especially potassium. Among the so-called tree crops, coffee and cocoa appear to lead in making heavy demands on soil nutrients. The other crops are not so drastic. Generally it might be said that the soils of Liberia are not rich, or fertile, in the sense that a big crop with a high composition of plant nutrients can be harvested from year to year or in the RECONNAISSANCE SOIL SURVEY OF LIBERIA 43 standard rotation that is practiced on the prairie and chernozem soils of the temperate regions. The soils of Liberia are not unlike those developed in other countries under forest and conditions of high rainfall and temperature. They have been extremely leached. They are low in the total available bases and other nutrient elements. But it must be recognized that a very fertile soil is not necessary for the production of many crops. Although the soils of Liberia are not well-adapted to the production of certain crops, they are well-adapted to others. One might generalize further and state that one of the major factors that account for the adaptability of the tree crops to the soils of Liberia is their rather conservative nutrient requirements. Further, they have deep and extensive feeding habits, and the perennial cover retards erosion and leaching. Through the decomposition of the plant materials falling to the soil, the surface layer is enriched in plant nutrients brought up by roots penetrating the deeper horizons. The balance of the nutrients, i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other essential elements, is good. It is a general rule that a mixed stand of trees tends to accumulate plant nutrients in the topsoil in the right proportion. This layer is not so acid as the underlying material. Most of the roots of the forest trees are concentrated in the 8-to-12-inch layer of topsoil. The nutrient cycle, as compared with that of temperate regions, is extremely rapid. The litter that falls from the forest flora is at- tacked by soil fauna and incorporated into the soil, wher« it is completely mineralized by soil micro-organisms. The nutrients re- leased are taken up again into the plant, and the rapid cycle makes possible what is apparently the greater efficiency of the fertility of tropical soils as compared with the efficiency of soils of the same level in the temperate regions. It would seem that certain fertilizers could be used economically on plantings of such crops as cacao and coffee, where yields are declining, apparently because of limited fertility. There is an obvious need for fertilizer research and experimentation on some of the tropical crops. Eflfect of Fertilizers. Manures and the so-called commercial fertilizers and lime are not used to any extent in Liberia. Under the system of shifting farming, in which the cultivated crop is grown only 1 or 2 years out of every 10 to 12, the drain on the soil is not great. Besides, the bush vegetation, which occupies the land most of the time, absorbs nutrients from the subsoil that are finally deposited in the surface layer. In this way the fertility is maintained at a relatively high level. The farmers of the country know from experience that crops grow better when the bush is cut and burnt in place than when it is not. Analysis of several soil samples taken from freshly burnt-over soils that were previously under secondary bush, indicates that burning, with the consequent release of ash, increases the content of soluble phosphoric acid from about 40 to 65 pounds per acre; of lime, from 800 to 1,300 pounds; and of potash, from 450 to 675 pounds. Some pot fertilizer experiments with rice, corn, and mustard grown in Liberian Latosol show that phosphoric acid invariably 44 INFORMATION BULLETIN 66^ tJ. S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE

had the greatest effect in increasing' growth (tables 21, 22, and 23). Addition of nitrogen and potash without phosphoric acid gave no increases in yield. Addition of lime did not affect the yield of either corn or rice but had a marked effect on the growth of mustard.

TABLE 21.—Effect of fertilizer and lime on growth of rice in Liherian Latosol, Mar. J^ — A^r.%7, Î948

Relation to growth Material used in Rate at which Growth, average in check ration treatment material was added dry weight ^ with no hme added

Pounds per acre Grams Percent No lime added: Check ration 6.8 100 6-12-6 ...... , 500 25.3 372 0-12-6.... 500 20.4 300 6-12-0 500 24.9 366 6-0-6 500 8.7 131 Lime added:2 Check ration...... {') 6.4 94 6-12-6.. 500 26.3 387 0-12-6.....;...... 500 :i7v0 250 6-12-0 ^0 21.5 316 6-0-6.... 500 6.2 91

1 Average of duplicate treatments in gallon pots containing 4,000 grams of soil. After seeds germinated, 10 plants were permitted to grow in each pot. Only the above-ground portion of these plants was harvested. ^ Lime was added at the rate of 1 ton per acre.

TABLE 22.—Effect of fertilizer and lime on growth of Cuban flint corn in lÂberian Latosolf Mar. J^-Apr, 26^ 19Ji.8

Relation to growth Material used in Rate at which Growth/average in check ration treatment material was added dry weight 1 with no lime added - - - -

Pounds per acre Grams Percent No lime added: Cheek ration...... 5.1 100 6-12-6 ' ** """5ÓÓ'"":'*' 39.4 773 0-12-6.. 500 31.9 626 6-1^4) 500 37.1 727 6-0-0..... 500 6.2 122 Lime added:2 Check ration,...... ffl - 4.7 92 6-12-6... 500 40.1 786 0-12-6... 500 34.9 684 6-12-0...... 500 36.4 712 6-0-6..... 500 5.3 104

1 Average of duphcate treatments in gallon pots containing 4,000 grams of soil. After the seeds germinated, 3 plants were permitted to grow in each pot. Only the above-ground portion of these plants was harvested. 2 Lime was added at the rate of 1 ton per acre. RECONNAISSANCE SOIL SURVEY OF LIBERIA 45

TABLE 23.—Effect of fertilizer and lime on growth of Florida broadleaf mustard in Liberian Latosol^ Mar. lO-Apr. 16j Î948

Relation to growth Material used in Rate at which Growth, average in check ration treatment material was added dry weight ^ with no Hme added

Pounds per acre Grams Percent No Hme added: Check ration 0.17 100 6-12-6. . 500 1.72 1,012 0-12-6 500 1.52 894 6-12-0 500 1.34 788 6-0-6 500 .15 88 Lime added :2 Check ration .19 112 6-12-6... 500 3.01 1,771 0-12-6... . 500 2.16 1,271 6-12-6.. 500 1.97 1,163 6-0-6 500 .18 106

1 Average of duplicate treatments in half-gallon pots containing 2,000 grams of soil. After seeds germinated, 100 plants were permitted to grow in each pot. Only the above- ground portion of these plants was harvested. 2 Lime was added at the rate of 1 ton per acre.

No broad generalization about the fertilizer needs of the soils of the country can logically be made on the basis of these few experiments. Analyses of samples of soil from more than 500 profiles from all sections of the country show phosphorus and calcium to be most deficient. However, the total supply of all nutrients is small and can be exhausted by harvesting a few crops. The fertility of the soils that are suitable for the production of cultivated crops can be maintained with the use of lime, fertihzers containing phosphoric acid and potash, and leguminous cover crops. In underdeveloped areas the use of commercial fertilizers is likely to be determined more by supply and capital than by the actual nutrient requirements of the soil. For these reasons there is some hesitation about recommending the use of such fertilizers for Liberia. In that country, however, there apparently should be no hesitation about using commercial fertilizers in growing vegetable crops for local use. In fact, they are highly recommended for this purpose. Open-cultivated crops, too, should respond to commercial fertilizers. With the annual crops, the use of commercial fertilizers, lime, and green-manure cover crops appears to be the only practical way of maintaining the land under permanent cultivation. Unless these practices are introduced, the farmers will have to continue the system of shifting cultivation. Response of the tree crops to commercial fertilizers is less certain, largely because (1) they have a relatively small nutrient requirement, which can be met over a longer period than can the need of annuals and (2) they feed in a much larger volume of soil. 46 INFORMATION BULLETIN 66, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Besides, the perennial cover retards leaching and erosion. In such crops as cocoa and coffee, however, some of the older plantings give evidence of nutrient deficiency. Research and experimentation are needed before any sound recommendations can be made. If the deficiency of a nutrient is limiting the yield of a tree crop of economic value, that nutrient should certainly be supplied if it can be done with profit. The safest program for the more extensive agricultural development of Liberia would embody the use of crops that can be successfully grown with a minimum use of commercial fertilizers. Tree crops rank highest in this respeot. Need for Lime. All of the soils of Liberia are medium to strongly acid in reaction, a fact that indicates deficiency of calcium (lime) and other basic elements. If the soils are deficient in calcium, it is to be expected that this deficiency will be reflected in the plants and animals that get their sustenance from those soils. In the soils of Liberia plants seem to tolerate a higher degree of acidity than plants do in the more highly buffered soils of the temperate regions. Probably the reason for this phenomenon is that the lateritic soils have a very low cation-exchange capacity for the calcium, potassium, magnesium, and hydrogen ions (acidity element); and therefore soil acidity has much less Quantitative significance in these soils than in the more highly buffered soils. For the soils of Liberia in general, soil acidity p^r se apparently is not the most important factor in their fertility. Rather, the problem is one of providing an available supply of nutrient elements, especially the essential bases. The forest and deep-rooted perennial crops apparently obtain a fairly adequate supply of calcium, magnesium, and potassium from the shallow Latosols. These soils appear to have some reserve of the primary minerals, such as the feldspars, amphiboles, and pyroxenes, which gradually replenish these elements. (Some of the physical and chemical properties of common rock and minerals are shown in tables 24 and 25.) This supplying power of these soils, although low, replenishes soil-mineral content. After some years, sufficient nutrients are accumulated in the topsoil and plant stems to produce another cultivated crop. This is not true of soils that are derived from the ancient sandstones. These soils will not support the growth of trees, and the only vegetation that can survive their poverty is a sparse stand of tufted grasses and an occasional shrubby bush. It is a widely accepted fact that the practice of liming is essential to all permanent systems of agriculture in humid regions. However, in the Tropics, where weathering is more intense, the deep-rooted tree and perennial crops apparently obtain enough lime from the decomposition of primary minerals. If, however, open-cultivated crops are grown continuously on the land, liming is a necessity. In the Belgian Congo it has been demonstrated that open-cultivated crops can be grown successfully without burning over the bush if a small application of lime is used. The practice of fertilizing with ash, whether the vegetation is burned in place or the ash is obtained elsewhere and spread over the land (the Chitemane Sys- tem), has the same effect as liming and a light application of fertilizer containing phosphate and potash. TABLE 24.—Composition and characteristics of some dominant types of igneous rocks

Mineral constituent Composition

Namti of rock Weathering and other properties

Primary Secondary K2O MgO CaO P2O5 o

Percent Percent Percent Percent fOrthoclase Mica (biotite) Granites ... ^Plagioclase Hornblende i 3.5-4.0. 0.^1.5 1.0-1.5 0.01-0.15 Weathers relatively easily. Sandy Quartz Olivene loam soils. Medium fertility. m o fPlaeioclase Magnetite Syenites — j Hornblende Mica (biotite) i 4.5-5.1 1.9-2.7 3.4^4.3 0.10-0.24 Weathers easily Good soils. Bright Orthoclase Garnet red color. 3

o Hornblende \ 2.0-2.4 1.2-3.8 3.3-7.4 0.08-0.32 Weathers with difficulty. Good soils. Diorites iPlaerioclase \ Pyroxenes . . Mica (biotite) Dark red in color. W § 48 INFORMATION BULLETIN Gß, U. S. DE2PT. OF AGRICULTURE

TABLE 25.—Some characteristics of minerals that are important in soil formation

Important constituent Response to Principal influence Name of soil weathering in snils

Name Percent

Quartz , . Does not Mainly physical, on weather. soil texture. 1. Feldspars: Orthoclase.....,..., K2O 17 Weathers easily K2O and CaO reserve. Fertile soils.

Plagioclase CaO 20 Weathers easily CaO and K2O reserve. Very fertile soils. Micas: Muscovite (white) K2O 8-10 Strongly resists K2O reserve but be- weathering. comes available too slowly. Poor soils. Biotite (black) ÍK2O 5-10 |*Weathers easily MgO and K2O reserve. \MgO 8-15 Very fertile soils, /CaO Amphiboles (Hornblendes). -MgO 12-20 Strongly resists Ca0,.K20 and MgO re- K2O weathering. serve. Fertile soils.

Pyroxenes. rcao 16-22- Resists GaO and MgO reserve. iMgO weathering. Fertile soils. Volcanic basalt...... Bases High Weathers very High reserve of miner- easily. als. Good soils.

Green-Manure and Cover Crops. Certain green-manure and cover crops have great promise in the conservation of fertility of soil under conditions of open cultivation. The velvet bean (Mucuna utilis) appears to be especially valuable. It forms a quick cover and is efficient in the fixation of nitrogen. If it were interplanted in the upland rice after the crop had attained sufficient growth, it no doubt would form a good cover and green-manure crop after the rice had been harvested. It might be used also in permanent crop rotation. Puer aria grows exceptionally well where a cover for a longer period is wanted. Calopogonium behaves both as an annual and as a biennial. It grows more slowly than the velvet bean. There are many other leguminous plants that may be found useful under certain conditions. Experiments for several years in Nigeria with the velvet bean as a cover crop indicated no difference in its effect on crop yield whether it was (1) dug in green, (2) dug in dry after it had matured, or (3) burnt when dry. However, if the crop was removed, an average decrease of 25 percent was observed. The conclusion was that burning had no effect on soil fertility and that nitrogen was not deficient in the soils. RECONNAISSANCE SOIL SURVEY OF LIBERIA 49

But a more plausible interpretation is that the soils were deficient in available phosphorus, potassium, and calcium. The rapid min- eralization of these elements in the plant material by burning compensates for the loss in nitrogen. If lime and fertilizer bearing phosphorus and potassium had been used with the crop, dug in either green or dry, the level of fertility and productivity would no doubt have been higher. Soil Erosion, The prevailing topography, the high rainfall, and the physical nature of the soils of Liberia are all conducive to soil erosion. But the soils of Liberia have been well-protected by the bush and forest cover, and there has been no significant amount of accelerated erosion. Some sheet erosion, however, does occur on sloping land, especially where it is cleared for farming. Removal of the cover of vegetation on rolling soil for more intensive planting of open- cultivated crops, such as rice and cassava, will result in excessive losses.

Land capability Land capability is determined by an appraisal of the soil, slope, erosion, drainage, and so forth, in their collective relation to the capacity of the soils to produce under various systems of management. The soils of Liberia may be grouped into several capability classes, very largely on the basis of topography. Table 26 presents an approximate estimate of the amount of land in each capability group and the types of crops that can be grown safely on the respective types of land.

TABLE 2ñ.—Approximate area in each land type classified by topography and drainagej with productivity rating of each type^ Liberia

Land type Area Percent of Recommended total area land use ^

1,000 acres Hilly and rugged land (including wasteland) 12,000 50.0 1, 2, 3. Rolling upper slopes 5,280 22.0 1, 2, 3, 4. Gentle upper slopes 2,400 10.0 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Lower foot slopes 1,920 8.0 1, 2, 3 4 5. Valley floor 960 4.0 1, 6, 7. Swamps: Fresh water..,,.., 720 3,0 1,7. Tidal 192 .8 1,7. Level coastal sands 528 2.2 1,6.

1 Key to recommendations: 1, wildlife; 2, forest; 3, tree crops; 4, cultivated tree crops and pasture (with use of lime and fertilizers) ; 5, annual crops in long rotations with permanent cover crops (with use of lime and fertilizers); 6, cultivated annual crops (with use of lime, fertilizers, and legumes); 7, cultivated annual crops (with use of drainage, lime fertilizers, and legumes). 50 INFORMATION BULLETIN 66, U. S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE

Policies for Future Land Use One definition of a resource is that it is something useful but limited in supply. Land is certainly limited, especially in countries like China and India, where it is inadequate for supporting the population. In these countries land is very dear. But in sparsely populated and underdeveloped countries like Liberia the tendency is to look on land as an unlimited and indestructible product of creation. The pattern of land use is to cut, burn, plant one or two crops, and move to new land. But through the pressure of an increasing population and the ever-decreasing amount of virgin land, the eventual results of this pattern are fatal. Prerequisite to a sound long-range program of development of a country is a land- use policy that will insure a balanced permanent agriculture. A national land-use policy determines what products should be produced locally and what should be imported, the relative ad- vantage of producing the same products in different parts of the country, dietary and industrial needs for all products, and the current use of soil and water resources and the means of providing for their conservation or improvement. The factors that determine appropriate types of land use are not static, but are conditioned by variable internal and external social and economic conditions. Changes in transportation facilities, crops, markets, prices, credits, technology, education, and the economic and cultural predilections of a country may bring about land- use changes that are not always beneficial. The immediate objective of a program of agricultural improvement in Liberia should be to increase greatly the production of agricultural commodities for subsistence and export. The program should involve practical methods by which farmers who still operate with more or less primitive methods can be helped to produce larger and better crops on a sustained basis. Past attempts to introduce modern methods have been greatly disappointing, but the only hope for any sizeable increase in production lies in adopting techniques of farming that will give a greater efficiency of both land and labor. Liberian crops have been classified into three groups on the basis of their adaptability to climate and soils. The first group includes those that can be grown successfully with ordinary cultural practices and without fertilization although they would probably give higher yields if fertilizers were added : Rubber Piassava Coifee Lemons Mangoes Grapefruit Avocados Papayas Oil palm Breadfruit Coconuts Cocoa Kola Oranges The second group can be grown successfully on suitable soil types with intensive cultural practices. In order to grow these crops, either continuously or in short rotation, application of fertilizers and other soil-conservation practices are needed : RECONNAISSANCE SOIL SURVEY OF LIBERIA 61

Rice Tobacco Sugar cane Okra Corn Cabbage Sweet corn Eggplant Sorghum Pepper Guinea corn Mustard Sweetpotatoes Bananas Yams Plantain Cassavas Collards Pigeon pea Pumpkin Cowpeas Squash Velvet bean Cucumber Sv^^ord bean Peanuts Butter bean The third group consists of crops that are but poorly adapted to Liberian soils, even with the use of intensive cultural practices : Tomatoes Broccoli Turnips Cauliflov^er Cabbage Shallots Lettuce Watermelon Muskmelon Radishes Onions Cashew nuts Carrote Appendix Analytical daiafor inalvvdual profiles

Exchange properties (in miUiequivalents per 100 grams of soil) Or- Nitro- Phos- Acid- Kind of soil, number of Q profile, and location Depth Color Gravel Sand Silt Clay ganic gen phorus ity Exchangeable Cations matter Ex- change I CO capac- Cal- Mag- Potas- Man- CO ity cium nesium sium ganese > a

Inches Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent pH Lithosol, under forest: { 0-3 BrR 0 42 26 32 4.12 0,128 11.0 4.3 17.8 2.69 1.81 2.05 0.023 m 1 Cape Mount 6-9 BrR 0 37 25 38 8.8 3.9 12.5 .82 .64 .28 .009 a [18-20 BrR 2 44 22 34 7.6 3.7 12.2 .53 .34 .12 .004 4.2 8.2 .75 .63 .72 .002 f 0-3 GrBr 12 77 17 6 4.22 .122 7.5 o 2 Gbamga \ 6-9 BrGr 8 76 15 9 5.0 3.9 3.9 .20 .12 .00 .001 [18-30 YBr 6 74 18 8 3.2 3.9 3.5 .18 .11 .06 .001 f 0-3 Br 8 78 17 5 4.34 .137 8.5 4.1 9.5 .82 .71 .80 .001 3 BoDoro 6-9 YBr 11 74 19 7 4.2 3.9 3.8 .16 .18 .07 .000 [20-24 BrY 12 75 18 7 4.0 3.9 3.2 .16 .17 .10* .000 Í 0-3 BrGr 2 67 21 12 5.86 .182 15.0 4.7 14.2 2.22 .98 1.30 .016 4 Ganta 3-6 Br 1 60 20 20 2.55 .091 16.0 4.1 11.0 1.09 .55 .27 .005 [20-24 YBr 6 59 23 18 8.3 4.1 8.8 .68 .36 .19 .004

CO Analytical data for individual profiles—Continued

Exchange properties (in milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil) Kind of soil, number of Or- Nitro- Phos- Acid- profile and location Depth Color Gravel Sand Silt Clay ganic gen phorus ity matter Ex- Exchangeable Cations change capac- Cal- Mag- Potas- Man- ity cium nesium sium ganese

Lithosol, under Inches Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent p.p.m. pH forest—Con. Í 0-3 Br 8 78 15 7 3.46 0.108 7.5 4.2 7.7 0.40 0.22 0.37 0.003 5 Harbel 6-9 YBr 7 72 19 9 3.4 3.4 4.5 .12 .14 .05 .000 [18-20 YBr 2 69 20 11 3.6 3.6 4.5 •14 .13 .05 .000 f 0-3 GrBr 2 65 19 16 4.12 .105 7.0 4.4 8.2- .92 .58 .47 .008 6 Gbarnga. : 3-6 Br 5 57 23 20 1.38 .046 8.1 4.0 5.7 .30 .23 .10 .001 [20-24 YR 8 59 22 19 3.5 3.8 5.0 .22 .18 .14 001 r 0-3 DkBr 2 72 17 11 3.96 .126 10.0 4.4 8-2 1.12 .42 .55 .008 7 Genne Liberia.... 6-9 YBr 8 68 20 12 5.5 3.9 6.0 .38 .20 .10 001 [20-24 YR 7 61 22 17 4.0 4.0 5.2 .26 .17 .08 .001 f 0-3 Br 6 72 19 9 4.16 .131 7.8 4.6 11.8 1.66 1.00 .42 .015 8 Jundu. . ... 6-9 YBr 8 61 22 17 4.2 4.0 7.2 .68 .46 .10 005 [20-24 YR 15 63 21 16 3 0 4.0 5.4 .41 .39 .06 .003 Í 0-3 Br 0 46 32 22 5.32 .177 16.0 4.6 17.3 2.18 1.65 1.89 .031 9 Jundu 6-9 YBr 0 40 30 30 8.5 4.0 12.8 1.05 ,82 .30 Oil [20-24 YR 0 41 30 29 6.1 4.1 11.6 1.00 .73 .10 .005 f 0-1 Br 2 76 16 8 3.98 . 129 10,6 4.3 7.0 .62 .38 .37 .004 10 Bomi Hills 6-9 YBr 7 71 .18 11 ...... 7.1 3.5 4.1 .22 .12 .00 .000 [20-24 YR 14 70 17 13 b.5 3.6 4.2 .24 .12 .04 .000 Í 0-3 Br 7 75 20 5 3.75 .117 11.7 4.4 6.9 1.38 .67 1.04 .007 11 Bomi Hills ■ 6-9 BrY 5 72 23 5 7.5 3.8 4.0 .39 .35 .11 .003 20-24 YR 8 69 22 9 4.1 3.9 3.1 .26 .27 .06 .002 f 0-3 Br 0 50 23 27 6.75 .202 15-1 4.8 14.6 2.22 1.61 1.17 .022 12 Tawata 6-9 YBr 0 47 24 29 11.5 4.0 8.5 .92 .55 .12 .008 [28-30 YR 0 4^ 21 31 11.0 4.1 7.7 .88 .50 .17 .007

Í 0-3 Br 3 75 19 6 4.55 .143 11.8 4.3 9.4 1.11 .60 .50 .005 1S Tawata 6-9 RBr 8 72 21 7 6.0 3.9 4.2 .12 .08 .08 .001 [20-24 YR 11 72 20 8 4.0 3.9 2.1 .10 .05 .05 .000

f 0-3 Br 2 73 15 12 4.88 .175 12.2 4.2 10.2 1.10 .75 .70 .006 14 Zuie 6-9 YBr 7 69 17 14 6.5 3.7 5.5 .30 .20 .10 .001 [20-24 YR 4 64 20 16 3.4 3.9 4.0 .30 .22 .05 .001

Í 0-3 Br 4 59 26 15 8.28 .232 15.2 3.8 12.5 .68 .48 1.70 .004 15 Sanokwelle ^6 RBr 2 52 27 21 2.75 .088 5.0 3.7 7.6 -32 .30 .44 .002 1 8-10 YR 4 51 31 18 4.6 4.0 6.4 .35 .28 .05 .002 [12-15 YR 5 51 35 14 4.4 5.4 .42 .33 .12 .002 f 0-3 Br 3 66 24 10 5.50 .161 11.0 4.5 12.5 2.16 1.10 .70 .006 16 Zuie 6-9 Br 7 70 19 11 10.0 3.9 5.1 .32 .22 .00 .001 [30-33 RY 8 66 22 12 8.8 3.7 3.2 ,26 .18 .05 .001 f 0-3 Br 0 70 21 9 4.56 .150 8.5 4.4 10.8 .88 .61 .67 .000 17 Boporo \ 6-9 YR 0 65 25 10 8.0 4.0 5.2 .35 .30 .20 .000 [15^18 RY 5 66 24 10 4.0 4.4 .20 .18 .20 .000

f 0-3 Br 6 62 14 14 6.72 .200 17.5 4.6 12.7 2.16 .88 1.05 -015 1S Tawata 6-9 Br 8 60 25 15 12.0 3.9 5.8 .41 .16 .10 .004 [33-36 RY 5 60 25 15 6.8 4.0 4.0 .35 .15 .12 .002

r 0-3 Br 6 65 22 13 4.22 .125 10.6 4.8 9.6 1.88 1.12 .77 .027 19 Sanokwelle 3-6 YBr 4 62 21 17 1.52 .062 11.3 4.0 6.2 .52 .43 .10 .007 [18-20 YR 8 62 22 16 4.4 4.0 4.5 .30 .25 .05 .002 Analytical data for individual profiles— -Continued C7T

Exchange properties (in milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil) Kind of soil, number of Or- Nitro- Phos- Acid- profile, and location Depth Color Gravel Sand Silt Clay ganic gen phorus ity matter Ex- Exchangeable Cations change capac- Cal- Mag- Potas- Man- cium nesium sium ganese ' ity

Lithosol, under Inches Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Perceni pF forest—Con. Í 0-3 GrBr 3 76 14 10 5.58 0.188 22.0 4.9 8.9 1.94 0 90 0.25 0.012 20 Sanokwelle 6-9 YBr 7 60 19 21 8.5 4.1 4.6 .42 .33 .00 .006 [l2~15 RY 50 28 22 4.1 4.0 .41 .33 .05 .005 Í 0-3 Br 5 74 21 5 3.38 .106 14.1 4.3 6.8 .74 .34 .48 009 21 Sakripie ., ..... 6-9 BrY 7 71 24 5 8.8 3.8 3.4 .22 .15 .16 .004 [18-20 BrY ; 5,' 68 23 9 5.2 3.8 3.2 .25 .12 .00 .003 ', Í 0-3 Br 3 76 16 8 3 92 .128 10.6 4.6 7.6 .90 .66 .48 .006 22 Klay.... 6-9 YBr 4 68 20 12 5.0 3.6 4.5 .28 .15 .00 .001 [20-24 YR 3 70 19 11 2.8 3.8 3.3 .19 .12 .00 .000

Í 0-3 Br 6 72 19 9 4.23 .139 10.0 4.4 11.8 1:31 .78 .64 .009 23 Klay... 6-9 BrY 9 65 22 13 5.2 4.0 5.6 44 .28 .10 .002 ,20-24 RY 11 68 20 12 4.6 4.0 5.2 .40 .24 .11 .001 f 0-3 Br 0 48 30 22 5 52 .178 16,0 4.5 15.3 1.55 .85 .76 .025 24 Cape Mount 6-9 RBr 0 42 31 27 7.0 4.1 10 1 .84 .52 .20 .013 [20-24 RBr 0 43 32 25 5.0 3.9 8.4 .40 ,39 .11 .005 Í 0-3 GrBr 0 55 25 20 7.23 .228 22.0 4.5 19.4 2.11 1.35 1 07 .024 25 Genne Liberia..,. 6-9 RBr 0 48 24 28 17.0 4.1 8.2 .85 .43 .25 .009 20-24 RBr 0 44 26 30 12.0 4.0 8.0 -74 .43 .20 .008 Í 0-3 Br 10 72 21 7 3.72 .121 7.0 4.2 7.8 .75 .42 .71 .005 26 BokenTedy - 6-9 YBr 8 60 28 12 4.1 3.6 4.4 .22 .12 -05 .001 20-24 YR 12 60 30 10 4.0 3.6 4.0 .20 .11 .00 .000 f 0-3 Br 4 59 24 17 7.10 .210 22.6 4.4 20.0 1.02 .75 1.77 .029 27 Genne Liberia.. . . 6-9 RBr 6 48 25 27 2.32 .085 11.0 4.1 15.1 1.23 .56 .28 .010 [18-20 RBr 3 52 25 23 5.8 4.1 12.0 .94 .49 .16 .003 Í 0-3 Br 2 58 19 23 6.11 .200 25.0 4.9 18.7 3.19 1.06 1.14 .027 2R Gban 6-9 YBr 1 50 22 28 12.0 3.7 11.6 .62 .45 .28 .008 [20-24 BrY 1 48 26 26 10.2 3.8 8.3 .46 .32 .15 .003

Í 0-3 Br 10 78 15 7 3.86 .128 12.0 4.5 8.1 .96 .41 .85 .009 29 Gban &-9 YBr 8 72 17 11 5.5 3-9 4.6 .25 .18 .05 .001 [18-20 YR 5 75 15 10 3.2 3.9 3.2 .22 .17 -05 .001

f 0-3 Br 4 68 24 8 5.00 .161 10.2 4.6 11.8 .68 .52 1.13 .007 30 Webo 6-9 RBr 7 59 29 12 6.0 3.8 5.2 .31 .33 .22 .001 [20-24 RBr 10 61 28 11 4.2 3.8 4.7 .28 .30 .24 .001

f 0-3 GBr 8 73 19 8 3.78 .125 11.0 4.3 8.6 .93 .52 .78 .009 31 Tappita , \ 3-6 Br 10 65 22 13 1.42 .051 8.6 3.7 5.1 .35 .31 .14 .002 [20-24 RY 6 66 20 14 3.5 3.7 4.4 .33 .28 .16 .002

Í 0-3 Br 3 58 26 16 4.78 .159 14.0 5.1 16.2 3.22 1.17 2.41 .022 32 Tappita. , 3-6 YBr 2 55 25 20 2.45 086 15.5 4.1 10.1 1:13 .88 .60 .017 [18-20 RY 4 48 28 24 5.0 4.2 6.4 .62 .50 .12 .008 f 0-3 Br 0 56 26 18 5.85 .193 16.0 4.8 12.7 2.25 1.17 1.00 -033 33 PaTiokwelle...... 3-6 RBr 0 52 27 21 2.77 .096 20.8 4.1 10.5 1.05 .78 .12 .009 [18-20 BrR 8 53 28 19 16.0 3.8 5.5 .38 .26 .05 .002 Í 0-3 Br 8 65 23 12 4.13 . 135 10.2 4.3 10.2 .95 .75 .80 .018 34 Sanokwelle 3-6 YBr 7 60 24 16 1.78 .061 11.8 3.7 6.0 .38 .30 .00 .006 [18-20 BrY 10 61 25 14 2.5 3.5 4.3 .20 .21 .00 .001

f 0-3 BIG 2 59 25 16 7.34 .224 30.0 4.8 16.3 2.68 .85 1.27 .034 35 Ganta 3-6 GBr 4 52 29 19 3.82 .128 25.0 4.1 12.5 1.26 ,98 .32 .011 20-24 BrY 5 51 28 21 10.4 4.0 5.3 .42 .35 .12 .006 en Analytical data for individual profiles—Continued 00

Exchange properties (in milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil) Kind of soil, number of Or- Nitro- Phos- Acid- profile, and location Depth Color Gravel Sand Silt Clay ganic gen phorus ity Exchangeable Cations matter Ex- change capac- Cal- Mag- Potas- Man- ity cium nesium sium ganese

Lithosol; under Inches Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent forest^Con. ( 0-3 Br 0 48 28 24 4.78 0.158 12.5 4.3 12.7 0.88 0.72 0.58 0.008 36 Genne-Tanyhun.. 6-9 RBr 0 45 27 28 8.6 3.9 10.0 .46 .44 .05 .006 [20-24 BrR 0 45 26 29 7.4 3.8 8.8 .35 .35 .05 .005

f 0-3 BlBr 0 45 27 28 4.34 . 141 11.8 4.4 14.6 2.11 .65 .71 .032 37 Genne-Tanyliun.. 6-9 RBr 0 42 28 30 7.5 3.6 10.5 .55 .32 .17 .009 [18-20 BrR 0 41 30 29 7.0 3.6 10.0 .50 .38 .20 .008 Í 0-3 GBr 2 72 21 7 4.78 .155 12.6 4.3 10.4 1.11 .45 .48 .009 38 Sálala.. 3-6 Br 6 68 24 8 2.11 .069 14.0 3.5 6.6 .30 .21 .04 .002 9-12 YGr 8 67 25 8 7.4 3.5 3.2 .11 .10 .00 .000 [33-36 YBr 5 69 23 8 6.5 3.6 2.8 .09 .10 .00 .000 f 0-3 GrBr 2 67 22 11 4.66 .147 7.0 4.5 9.5 1.18 .98 .56 .008 39 Sálala.. 3-6 Br 10 65 22 13 2.41 .082 8.2 4.0 6.2 .59 .40 .21 .005 9-12 BrY 7 64 19 17 2.5 3.6 4.4 .22 .18 .00 .001 [33-36 BrY 12 69 19 12 2.0 3.6 3.7 .15 .16 .00 .001

f 0-3 Br 0 40 29 31 5.11 .168 10.0 4.3 18.5 2.11 .48 1.07 .018 40 Webo 6-9 YBr 0 38 24 38 6.0 3.6 10.6 .45 .22 .16 .007 20-24 RY 0 39 24 35 4 1 3.6 10.0 .44 ,22 ■18 .003 f 0-3 GrBr 10 87 11 2 6.93 .188 14.0 6.0 7.3 2.83 1.74 2.75 .022 41 Sanokwelle 6-9 RBr 10 62 29 9 2.97 .095 18.0 5.3 5.3 1 62 1.54 .63 .012 .45 .16 15-18 RY 19 62 27 11 12.0 4.5 5.2 .54 ' .009 0-3 GrBr 2 78 12 10 6.07 .196 30.0 5.1 9.8 2.11 -95 .15 .008 42 Sanokwelle. 6-9 YGr 5 55 18 27 11.0 4.2 5.3 .46 .32 .13 .002 10-15 BrY 8 40 16 24 21.0 4.4 4.9 .48 .34 .25 .003

Latosol: Hilly: Under virgin forest: 0-3 RBr 6 81 8 11 6.04 185 15.8 4.3 14.0 1.19 .98 2.06 .018 1 Farakay 6-9 Br 18 68 16 16 11.0 3.9 5.8 .32 .1"6 .26 .003 21-24 RBr 52 60 22 18 9.2 4.2 5.9 .38 .19 .20 .003

0-3 GrBr 12 72 16 12 6.22 .199 12.2 4.4 12.5 1.42 .70 -70 .013 2 Webo. 6-9 GrBr 16 64 22 16 8.5 3.9 6.2 .35 .28 .10 .002 21-24 RBr 38 53 24 23 4.6 4.0 7.0 .40 .28 .00 .001

0-3 DkBr 11 69 20 11 5-11 .158 11.0 4.6 12.9 2.18 .72 1.09 .038 3 Tawata. 6-9 Br 18 64 28 18 5.5 4.1 8.6 .59 .31 .34 .009 21-24 RY 55 52 25 23 6.2 3.9 8.7 .42 .28 .10 .001

0-3 DkBr 6 64 18 18 5.44 .166 6.0 4.4 12.2 1.05 .45 1.02 .008 4 Webo. 6^9 Br 29 57 19 24 6.2 3.7 7.8 .24 .10 .15 .002 21-24 RY 41 58 20 22 5.8 3.7 6.4 .22 .11 .10 .002

0-3 DkBr 8 60 17 23 7.82 .221 6.8 4.5 16.5 2.38 .92 1.40 .031 5 Tappita. 6-9 Br 42 52 18 30 11.2 4.0 12.0 1.02 .38 .25 .006 21-24 RBr 46 57 15 28 7.0 4.0 7.8 .38 .22 .16 .004

0-3 DkBr 6 76 17 7 5.05 .163 4.8 4.4 8.8 .80 .65 1.08 .005 6 Sanokwelle.. 6-9 Br 18 71 15 12 6.2 3.9 4.4 .25 .20 .05 .002 21-24 YBr 42 53 25 22 5.S 3.9 5.7 .28 .22 .12 .002

7 7 mi. north of 0-3 DkBr 88 81 14 5 10.43 .305 7.5 4.8 18.6 3.57 1.85 1.47 .036 Tappita 6-8 RBr 49 57 26 17 4.79 .179 8.2 4.0 7.4 .52 .23 .12 .002 0-3 DkBr 11 77 18 5 5.61 .184 5.5 4.3 10,8 1.22 1.33 .96 .004 8 Sálala 3-6 Br 14 75 14 11 2.84 .081 6.4 3.8 4.5 .30 .24 .18 .002 9-12 BrR 76 48 28 24 6.1 4.2 2.8 .37 .30 .18 .002 Analytical data for individual profiles—Continued

Exchange properties (in milliéqüivalents per 100 grams of soil) Or- Kind of soil, number of Depth Color Gravel Sand Silt Clay ganic Nitro- Phos- Acid- Exchangeable Cations profile, and location matter gen phorus ity Ex- change capac- Cal- Mag- Potas- Man- ity cium nesium sium ganese

Latosol—Con, Hilly—Con. Inches Percent Under virgin Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent p.p,m. forest^Con. Í 0-3 DkBr 22 78 16 6 4.43 0.126 6.5 4.0 10.6 0.91 0.72 0.54 0.010 9 Sálala. 3-6 Br 74 76 18 6 1,75 .065 7.2 4.2 4.4 .27 .54 .07 .002 [12-14 RBr 86 62 14 24 5.5 3.8 6.5 • 1^ .60 .00 000 10 Tappita / 0-3 DkBr 20 89 9 2 8.94 .254 7.4 5.2 13.0 2.53 1.55 1.02 . 010 \ 3-6 Br 63 63 19 18 2.40 .085 8.8 3.7 12.9 .99 .87 .53 .006 11 Palala / 0-3 Br 3 84 10 6 5.50 .168 6.8 4.2 11.4 1.30 1.23 1.29 .004 1 3-6 Br 29 73 15 12 2.22 .081 4.4 3.8 10.4 .30 .39 .09 .000

[0-3 DkBr 12 61 17 22 5.78 . 165 5.8 4.4 11.6 1.75 .65 2.10 .031 12 Zuie ^ 6-9 Br 16 '57 19 24 4.4 3.8 7.2 .39 .21 .22 009 21-24 RBr 48 51 21 28 4.2 3.8 6.6 .34 .18 .11 001

13 Ganta / 0-3 DkBr 17 58 14 28 4.22 .132 7,0 4,6 11.1 2.16 .55 1.70 .006 \ 6-9 RBr 59 46 22 32 6.0 4.0 8.0 .44 .20 .22 002 f 0-3 DkBr 13 72 20 8 6.06 .188 7.5 4.5 7.8 1.07 .48 .39 .005 14 Gbarnga.. .. I 6-9 RBr 25 63 23 14 7.2 4.0 5.1 .36 .21 .18 002 [21-24 BrR 58 43 28 29 6.3 3.9 6.2 .27 .18 .05 .001 Í 0-3 DkBr 9 74 19 7 6.61 .188 6.5 4.4 11.8 1.42 .74 1.08 .009 15 Farakay ^ 6-9 Br - 18 61 15 24 4.8 3:8 5.5 .21 .14 .16 .002 21-24 RY 72 51 28 21 4.6 4.0 5.1 .22 .16 .12 .001 1.12 .85 .38 .003 0-3 DkBr 12 72 20 5.16 .148 5.4 4.3 8.5 55 17 28 6.1 3.8 6.2 .35 .20 .05 .001 16 Sanokwelle.. Br 15 .00 21-24 RY 66 57 19 24 5.5 3.9 5.4 .34 .20 .002 2 8 4 4.84 .153 8.0 5.4 9.5 2.01 .74 .51 .024 0-3 DkBr .20 .003 Br 5 59 16 25 7.4 4.0 6.4 .32 .05 17 Webo. 6-9 .26 .02 .001 21-24 RBr 3 51 17 32 5.2 3.9 6.5 .43

Under secondary bush: .38 .77 .011 0-3 Br 8 81 15 4 2.i .086 10.1 4.5 5.2 .95 36 63 21 16 4.4 3.8 4.7 .28 .17 .16 .004 1 Suen 6-9 RBr .24 .10 .002 21-24 YR 42 49 32 19 5,5 3.9 5.4 .37 96 3 1 2.62 .081 9.5 4.5 5.1 .40 .42 .65 .004 0-3 Br 16 .12 35 64 22 14 4.2 4.0 4.6 .26 .20 .001 2 Careysburg., e-9 RBr .24 .21 .09 .000 21-24 RY 28 55 29 16 3.8 4.0 4.4 75 .43 .60 .002 0-3 Br 10 81 10 9 3.88 .125 14.0 4.6 6.8 Br 41 63 17 20 9,2 4.0 6.0 .36 .29 .17 .001 3 Klay ., 6-9 .35 .31 .18 .001 12-15 BrY 62 59 19 22 6.8 4.1 6.1 .56 .69 .38 .003 0-3 Br 18 76 19 5 4.16 .128 10.6 4.2 8.7 RBr 35 55 27 18 4.5 3.7 5.5 .21 .28 .00 .001 4 Webo...... 6-9 .20 .32 .05 .001 12-15 BrR 53 22 25 3.2 3.8 5.8 .55 .37 002 0-3 Br 22 78 15 7 3.62 .118 9.0 4.3 6.8 65 21 14 3.2 3.4 4.4 .10 .22 .00 .000 5 Suen 6-9 Br 55 .22 .00 .000 12-15 BrY 78 59 23 18 1.0 3.4 4.1 .10 .42 .70 .003 0-3 Br 12 8 4 4.11 .131 11.0 4.4 12.0 41 -58 18 24 2.72 .085 5.2 3.8 7.3 .33 .20 .15 .001 6 Sakripie.. .. 3-6 Br .00 .000 12-15 BrR 70 50 22 28 6.0 3.6 6.2 .15 6.2 .31 .69 .002 f 0-3 RBr 10 78 16 6 3.29 .108 9.0 4.5 .68 4.8 .35 .22 .10 .001 7 Kakata. . .. 3-6 BrR 22 67 20 13 2 25 ,081 8.6 3.9 RY 48 58 26 16 5.8 3.9 4.6 .35 .20 .09 .001 18-24 .39 .21 .08 .001 33-^36 RY 55 52 28 20 4.0 4.0 4.8 Analytical data for individual profiles—Continued to

Exchange properties (in milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil) Or- Kind of soil, number of Depth Color Gravel Sand Silt Clay ganic Nitro- Phos- Acid- Exchangeable Cations profile, and location matter gen phorus ity Ex- change capac- Cal- Mag- Potas- Man- ity cium nesium sium ganese

Latosol^Con. Hilly—Con. Inches Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Under secondary Percent p.p.m. bush—Con. Í 0-3 Br 13 87 8 15 3.99 0.124 8.0 4.3 5.2 0.42 0.38 0.48 0.001 8 Gban...... 1 6-9 YBr 40 65 24 11 4.2 3.9 4.0 • 19 .22 .08 .000 [20-24 RY 68 68 22 10 2.0 3.9 3.5 16 .18 .00 000 f 0-3 GrBr 22 90 8 2 3.85 .121 11.0 4.4 6.2 .51 .44 .28 .002 9 Greenville. . . 6-9 BrY 55 68 24 8 5.0 3.9 3.4 .25 .24 .00 001 [12-15 RY 57 55 25 20 6.2 3.9 5.5 .33 .38 .08 .002 Í 0-3 GrBr 1 71 15 14 3.71 .116 8.0 4.3 8.6 1.28 .41 .85 003 10 Kakata. . ... 9-12 YBr 20 48 26 26 6.1 4.2 4.1 .38 .16 .04 .001 [12-15 RY 43 40 39 21 6.8 4.0 3.9 .28 .04 :oo 001 11 11 mi-south of f 0-3 Br 7 82 25 3 3.36 .122 13.3 4.4 7.0 1,58 .69 1.53 .015 Sakripie.. . 1 6-8 BrY 5 61 22 7 1.25 .052 8.8 3.3 5.0 .69 .45 .11 .007 Í 0-3 GrBr 0 77 17 6 3.54 .117 10.3 4.7 12.4 .43 .78 .35 .001 6^9 Br 2 62 28 10 1.85 .070 8.2 3.9 6.3 .06 .61 .07 .001 12 Kpan . 12-18 BrY 14 50 26 24 5.5 4.0 5.3 .08 .46 .08 001 21-24 YR 22 40 37 23 5.0 4,4 3.6 .05 .41 .15 .001 .33-36 YR 30 66 16 18 * ' * * ' 3.2 4.4 3.6 .19 .15 .16 000 13 3 mi. south of / 0-3 RBr 7 93 5 2 6.01 .224 17.8 4.3 15.5 1.90 1.03 4.05 .013 Sakripie... \ 3-6 RBr 68 60 25 15 2.11 .071 11.7 3.9 6.4 .41 .28 .42 .004 14 Ganta / 0-3 GrBl 18 75 17 8 5.72 .211 16.9 4.9 16.9 5.72 2.10 2.43 .004 I 6-8 Br 64 44 36 20 12.3 5.2 12.8 5.57 1.61 1.18 .002 Í 0-3 Br 6 97 2 1 3.19 .111 11.5 4.5 5.0 .30 .68 .89 .002 15 5 mi. south of 3-6 Br 13 56 29 15 2.27 .079 4.5 4.0 4.7 .09 .63 07 .002 Sakripie... 10-12 RBr 33 40 42 18 5.2 4.0 4.2 .10 .52 .06 .001 18-21 RBr 27 52 16 32 6.2 4.0 6.2 .14 .58 .04 .001 33-36 RY 35 43 34 23 5.4 3.7 5.4 . 10 .60 .05 .002 Í 0-3 RBr 14 79 17 4 5.13 .185 13.5 4.6 10.5 .80 .80 .93 .003 16 Ganta - 3-6 RBr 50 40 30 30 3.10 .110 12.4 4.0 11.8 .32 .26 .35 ,001 Sakripie.. . , 6-10 RY 68 49 33 18 13.6 4.2 10.0 .20 .33 .11 .001 f 0-3 DkBr 11 53 29 18 3.86 .119 5.5 4.3 6.0 .41 .25 .38 .004 17 Kakata ^ 6-9 RBr 19 42 31 27 4.8 3.9 6.7 .20 .12 .11 .001 21-24 RY 39 50 28 22 4.9 3.9 5.5 .16 .12 .05 .000 [0-3 DkBr 6 90 6 4 4.86 .172 8.2 5.5 10.0 2.36 .80 .63 .043 18 2 mi. south of < 3-6 RBr 80 55 15 30 2.00 .073 7.4 4.1 8.6 1,49 .43 .03 .003 Sakripie. . . 15-20 BrY 70 50 18 32 5.2 3.9 6.4 .42 .32 .00 .001 33-36 RY 62 48' 17 35 4.4 4.3 6.5 .48 .32 .00 .001 19 St. John Í 0-3 GrBr 14 71 14 15 3.29 .115 9.0 4.6 11.4 1.75 .78 1.10 .007 River 3-6 Br 49 78 12 10 3.24 . 118 8.9 4.1 6.1 .34 .22 .13 .002 Bridge ... ■ 6-9 RBr 76 62 13 25 11.5 4.2 5.3 .32 .12 .07 .002 15-18 RY 73 55 8 37 6.2 3.8 .48 .10 .00 .000 33-36 YR 27 25 42 33 5.0 3.8 5.2 .31 .10 .00 .000 20 Kakata / 0-3 DkBr 20 64 16 20 3.42 .105 8.1 4.4 9.6 .96 .50 .88 .006 \ 6-8 Br 69 58 21 21 5.0 3.7 6.1 .25 .16 .23 .002

21 Gbarnga / 0-3 DkBr 16 76 16 8 3.36 .121 6.5 4.6 6.6 1.22 ,40 .55 .002 \ 6-9 BrR 69 54 11 35 8.6 4.1 6.2 .35 .12 .15 .000

Í 0-3 Br 13 70 19 11 3.39 .104 9.0 4.5 9.6 1.44 .42 .22 .006 22 Boporo...... ^6-9 Br 19 63 14 23 10.1 4.1 5.1 .43 .14 .00 .001 21-24 RBr 28 58 12 30 5.0 3.9 5.6 .24 .12 .00 .000 Analytical data for individual profiles—Continued as

Exchange properties (in milliequivalents ' ' ' ' per 100 grams of soil) Kind of soil, number of Or- Nitro- Phos- Acid- profile, and location Depth Color Gravel Sand Silt Clay ganic gen phorus ity Exchangeable Cations matter Ex- change capac- Cal- Mag- Potas- Man- ity cium nesmm sium ganese

Latosol—Con. Hilly—Con. Inches Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent p.p.m. P^ Under secondary bush^Con. [ 0-3 DkBr 6 67 14 14 3.88 0.117 7.0 4.5 9.0 1.46 0.55 0.27 0.007 23 Mecca...... 6-9 Br 12 61 15 24 4.6 3.8 7.2 .34 .16 .05 .002 [21-24 RY 45 61 17 22 4.1 3.8 6.5 .25 .10 .00 .001 Í 0-3 GrBr 18 70 21 9 3.33 .100 7.6 4.6 7.2 .89 .48 .44 -005 24 Grreenville 6-9 Br 30 63 20 17 4.4 4.0 4.5 ,30 . 15 -10 :001 [21-24 RY 68 71 18 11 2.7 4.0 3.8 .24 .11 .00 .000 Í 0-3 Br 2 70 14 16 3.62 .114 8.0 4.5 6.9 1.06 0.32 0.30 .004 25 Javajai...... e-9 Br 18 50 25 25 7.6 4.0 4.8 .28 .18 ,00 .001 [21-24 RBr 38 45 34 21 6.3 3.9 4.3 .25 -15 .00 .001 f 0-3 BrGr 2 68 19 13 3.11 .095 4,4 4.3 5.5 .45 .31 .62 .003 26 Suen 6-9 YBr 19 53 28 19 5.2 3.8 4.6 .26 .20 .16 .000 [21-24 YR 68 49 30 21 6.1 3.8 4.8 .29 .24 .09 .000

Í 0-3 Br 14 73 26 11 3.55 .109 6.2 4.3 5.9 .47 .28 .36 .002 27 Mecca 6-9 Br 38 60 22 18 5.5 3.9 3 1 .16 .12 .12 .000 [21-24 RBr 45 58 25 17 2.8 3.7 2.8 .12 .10 .05 .000

Í 0-3 GrBr 2 78 10 12 3.82 .111 8.0 4.3 7.8 .88 .32 .48 .005 28 Plebo . . 6-9 BrR 17 55 17 28 5.6 3.8 4.2 .27 .12 .18 .001 [21-24 YR 46 60 15 25 5.5 3.9 4,0 .28 .14 .05 -001 29 Careysburg.. Í 0-3 DkBr 12 61 32 7 3.48 . 113 7.2 4.7 7.2 1.20 .48 .62 .008 \ 6-9 DkBr 68 60 28 12 6.8 4.1 6.5 ,48 .23 .14 .004 30 Webo...... / 0-3 DkBr 16 64 17 19 4.12 .095 6.0 4.3 10.1 1.38 .82 .65 .007 I 6^9 BrR 42. 64 14 22 7.2 3.7 7.4 .32 .20 -12 .001

Í 0^3 DkBr 2 72 16 12 2.48 .086 16.5 4.3 8.2 .98 .76 .45 .011 31 Farakay..,.. 6^9 Br 16 71 19 10 4.3 3.7 7.0 .32 .25 .10 ,002 [21-24 YR 49 74 15 11 4.6 3.8 6.9 .29 .28 .00 ,000 f 0-3 Br 7 83 4 13 3.16 .098 11.0 4.6 7.8 1.28 M .48 .005 32 Klay. 1 6-9 RBr 28 58 28 14 6.5 4.0 6.2 .35 ,18 .10 .001 [21-24 RBr 35 47 36 17 6.0 3.9 5.4 .32 .15 .05 .001

Gentle upper slopes: Under virgin forest: Í 0-3 DkBr 5 79 14 7 5.39 166 10,2 4.2 7.8 .35 .70 .40 .007 1 Mecca 6-9 Br 18 71 17 12 6.4 3.5 5.1 ,30 .42 05 .002 [21-24 RY 46 66 18 16 2.8 3.6 4.5 .15 .20 12 .000 Í 0-3 DkBr 2 69 12 19 5.58 .176 10.2 4.4 11,2 1.77 .54 1.00 .013 2 Farakay..... 6-9 Br 8 60 16 24 5.6 4.0 6.8 .31 ,15 .22 •004 [21^24 RBr 19 59 15 26 5.2 3.8 6.6 .24 .10 .10 .002 Í 0-3 DkBr 5 78 13 9 4.95 -155 8.2 4.4 7.6 .56 .42 1.08 014 3 Farakay. ... 6-9 Br 8 59 25 16 4.6 4.0 5.1 .24 .20 .17 .006 [21-24 RY 29 61 24 15 4.8 4.0 4.4 .22 .21 .08 002

f 0-3 DkBr 1 73 17 10 5.28 -161 5.0 4.4 8.8 1.22 .51 .66 -Oil 4 Sanokwelle .. 6-9 Br 2 54 28 18 4.2 3.9 6.2 .36 .22 ,10 ,002 [21-24 RBr 16 59 25 16 4.0 3.8 5.1 .28 .15 .00 .001 f 0-3 DkBr 4 72 17 11 6.11 .200 11.2 4.6 14.4 2.77 .72 1,55 .032 5 Sálala...... \ 6-9 Br 7 42 26 32 8.1 4.1 10.2 .56 .25 .28 .008 [21-24 YBr 8 47 27 26 5.5 4.0 8.5 .47 .19 .15 .004

Í 0-3 DkBr 3 76 18 6 5.46 .163 7.8 4.3 7.4 .72 .31 .46 .004 6 Boporo...... 6-9 Br 1 63 22 15 5.2 3.7 6.1 .22 .11 ,05 .001 [21-24 YR 20 70 19 11 3.8 3.7 4.8 .21 .12 .00 .000 Analytical data for individual profiles--Continued

Latosol—Con. Gentle upper slopes- Con. Under virgin Inches Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent p.p.m, forest—Con. Í 0-3 DkBr 0 75 13 12 6.62 0.212 7.7 4.5 13 0 1.25 0.66 0.85 0.018 7 Farakay . 6-9 Br 1 63 19 18 4.1 5.5 .52 .28 .12 .007 [21-24 UY 13 61 24 15 3.9 4.6 •32 .20 .05 .0Q2 Í 0-3 DkBr 2 65 18 17 5.52 .174 ' 7-2' 4.4 14-6 1.32 .70 1.18 .008 8 Sinoe 6-9 Br 10 65 15 20 5.0 3.8 8.2 .39 .22 .20 .002 [21-24 YR 14 60 • 22 18 4.7 3.8 6.5 .34 .21 .17 .002 Í 0-3 DkBr 4 ' 75 17 8 6.15 .193 12.0 4.6 11.5 1.28 .90 1.35 .006 9 Tappita, . , .. 6-9 Br 8 69 11 20 7.8 3.8 5.0 .20 .28 .10 .001 [21-24, RBr 6 62 12 26 7-2 3.9 5.1 .22 .31 -11 .001 Í 0-3 Br 8 82 13 5 5.16 .162 7.0 4.5 10.2 1.35 .61 .68 .007 10 Boporo 6-9 Br 7 77 15 8 5.8 4.0 4.8 .24 .25 .12 .002 [21-24 Br 23 67 14 19 5.6 4.0 5.5 .30 .30 .09 .002 Í 0-3 DkBr 11 80 13 7 5-38 .168 11.0 4.2 6.8 .61 .72 .10 .002 11 Farakay 6-9 Br 13 71 17 . 12 5.5 3.9 5.5 .26 .30 .00 .000 [21-24 YR 45 47 24 29 6.4 3,8 5.4 .26 .25 .00 .000 f 0-3 DkBr ',, ' 2 ' 80 12 8 5.29 .170 10.2 4.1 7.0 .59 .73 .09 .003 12 Kpan. 3-6 Br 13 73 16 11 3.40 .112 5.0 3.5 6.8 .29 .50 .18 .001 9-12 RY 41 , 47 25 28 6.4 4.0 5.-2 .31 .51 .21 .001 12-15 RY 50 44 24 32 6.8 4.0 4.5 .29 .25 .12 .001 0-3 Br 7 73 13 14 5.66 .188 4.3 4,5 6.2 .65 .44 .27 .002 3-6 Br 11 50 32 18 2.88 .095 7.2 4.0 6.6 .32 .21 .20 .001 13 Sálala. ^12 YBr 18 48 30 22 5.8 3.6 6.0 .24 .15 .21 .001 21-24 YR 13 34 42 24 5.5 3.7 6.4 .39 .19 .10 .001 33-36 YR 19 38 40 22 5.0 3.9 1.2 .26 .18 .10 .001 0-3 DkBr 83 14 3 6.36 .212 8.1 5.0 6.5 2.67'" .82 .51 .004 14 Gánta 3-6 RBr 2 77 11 12 3.65 . 118 7.4 4.5 5.0 .34 .63 .03 .002 Sakripie. 9-12 RY 3 10 67 23 7.2 4.1 5.4 .25 .41 .08 .002 18-21 YR 62 25 42 33 6.2 3.8 6.2 .24 .32 .06 .001 33-36 YR 52 25 49 26 5.4 4,0 5.1 .24 .30 .05 .001 0-3 Br 20 72 20 7.77 .224 11.4 15.0 3.45 1.62 3.00 .005 3-6 Br 30 48 30 22 3.42 .123 12,5 9.2 .88 .52 .16 .002 15 Gbarnga,. 6-9 YBr 31 48 25 27 11.0 7.1 .75 .48 .00 .002 21-24 RBr 59 31 45 24 10.2 6.5 .43 .38 .00 .001 33-36 RBr 68 42 41 17 9.4 4.2 .28 .22 .00 .001 Under secondary bush: 0-3 Br 2 67 15 18 3.80 .121 7.0 4.4 1.31 .58 .90 .006 1 Greenville. 6-9 YBr 11 62 19 19 4.0 3.8 6.2 .47 .34 .10 .001 12-15 BrY 17 58 18 24 3.6 3.5 5.9 :35 .25 .05 .001 0-3 Br 2 72 12 16 3.21 .105 5.5 4.2 6.6 .83 .70 .28 .002 2 Greenville. 6-9 BrY 0 74 9 17 3.6 3.8 5.0 .25 .28 .06 .000 12-15 BrY 73 15 12 2.8 3.7 4.7 .20 .18 .00 .000

GrBl 3 72 17 11 4.72 .170 16.0 4.5 10.0 1.38 1.05 .76 .005 3 Sakripie. GrBr 12 59 19 22 2.33 .082 12.7 4.0 6.4 .48 .41 .16 .002 YBr 25 52 21 27 6.2 4.1 5.1 .35 .29 .15 .001 BrY 19 53 24 23 4.5 4.1 4.9 .37 .35 .16 .002 0-3 GrBr 7 73 13 14 5.88 .196 10.5 4.5 15.0 2.43 1.03 1.39 on 4 Tappita. 3- Br 0 59 19 22 2.45 .092 13.6 4.1 11.6 1.16 .65 .40 .007 9-12 YBr 9 62 20 18 4.2 4.0 8.2 .61 .38 .10 .002 (33-36 Br 22 52 22 26 5.0 4.1 9.5 .70 .45 .16 .003 Analytical data for individual profiles— -Contiriiced

Exchange properties (in milliequivalents per 100 grams of £oil) Or- Kind of soil, number of Depth Color Gravel Sand Silt Clay ganic Nitro- Phos- Acid- Exchangeable Cations profile, and location matter gen phorus ity Ex- change capac- Cal- Mag- Potas- Man- ity cium nesium sium ganese

Latosol—Con. Gentle upper slopes— Con. Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent p.p.m. Under secondary Inches Perœnt bush—Con. Í 0-3 Br 0 58 29 13 3.95 0.122 8 0 4.4 8.7 0.89 0.82 1,45 0,006 .34 .39 20 .001 5 Gbamga... ;. 3-6 Br 0 57 24 19 2.00 .071 9.2 3.9 6.2 Ô-12 BrR 4 45 28 27 4.0 3.8 6.5 .36 .40 .10 .001 [33-36 BrR 12 29 22 4,0 3.8 6.1 .34 .41 .12 .001 49 Í 0-3 DkBr 3 61 21 18 3 72 .119 7.8 4,6 9.3 1.37 .78 1.22 .004 6 Webo...... \ 6-9 BrR 9 45 29 26 4.5 4.0 9.0 .72 .45 .26 .001 [20-24 RY 22 47 29 24 5.6 3.6 7.2 .22 . 16 .10 .000 f 0-3 GrBr 2 68 20 12 3.78 .122 5.5 4.4 8.1 .78 -33 ,86 .003 7 Plebo...... \ 6-9 Br 7 61 22 18 6.8 3.6 6.2 .25 .18 .10 .001 [20-24 YBr 12 60 24 4.2 3.5 6.0 .17 -14 .08 .000 f 0-3 Br 3 80 18 2 3.45 .109 5.8 4.2 7.5 .47 .28 .55 .002 8 Plebo...... f 6-9 YBr 0 73 14 13 4.2 3.4 4.0 ,20 .17 .05 .000 [20-24 BrY 8 65 15 20 5.5 4.0 5.6 .32 .26 ,08 .000 9 Genne f 0-3 DkBr 0 55 17 28 6.85 .222 25.8 4.7 20.8 2.91. 1.18 2,07 .038 Liberia. 6-94 RBr 2 46 19 35 10.2 4.0 16.0 1.52 .77 .43 .012 [20-2 RBr 10 48 20 32 8.5 4.0 12.5 .96 .45 .26 .008 f 0-3 Br 5 69 22 9 4.72 .155 12.8 4.6 9.6 1.83 .65 1.26 .007 10 Genne 7.2 .90 .38 .16 .002 Liberia. 6-9 RBr 2 58 26 16 7.2 4.1 20-24 RBr 7 57 29 14 5.5 4.0 5.5 .46 .27 .11 .001 Í 0-3 GrBr 3 61 , 25 1 14 4.11 .132 11.0 4.7 9.8 l.U .76 .89 .008 11 Ganta. I 3-6 Br 8 59 24 17 2.36 .082 12.8 4.1 6.9 .88 .52 .16 .003 118-20 BrY 11 56 28 16 5.2 3.9 5.5 .41 .33 .05 .001 [33-36 BrY 22 51 29 20 6.4 4.0 5.8 .48 .39 .08 .001

0-3 GrBl 7 67 17 16 2.46 .080 16.2 13.2 2.02 .81 .65 .008 12 Java jai. 6-9 DkBr 8 65 11 24 13.4 8.6 .48 .39 .15 .004 21-24 BrY 19 44 11 45 8 1 9.7 .55 .40 .10 .002

0-3 GrBr 0 61 19 20 3.72 .120 11.6 11.8 1.26 .82 .47 .005 13 White Plains 6-9 Br 2 59 18 23 6.8 9.2 .46 .44 .10 .001 20-24 YR 17 58 18 24 7.6 8.4 .38 .41 .00 .000 0^3 DkBr 16 76 15 9 3.56 .115 G.5 5.0 4.4 1.72 1.86 .001 3-6 GrBr 10 84 11 5 3.24 .114 12 A 4.9 4.1 .48 .42 .18 .003 14 Sálala. 15-18 BrY 13 40 47 13 3.0 3.8 2.5 .11 .15 .00 .000 21-24 RY 19 40 45 15 2.5 4.0 2.8 .11 .18 .00 .000 33-36 RY 15 40 48 12 2.5 4.0 2. .12 .18 .00 .000 0-3 DkBr 3 66 19 15 4.08 .127 7.0 4.5 9.2 1.25 .60 .78 .007 15 Gbarnga. 6-9 RBr 8 58 20 22 5.5 3.9 7.5 .44 .32 .10 .002 20-24 YR 25 61 21 18 4.5 4.0 5.3 .35 .26 .00 .000

0-3 GrBr 5 65 25 10 3.52 .117 8.0 4.4 8.8 .72 .46 .73 .008 16 Ganta. 6-9 BrY 9 61 22 17 5.2 3.8 6.5 .32 .18 .15 .001 20-24 BrY 38 65 23 12 4.0 3.9 4.7 .25 .18 .00 .000 0-3 Br 0 66 16 18 4.16 .132 11.8 4.5 12.5 1.78 .71 .45 .024 17 Webo. 6-9 BrY 8 52 20 28 6.5 4.1 10.6 .81 .64 .28 .005 20-24 BrY 9 55 22 23 5.5 4.0 8.8 .65 .43 .10 .001 Br 3 75 15 10 3.85 .121 4.8 4.5 7.7 1.05 .65 .006 18 Kakata. RBr 6 73 17 10 1.91 .070 9.5 4.0 6.2 .53 .29 .12 .002 BrR 11 67 14 19 3.2 3.8 6.0 .32 .26 .00 .000 BrR 16 71 16 13 2.6 3.9 5.3 .30 .27 .00 .000 Analytical data for individual profiles—Continued o

Exchange properties (in milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil) Or- Kmd of soil, number of Depth Color Gravel Sand Silt Clay ganic Nitro- Phos- Acid- Exchangeable Cations profile, and location matter gen phorus ity Ex- change capac- Cal- Mag- Potas- Man- ity cium nesium sium

Latosol^Con. Gentle upper slopes- Con. Inches Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent p.p.m. pH Under secondary 1.06 0.015 bush—Con. Br 5 67 14 19 3.88 0.127 11.0 4.5 10.1 1.13 0.87 RBr 6 55 17 28 1.90 .066 12.4 4.1 11.2 1.24 .65 .26 .005 19 Kakata... YR 38 46 20 34 4.0 3.9 10.0 .52 .41 .10 .001 .15 .001 S YR 33 50 21 29 2.5 3.9 9,6 .54 .38 ^ .032 O [ 0-3 DkBr 3 73 10 17 4.58 .151 16.2 4.8 14.1 2.14 1.17 1.05 5 57 18 25 2.44 .087 17.0 4.1 12.0 1.52 .66 .34 .013 I 3-6 Br .005 20 Tappita. I 9-12 YR 16 52 20 28 8.0 3.9 10.2 .48 .42 .10 33-36 YR 28 59 19 22 4.0 4.1 9,3 .42 .45 .11 .003 Br 2 71 18 11 4.48 .152 11 0 4.6 12.2 1.95 1.14 .013 .49 .14 .004 21 Boporo.. BrY 8 60 22 18 6.8 4.1 7.2 .78 RY 19 61 24 15 5.6 4.0 6.6 .64 .36 .08 .002 .004 Br 0 86 11 3 3.77 .121 8.0 4.5 7.8 .88 .65 .71 0 70 22 8 4.5 3.9 4.2 .28 .29 .05 .000 22 Boporo.. BrY .000 BrY 12 68 21 11 4.5 4.0 4.2 .29 .31 .00 DkBr 8 74 15 11 3.98 .130 13.0 4.5 7.6 .36 .48 .87 .005 .14 .001 23 Java jai.. YBr 5 72 18 10 7.5 4.1 5.8 .94 .30 BrY 40 49 30 21 6.5 4.1 6.1 ,88 .37 .08 .000 3 82 13 5 4.06 .129 9.0 4.5 10.1 1.65 .63 1.20 .007 r 0-3 GrBr .002 24 Mecca. . I 6-9 BrY 7 67 16 17 5.6 4.0 6.2 .82 .28 .11 120-24 BrY 24 61 23 16 4.8 3.9 5.8 .34 .20 ,00 .000 25 Genne Í 0-3 GrBl 0 60 15 25 4.62 .162 8.5 4.6 14.7 1.75 .86 1.39 .009 Liberia 6-9 Br 0 56 23 21 6.0 4.0 10.6 1.15 .47 .22 .004 [20-24 YR 15 43 25 32 6.5 4.0 10.8 .58 ,40 .15 .001 Í 0-3 DkBr 2 72 15 13 4.13 .131 7.7 4.4 8.9 1.01 .42 ,30 .003 26 Klay. 6-9 GrBr 5 61 17 22 5.2 4.0 5.6 .35 .20 .00 .001 [21-24, 16 61 14 25 5.0 4.0 5,5 .32 .18 .00 .001 Í 0-3 DkBr 6 70 22 8 3.62 .117 6.2 5.0 4.5 .85 .70 .88 .005 27 Demai 6-9 GrBr 17 55 31 14 3.0 3.9 3.4 .10 .17 .12 .002 [21-24 BrY 32 51 36 13 2.8 3.9 3.2 -12 .16 .00 .000 Í 0-3 DkBr 0 72 16 12 3.24 .115 6.8 4.7 6.4 1.32 .51 .78 .005 28 Klay. ... 6-9 RY 8 49 25 26 5.2 4.1 6.0 .38 .25 .18 .001 [21-24 BrY 17 48 28 24 5.4 4.0 5.7 .29 .24 .08 .001 f 0-3 Br 2 82 8 10 3.94 .143 6.4 4.5 7.7 .43 .48 .45 .003 29 Bomi Hills. 1 6-9 RBr 3 77 11 12 7.3 4.0 4.6 .18 .21 .12 .001 [21-24 RBr 13 62 14 24 6.5 4.0 5.2 .23 .24 .12 .001

Í 0-3 DkBr 2 82 13 5 3.29 .113 8.2 5.0 6.4 .64 .35 .72 .003 30 Ganta 6-9 Br 5 71 21 8 ...... 4.2 4.3 .21 .16 .10 .000 [21^24 BrY 5 56 23 11 ...... 4.0 4.5 .28 .20 .00 .000 f 0-3 DkBr 3 74 22 4 3.62 .112 10.0 4.0 7.0 .58 .26 .03 .002 31 Kpan 6-9 Br 1 54 10 36 7.4 4.1 4.5 .21 .54 .05 .001 115-18 RY 1 46 30 24 3.4 3.6 3.4 .12 .41 .00 .000 [33-36 RY 3 67 3 30 3.4 3.8 3.6 .13 .44 .00 .000

f 0-3 Br 2 83 11 6 5.50 .179 12.2 4.2 12.4 2.11 1.09 .45 .003 32 Ganta 3-6 RBr 1 78 7 15 2.65 .094 12.3 4.0 8.1 1.21 .97 .06 .005 Sakripie.. . \ 8-10 BrR 8 48 22 30 3.6 3.3 8.5 .11 .12 .06 .000 18-24 BrR 14 40 38 22 3.5 6.4 .12 .14 .00 .000 [33-36 BrR 26 67 21 11 3.5 4.2 .10 .11 ,00 .000 A nalytical data for individual profiles—-Continued

Exchange properties (in milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil) Or-^ Kind of soil, number of Depth Color Gravel Sand Silt Clay ganic Nitro- Phos- Acid- Exchangeable Cations profile, and location matter gen phorus ity Ex- change capac- Cal- Mag- Potas- Man- ity cium nesium sium ganese

Latosol—-Con. Gentle upper slopes— Con. Inches Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent p.p.m. pH Under secondary 1.62 0.009 bush—Con. f 0-3 RBr 1 82 7 11 3.92 0.143 6.5 4.9 10.3 3.43 1.31 3-6 RBr 1 79 9 12 1.95 .077 11.4 4.5 7.6 .34 .56 .12 .003 33 Tappita..... 9-12 RBr 2 72 9 19 7.4 4.0 4.7 .18 21 .00 .001 18-24 RBr 3 43 33 24 6.5 4,2 5.4 .35 .26 .02 .002 33-36 RY 46 40 14 5.0 4.0 3.9 .39 ■24 .04 .004 Í 0-3 DkBr 2 80 12 8 3.19 .111 7.3 5.2 7 2 .68 .41 .46 .006 34 Ganta 3-6 Br 2 75 20 5 2.19 .081 5.0 4.4 6.7 .58 .37 06 .002 Sakripie.. . 9-12 BrR 5 76 20 4 2.7 4.3 4.2 .24 .20 .08 .001 16-21 YR 2 74 21 5 2.6 4.0 4.3 .24 .21 .10 .001 133-36 YR 1 68 22 10 3.0 4.0 5.4 .26 .22 .12 .001 Í 0-3 Br 2 60 . 28 12 3.89 .124 8.0 4.5 9.6 2.79 .52 .37 .005 35 Ganta 3-6 Br 2 53 17 30 2.54 .088 7.4 4.0 8.6 .69 .43 .21 .002 Sakripie... 6-9 RBr 9 31 45 24 6.4 4.0 6.1 .32 .28 . 19 .001 12-15 RY 2 55 33 12 5.4 4.0 4.2 .15 .18 .05 .000 33-36 RY 28 58 25 17 4.0 4.1 5.0 .17 .19 .06 .001

f 0-3 Br 2 62 29 9 3.40 .118 5.4 5.1 6.1 .57 .50 .22 .007 36 Ganta 6-9 Br 5 62 11 27 1.77 .065 7.5 3.9 8.9 .28 .25 .00 .003 Sakripie,.. 12-15 BrR 5 70 6 24 6.3 4.0 7.2 .13 .24 .05 .001 18-24 YR 16 58 4 38 7.2 4.0 7.5 .18 .26 .06 .002 Lower foot slopes: Under virgin forest: ' 0-3 Br 2 58 26 16 5.85 .181 7.5 4.8 13.2 3.05 .76 .021 1 Sakripie 3-6 Br 3 46 32 22 2.34 .080 11.2 4.2 9.5 .66 .41 25 .008 18-21 GrBr 7 43 33 24 5.8 3.8 6.4 .34 .25 .05 .003 ^33-36 BrGr 10 32 40 28 4.2 3.8 6-5 .35 .28 .10 ,003 0-3 DkBr 2 63 15 22 6.25 .188 14.6 4,5 18.6 2.11 .96 1,05 032 2 Tappita. 3-6 Br 2 45 25 30 2.55 .089 11.0 4.0 12.5 .68 .55 .21 Oil 20-24 RY 10 43 23 34 8.8 3.9 10.2 .53 ,40 ,12 .004

0-3 Br 2 84 6 10 7.24 .203 4.8 4.6 1 39 .71 .82 .021 3 Sakripie. 3-6 Br 7 64 14 22 2.05 .063 7.5 4.2 7.5 62 .40 .20 .011 21-24 RY 4 65 17 18 4.8 3.9 6.2 36 .27 .06 .002

0-3 Br 4 60 24 16 5.20 .174 7.5 4.7 1.00 .61 .37 .004 4 Ganta 3-6 Br 3 44 32 24 2.13 .080 3.4 4.2 7.9 .60 .24 .08 .002 Sakripie. , 6-9 RBr 2 43 36 21 1.64 9.6 4.5 7.9 .64 .31 .00 .002 18-21 GrBr 1 30 44 26 8.2 4.5 7.4 .54 .34 .00 .002 33-36 BrGr 10 25 27 5.5 4.2 7.5 .41 .32 .05 .001 0-3 Br 82 14 4 5.90 .183 11.6 8.4 1.34 .57 .66 -007 5 Sakripie. 3-6 GrBr 7 79 16 5 3.51 .117 8.8 8,0 .31 .22 .10 -007 9-12 Br 13 67 15 18 8.0 4,1 .22 .43 .10 .001 15-18 Br 13 25 51 24 6.2 4.6 .26 .47 .12 .001 0-3 DkBr 0 63 21 16 5.88 .180 13.0 12.1 3.00 .85 .78 .016 6 Mecca. 6-9 GrBr 3 48 27 25 8.2 7.4 .42 .31 .12 .007 ,20-24 YGr 2 52 28 20 6.4 5.2 .28 .22 .10 .002

0-3 Br 0 60 23 17 5.10 .169 7.5 4.6 9.0 .86 .62 .35 .005 7 Klay. 6-9 BrGr 3 47 31 22 8.1 4.0 7.2 .44 .27 .10 .002 20-24 YGr 7 35 39 26 5.0 4.0 7.3 .42 .30 .05 .003

Í 0-3 DkBr 1 59 29 12 6.22 .201 12.6 4.7 11.0 2.71 1.20 1.06 .009 8 Bomi Hills., 6-9 YR 3 54 23 23 8.5 4.1 7.8 .45 .37 .12 .003 20-24 RY 4 55 26 19 5.7 4.2 5.0 .28 .25 .09 .002 Analytical data for individual profiles— -Continued

Exchange properties (in milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil) Or- Kind of soil, number of Depth Color Gravel Sand Sût Clay ganic Nitro- Phos- Acid- Exchangeable Cations profile, and location matter gen phorus ity Ex- change capac- Cal- Mag- Potas- Man- ity cium nesium sium ganese

Latosol—Con. Lower foot slopes^ Con. Under virgin Inches Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent forest-~Con. 9 Genne [0-3 GrBr 0 72 21 7 7.24 0.216 16. Ö 5,0 10.8 2.42 0.81 0.95 0.009 Liberia. • 6-9 Br 0 58 26 16 8.8 4.0 7.6 .22 ,20 .11 .002 [20-24 BrR 5 53 38 19 7.5 4.1 7.4 .25 .28 .06 ,001

f 0-3 Br 0 62 22 16 5.72 .175 16.1 4.5 12.6 2.05 .72 1.01 .009 10 Farakay 6-9 RBr 0 56 19 25 9.2 4.0 11.2 .74 .34 .19 .004 [20-24 RBr 7 52 20 28 8.5 4.1 9.5 .61 .28 .10 .002

Í 0-3 DkBr 2 70 18 12 5.88 .167 11.0 4.5 12.6 I 55 .52 1.80 .022 11 Tappita. .. . . 6-9 Br 7 59 19 22 8.5 4.0 5.8 .38 .26 .22 .005 [21-24 BrY 19 50 23 27 5.0 3.6 6.0 .24 .15 .05 .001 f 0-3 GrBr 2 69 11 20 7.75 .226 8.8 4.5 15.2 2.80 .62 2.12 .028 12 Bomi Hills \ 6-9 Br 7 59 16 25 5.2 4.0 7.1 .50 .19 ,25 .004 [21-24 BrY 40 54 13 33 6.4 3.4 8.4 .22 .12 ^05 ,001

Í 0-3 DkBr 0 75 10 15 7.28 .216 12.8 4.5 17.8 2.88 .90 2.11 .041 13 Tappita \ 6-9 Br 1 63 12 25 6.5 4.0 9.5 .72 .31 .25 .014 [21-24 RBr 2 62 15 23 6.8 4.2 6.4 .40 .26 .17 .005 f 0-3 DkBr 0 72 11 17 6.85 .209 16.0 4.6 16.8 3.11 .55 1.01 .033 14 Tappita 6-9 Br 0 58 16 26 8.8 4.1 8.5 .55 .22 .35 .008 21-24 RBr 5 57 13 28 7.6 4.0 7.7 .42 .20 .20 .005 Í 0-3 Br 2 69 23 8 4.13 .149 5.5 4.6 8.0 1.72 1.00 .47 .008 15 Sanokwdle... \ 3-6 YBr 0 54 26 20 2,16 .075 7.1 4.1 6.2 .38 .35 .13 .002 [21-24 BrY 11 48 27 25 7.5 3.7 5.9 .26 .21 .00 .001 Under secondary bush: Í 0-3 Br 4 61 23 16 4.65 .155 8.0 4,7 8.5 ,95 .58 .38 ,002 1 Ganta 3-6 Br 7 48 29 23 2.14 ,079 5.1 4.1 7,4 .52 .23 .08 .002 [18-20 BrR 5 38 37 25 7.3 4.2 6.8 .46 .30 -00 002 f 0-3 Br 8 62 21 17 4.88 .158 8.8 4.6 8.2 .85 .53 ,39 .005 2 Boporo \ 6-9 YBr 10 53 20 27 4.6 4.0 7.4 .32 .25 .00 002 [20-24 YR 5 52 26 22 4.0 4.1 6.6 .30 .24 .00 001

f 0-3 Br 3 74 19 7 4.22 .143 4.8 5.2 7.6 1.82 .70 1.33 .011 3 Tappita 3-6 YBr 4 62 22 16 2.00 .071 6.2 4,2 6.8 .54 .31 .14 .003 [21-24 RY 2 42 37 21 5.6 4,2 5.2 .24 .20 .08 .000 r 0-3 Br 7 79 15 6 4.80 .152 "9.6 4.6 8.2 1.25 .48 .55 .008 4 Plebo \ 6-9 BrGr 11 63 18 19 7.2 4.0 5.3 .30 .23 .09 002 [20-24 YGr 6 58 20 22 6.1 3.8 4.8 .21 .18 .00 001 Í 0-3 Br 5 73 17 10 4.18 .133 5.5 5.1 7.8 1,65 .59 1.78 .009 5 Farakay \ 6-9 YBr 3 55 20 25 7.2 4.2 8.7 .44 .32 .26 002 [20-24 BrY 8 58 24 18 5.0 4.2 5.6 .32 .29 .08 .002 f 0-3 Br 0 67 26 7 4.22 .131 9,8 4.5 6.8 .72 .30 .43 .005 6 Greenville \ 6-9 BrGr 11 55 30 15 5.8 4.1 4.1 ,34 .17 -10 .001 [20-24 GrY 4 57 25 18 6.1 4,2 4.0 .32 .18 .00 .001 Í 0-3 GrBl 3 55 29 16 4.22 .128 6.0 4.5 7.5 .78 -51 .54 .008 7 Farakay \ 6-9 BrGr 1 42 31 27 4.0 4.0 6.6 .26 .16 .00 002 [18-21 YGr 12 53 28 19 3.6 4.0 4.8 .24 .15 .00 000

f 0-3 DkBr 2 54 28 18 5.58 .165 10.2 4.8 14.8 2.38 .91 1.00 .027 8 Sanokwelle... 3-6 Br 1 45 30 25 2.42 .090 14.0 4.2 12.6 -61 ,26 .25 .009 18-21 YBr 1 50 29 21 5.8 4.0 8.8 .35 .27 .06 .002 33-36 YGr 12 53 20 27 5 0 4.1 8.9 ,38 .24 .10 -003 Analytical data for individual profiles—-Contin ued

■ Latosol—Con. Lower foot slopes— Con p.p.m. Under secondary Inches Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent bush—-Con. { 0-3 Br 0 81 14 " ' ' 5 3.89 0.122 5.5 4.5 6.4 0.80 0.32 0.42 0.004 9 Boporo 6-9 GrBr 1 57 28 15 4 2 3.5 4.1 .25 .10 .00 .000 [20-24 BrY 14 52 30 18 4.0 3.9 4.4 .24 .12 .05 .000 í 0-3 GrBr 1 72 22 6 5.12 . 166 7.8 4.6 8.6 1.26 .48 .55 .005 10 Sanokwelle 6-9 Br 5 52 28 20 5.6 4.0 5.8 .42 .18 .12 .001 [20-24 Br 18 52 34 18 4.8 4.1 5.0 .40 .20 .00 .001 f 0-3 GrBr 12 57 21 2Ó 4.29 .138 8.2 4.6 12:0 2.12 .75 .48 ,011 11 Sanokwelle... 3-6 Br 9 50 28 22 2.42 .088 6.6 4.0 9.2 .42 .32 .14 .005 18-21 YBr 10 41 33 26 5.4 4.1 8.8 .46 .35 .12 .001 [33-36 BrY 5 42 30 28 5.5 4.1 8.7 .45 .37 .10 .001 í 0-3 Br 0 52 28 20 5.57 .177 13.5 5.0 12.2 3.21 .94 .86 .022 12 Ganta 6-9 BrY 3 51 32 17 7.0 4.1 5.8 .55 .36 .11 .004 [20-24 BY 8 49 29 22 8.1 4.0 6.0 .48 .32 .05 .002 { 0-3 DkBr 10 78 17 5 4.22 .127 8.8 4.5 7.6 1.25 .66 .43 .008 13 Tawiî ta \ 6-9 BrY 8 55 29 16 5.0 3.9 4.5 .28 .18 .08 .004 [20-24 BrY 15 41 31 28 7.2 4.0 4.9 .32 .25 .07 .002 í 0-3 Br 2 79 10 11 5.21 .170 11.5 4.6 11.6 1.52 .11 .55 .006 14 Tíiwfltíi 6-9 Br 0 62 17 21 7.2 4.1 6.2 .46 .30 .14 .002 20-24 BrY 6 57 16 27 8.4 4.0 5.1 .30 .28 .05 .001 Í 0-3 GrBr 3 85 10 5 4.11 .129 7.7 4.4 7.2 .91 .42 .37 .003 15 Kakata. . . . \ 6-9 BrGr 4 64 19 17 5.2 3.6 5.0 .30 .16 .00 .000 [20-24 YBr 11 76 16 8 3.0 3.8 2.8 .10 .05 .00 000 f 0-3 GrBl 0 68 15 17 4.22 .134 9.6 4.5 9.2 1.13 .50 .48 .009 16 Kakata ■ 6-9 BrGr 53 25 22 7.1 3.9 7.1 .28 .22 .09 001 20-24 YGr 1 49 24 27 5.2 3.9 7.2 .29 .27 .10 .000 Í 0-3 GrBl 2 79 15 6 4.27 .128 7.6 4.6 9.2 1.12 .59 .44 .011 17 Greenville ^ 6-9 BrGr 0 58 29 13 5.2 4.1 5.2 .38 .20 .05 .002 20-24 GrY 11 57 25 18 4.4 4.2 5.0 .37 .28 .09 .003

Í 0-3 Br 3 76 17 7 3.85 .121 4.0 4.8 5.9 1.12 .28 .36 .004 18 Javajai ■ 6-9 BrY 10 58 26 16 3.5 4.0 4.4 .30 .10 .00 .000 20-24 YGr 14 51 38 11 2.1 4.0 3.2 .12 .05 .00 .000

19 Genne [ 0-3 Br 5 70 24 6 4.31 ,157 4.3 4,6 7.2 .96 .40 .38 .003 Liberia 6-9 BrY 4 42 44 14 7.8 4.0 4.8 .32 .29 .00 .001 [^20-24 BrY 2 39 40 21 5.6 4.0 5.0 .33 .31 .00 000 Í 0-3 Br 2 74 19 7 4.33 .151 4.1 5.3 6.9 1.85 .60 1,72 .007 20 Boporo ^ 6-9 EY 11 59 26 15 4.0 5.7 .40 .32 .13 .002 20-24 BrY 9 40 42 18 2.4 4.2 5.5 .35 .39 .00 .001

Í 0-3 Br 5 60 23 17 4.95 .171 7.5 4.6 8.4 .91 .52 .38 .004 21 Gbarnga ^ 3-6 Br 4 45 31 24 2.03 .072 4.6 4.1 6.7 .45 .26 .05 .001 18-21 GrBr 8 43 35 22 8.0 4.0 5.9 .41 .30 .05 .001 33-36 GrBr 0 34 40 26 5.2 4.0 . 6.0 .44 .30 .08 .002

Í 0-3 Br 2 68 18 14 4.22 .150 7.5 4.5 10.0 1.77 .52 .85 .003 22 Kakata 6-9 BrY 4 45 29 26 5-6 3.7 8.1 .32 .20 .08 .001 [21-24 YR 4 41 35 24 4.4 3.7 6.6 .30 .16 .00 .001

f 0-3 DkBr 2 48 37 15 2.88 .081 7.4 4.5 7.8 1.32 .43 .65 .008 23 #29Suakoko. ^ 6-9 Br- 4 25 45 30 5r2 4.0 5.4 .32 .22 .16 .002 21-24 YBr 7 42 30 28 4.4 3.9 4.9 .24 .22 .12 .001 Analytical data for individual profiles—-Continued OO

Exchange properties (in milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil) Or- Kind of soil number of Depth Color Gravel Sand Silt Clay ganic Nitro- Phos- Acid- Exchangeable Cations profile, and location matter gen phorus ity Ex- change capac- Cal- Mag- Potas- Man- ity cium nesium sium ganese

Latosol—Con. Lower foot slopes^ Con. Inches Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent p.p,m, P^ Under secondary bush—Con. f 0-3 Br 4 75 19 6 4.21 Ö.152 3.4 5.5 7.5 2.01 0,74 1.92 0.007 24 9 mi. south of 4-6 YBr 3 60 25 15 2.15 .077 7.4 4.2 6.4 ,52 .30 .12 .002 Sakripie.. . ■ 8-16 RY 2 40 35 25 7.5 4.0 6.8 .21 .22 .00 .000 21-24 RY 3 38 42 20 6.5 4.3 5.9 ,23 .24 .00 .000 .33-36 BrY 0 33 49 18 5.0 4.3 5.4 .22 .24 04 .000 [0-3 DkBr 2 60 28 12 7.45 .222 11.5 4.7 11.8 3.26 1.33 1.17 .021 25 Ganta 3-6 RBr 2 53 17 30 2.05 .073 7.4 4.3 8.9 .78 .62 .18 .007 Sakripie. . . 6-9 YR 9 31 45 24 8,2 4.3 7,2 .55 ;52 .11 .003 12-15 RY 2 55 33 12 6.5 4.3 4,4 .27 .31 .07 .002 33-36 BrY 28 58 25 17 5.2 4,3 4.8 ,28 .34 .08 .002 f 0-3 DkGr 8 70 22 8 4.69 .147 7.4 4.6 8.3 2,18 .83 .56 .007 6-9 GrBr 10 62 25 13 8.1 4.1 5.6 .42 .31 .11 .002 6.2 3.8 ,21 .10 .05 .001 9fi Pnlfllfl 12-15 GrBr 18 56 30 14 , 3.5 18-21 LtY 16 50 32 18 3.4 3.5 4.9 ,22 .17 .00 .002 33-36 BrY 15 58 30 12 2.5 3.6 2.2 .34 .26 .00 .002

Í 0-3 Br 2 79 16 5 5.37 .174 11,5 5.0 11.2 4.02 1.63 1.74 .019 4-8 RBr 1 53 14 33 1.71 .062 11,6 3.4 12.4 .35 .21 .19 .003 27 Sakripie . ' 12~15 BrR 3 46 33 21 8.2 3.6 9.1 .25 .18 .05 .001 16-22 BrR 2 34 44 22 8.2 3.7 9,1 .27 ,19 .00 .001 33-36 YR 1 46 35 19 6.7 3.8 7.2 .22 .20 .00 .001 Secondary bush, cut, burned, planted to rice: Í 0-3 DkBr 0 40 40 20 2.49 .091 5.0 4.6 14.5 1.32 .96 .40 .009 1 2 mi. south of I 4^6 RBr 0 35 45 20 2.20 .080 8.8 3.7 11.8 .54 .24 .03 .004 Palala 112-18 BrR 37 28 50 22 9.8 3.9 8.5 .42 .24 .03 .002 [20-24 YBr 25 40 38 22 ...... 10.5 4.1 8.2 .40 .26 .00 .003

2 Sakripie / 0-3 BlBr 4 70 11 19 3.54 .107 51.2 5.9 9.1 2.21 .80 1.33 .014 \ 6-9 Br 18 57 12 31 5.5 3.9 8.0 .40 .29 .17 .003 3 Ganta / 0-3 BlBr 2 69 12 19 3.58 .115 55.0 5.8 8.8 2.05 .84 1.28 .010 Br 8 61 14 25 7.0 3.9 7.6 .35 .28 .18 .003

f 0-3 BlBr 5 70 12 18 3.52 .116 61.2 5.8 9.2 2.11 .85 1.30 .012 4 15 mi. north of 6-8 Br 6 63 13 24 1.55 .062 5.5 3.6 8.0 .42 .30 .15 .003 Gbarnga-.... 115-18 RBr 39 49 13 30 7.4 3.9 8.1 .42 .34 .10 .004 33-36 RBr 58 48 32 20 5.0 4.1 7.4 .35 .35 .08 .001 DkBr 9 72 11 17 6.90 .232 8.2 6.4 17.8 7.27 2.50 2.01 .006 5 Ganta Sakripie. Br 16 74 11 15 2.75 .096 9.8 4.0 10.1 .42 .33 .15 .003 RBr 74 61 12 27 10.5 4.0 8.1 .32 .31 .08 .001 RBr 79 39 40 21 9.5 4.0 6.4 .28 .38 .07 .001

6 Gbamga DkBr 12 84 12 4 6.48 .195 9.6 5.5 14.4 3.88 .75 2.30 .011 RBr 64 60 21 19 5.8 4.2 7.6 .70 .60 .26 .002

7 Ganta DkGr 32 60 19 21 4.29 .132 15.0 4.7 13.4 1.68 .95 1.40 .024 Br 28 50 22 28 5.6 3.9 8,8 .30 .20 .22 .005

8 10 mi. north of BlBr 44 60 20 20 4.49 .168 16.0 4.1 14.4 1.70 1.00 1.55 .024 Gbarnga Br 28 52 21 27 2.69 .096 5.6 3.8 12.8 .42 .26 .35 .009 LtBr 30 45 22 33 8.2 3.9 14.8 .69 .35 .20 .005

9 Palala DkGr 34 58 24 18 4.48 .165 17.0 4.8 12.0 1.38 .90 1.46 .024 Br 28 54 18 28 5.7 3.8 9.5 .34 .26 .18 .009

10 Tappita DkGr U 62 16 22 4.39 .159 13.6 4.7 12.6 1.55 .86 1.40 .022 BrGr 19 57 18 25 6.2 3.9 9.5 .31 .20 .20 .007 00 Analytical data for individual profiles— -Continued o

, ■ ,' ' , Exchange properties (in milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil) Or- Kind of soil, number of Depth Color Gravel Sand Silt Clay ganic Nitro- Phos- AcidT Exchangeable Cations profile, and location matter gen phorus ity Ex- change capac- Cal- Mag- Potas- Man- ity cium nesium sium ganese

Latosol—Con. Secondary bush, cut, burned, planted Inches Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent p.p.m. to rice—Con. 11 Palala...... / 0-3 DkBr 2 40 35 25 2.52 0.086 5.0 4.6 11.6 1.12 0,85 0.40 0.008 \ 6-9 Br 6 38 35 27 9.5 3.9 8.3 .39 .24 .03 .001 Í 12 Gbarnga..., . . ! / 0-3 DkBr 0 42 39 19 2.45 .089 5.2 4.7 12.8 1.15 .86 • 48 .007 \ 6-9 RBr 38 35 44 21 8.8 3.9 8.0 .28 .20 .12 .002

13 Kakata.. / 0-3 BlBr 6 67 14 19 3.46 .113 5.0 4.6 10.2 1.20 .77 .92 .005 \ 6-9 Br 2 63 15 22 5,0 3.9 7.9 .39 .27 .08 .001

14 Kakata.. / 0-3 BlBr 6 69 15 16 3.50 .117 5.5 4.6 11.4 1.30 .84 .75 .007 \ 6-9 BrR 5 60 17 23 4.9 4.0 9,3 .32 .41 .14 .002 f 0-3 BlBr 7 68 15 17 3.48 .115 5.0 4.6 11.2 1.25 .87 .80 .008 15 1 mi. north of 1 7-12 DkBr 0 63 16 21 1.76 .071 3.4 3.9 8.2 .65 .42 .12 .004 Palala. 116-26 BrY 0 49 13 38 .12 5.0 3.8 9.2 .45 .42 .05 .006 [33-36 YGr 10 43 36 21 2.4 4.0 6.4 .35 .38 .02 .004

16 Kakata / 0-3 GrBr 0 77 12 11 3.48 .123 18.5 4.7 5.0 .49 .33 .27 .005 \ 6-9 RBr 0 63 13 24 12.0 3.9 6.1 .26 .21 .10 .002

17 Sálala / 0-3 GrBl 0 72 16 12 4.35 .120 20.0 4.7 6.4 1.06 .38 .27 .006 \ 6-9 Br 0 61 15 24 13.2 3.9 6.2 .34 .21 .08 .002 Í 0~3 GrBr 0 78 12 10 3.45 .121 19.8 4.7 4.0 .52 .32 .11 .'005 18 Sanokwelle. 6-9 RBr 0 62 15 23 1.38 .058 12.3 3.8 6.2 .32 .20 .07 .002 15-30 BrR 0 52 29 19 1.30 3.4 4.1 5.8 .36 .28 .04 .003 [33-36 YR 0 19 49 32 .80 5.0 4.1 9.2 .36 .30 .05 .004 19 Tappita / 0-3 GrBr 10 61 21 18 4.30 .126 12.6 5.2 8.4 2.81 .65 .23 .024 \ 6-9 Br 13 51 27 22 4.5 3.9 5.5 .39 .27 .08 .005 20 Sakripie.... / 0-3 GrBr 57 25 18 4.32 .131 11.5 5.3 8.0 2,50 .62 .22 .027 \ 6-9 Br 16 53 24 24 5.1 3.9 5.1 .40 .28 .09 .004

0-3 GrBr 13 58 22 20 4.31 .142 12.3 5.2 8.5 2.76 .67 .20 .025 21 Ganta Sanok- 3-6 GrBr 10 49 28 23 2.40 .090 5.0 4.0 6.4 .60 .27 .08 .005 welle 6-9 LtBr 10 48 29 23 1.70 4.2 3.9 5.4 .42 .28 .02 .005 18-21 YBr 9 40 32 28 2.4 4.0 4.3 .37 .15 .00 .000 33-36 BrY 8 42 30 28 4.2 4.1 4.4 .42 .17- .00 .000 22 Gbarnga 0-3 DkBr 27 42 35 23 8.73 .272 45.8 6.0 14.5 4.66 1.05 2.48 .015 6-9 Br 64 33 38 29 5.0 4.1 9.6 .41 .32 .27 .007 23 Gbarnga DkGr 2 51 29 20 4.59 .154 10.4 4.5 11.6 1.62 .45 1.67 .009 BrGr 0 44 42 24 6.2 4.0 8.2 .35 .22 .28 .002 24 Sálala GrBl 0 59 23 18 4.62 .154 11.3 4.6 12,6 1.72 .85 1.07 .011 Br 0 55 25 20 ,. 5.8 4.1 7.8 .40 .22 .15 .003 DkBr 3 50 30 20 4.69 .164 10.6 4.6 12.4 1.64 .35 .80 .007 25 Ganta Sanok- Br 1 40 34 25 2.00 .071 19.8 4.2 14,6 .54 .34 .36 .006 welle LtBr 1 55 28 17 1.12 5.5 4.1 8.4 .34 .24 .15 .005 LtBr 0 25 47 28 5.0 4.0 9.0 .24 .30 .16 .004 Í 0-3 DkBr 26 38 38 24 8.83 .297 50.8 6.1 15.3 .54 1.00 2.30 .013 26 Ganta I 5-7 Br 66 30 40 30 4.69 .175 6.5 4.5 12.0 .54 .32 1.58 .008 112-20 LtBr 74 30 41 29 1.38 5.0 4.1 10.5 .45 .34 .20 .007 33-36 LtBr 25 45 30 2.6 4.1 9.4 .44 .35 .12 .002 27 Palala DkBr 21 89 8 3 3.95 .132 18.2 5.9 6.5 2.22 .58 .77 .007 Br 45 62 16 22 7.2 4.0 6.1 .33 .21 .08 .001 00 Analytical data for individual profiles—Continued to

Exchange properties (in milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil) Or- Kind of soil, number of Depth Color Gravel Sand Silt Cla-y ganic Nitro- Phos- Acid- Exchangeable Cations profile, and location matter gen phorus ity Ex~ change capac- Cal- Mag- Potas- Man- ity cium nesium sium ganese

Latosol—Con. Secondary bush, cut, burned, planted Inches Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent pF to rice—Con. 16.0 6.0 7.0 2.38 1.04 1.35 0.006 28 Sálala. ' 0-3 BlBr 21 86 8 6 4.Ö1 0.135 L 6-9 Br 38 64 11 25 6.5 4.1 5.8 .39 .20 .15 ,002

f 0-3 BrBl 8 81 12 7 4.89 .166 12,0 4.9 9.0 1.12 .78 .015 29 Sakripie. .24 .005 I 6-9 Br 5 52 19 29 4.0 4.0 7.6 .38 .22 f 0-3 DkBr 25 92 7 1 4.00 .144 17.9 5.9 6.8 2.11 .67 .74 .010 14.0 4.5 5.4 .62 -35 .18 ,006 30 20 mi. S. Ganta 6-10 YBr 57 55 17 28 1.28 .048 16-24 BrY 78 45 35 20 7.3 3.9 6.2 .31 .25 .00 .004 [33-36 BrY 78 40 49 11 5.4 3.9 5.2 .30 .22 .04 .002 12.2 5.6 11.6 2.74 .82 1.05 .027 31 Sanokwelle.. .. 0-3 GrBl 12 85 11 4 5.86 . 158 6-9 Br 45 58 23 19 4.7 3.9 6.2 .30 .21 .16 .003 4.9 6.2 1.33 .55 .98 .015 32 Gbamga 0-3 GrBl 2 86 6 3,90 .122 10.0 6-9 Br 11 66 18 16 5.8 3.9 4.5 .28 .20 .16 .002 0-3 GrBl 0 9 2 3.88 .121 8.2 4.9 6.8 1.42 .49 1.00 .008 8.1 3.8 4.7 .33 .14 .17 .001 33 Boporo 6-9 Br 0 64 19 17 21-24 YR 7 63 22 15 6.5 3.7 4.1 .26 .10 .00 .000 .122 12.3 5.0 8.0 1.83 .95 1.47 .016 34 Kakata 0-3 GrBr 11 78 13 9 4.05 6-9 Br 14 62 18 20 6.5 4.0 5.3 .34 .21 .17 .002 35 Kakatîi. 0-3 Br 2 73 16 11 4.27 .130 13.5 5.1 7.8 1.76 1.02 1.60 .020 6-9 Br 15 52 20 28 6.0 4.0 5.5 .48 .22 .20 .005

0-3 GrBr 12 78 14 4.12 .127 10.5 5.1 8.1 .92 1.51 .018 36 Bonn Hills. 6-9 Br 9 68 19 13 7.0 4.0 5.2 .32 .25 .18 .006 21-24 Br 11 54 24 22 5.5 3.7 5.5 .24 .19 .06 .001

0-3 GrBl 2 77 16 7 4.82 .162 12.3 5.3 9.8 2.32 .78 1.24 .009 37 Cîeiine Liberi: 6-9 YBr 0 66 21 13 5.1 4.0 4.6 .39 .17 .12 .002 21-24 BrY 15 67 26 17 4.8 4.0 4.8 .31 .12 .05 .000

38 Gbarnga. . . . 0-3 DkBr 20 84 11 4.55 . 160 6.0 6.4 2.58 .96 .81 .009 6-9 Br 41 77 15 4.7 4.0 4.2 .22 .16 .10 .001

Í 0-3 DkGr 67 18 15 4.34 .136 8.1 4.5 10.1 1.05 .46 .32 .005 39 Kakata 6 9 GrBr 2 59 20 21 6.2 4.0 6.2 .36 .24 .07 .002 [21-24 YR 20 60 16 24 5.0 3.9 6.0 .30 .22 .00 .001 ' 0-3 GrBr 4 81 16 3 5.43 .172 8.5 5.3 12.0 3.88 .79 2.73 .024 40 Gbarnga 6-9 BrY 3 60 23 17 5.4 4.0 7.6 .42 .20 .11 .005 21-24 YR 15 58 25 17 4.8 3.8 6.8 .28 .18 .05 .001 41 Tappiia 0-3 Br 15 84 11 5 4.50 .142 9.0 6.1 6.3 2.95 .88 .86 .017 6-9 Br 30 73 12 15 5.0 4.2 5.2 .45 .23 .14 .002

42 Kakata Í 0-3 DkBr 15 77 12 11 4.44 . 139 9.2 5.9 6.4 2.75 .90 .91 .009 1 6-9 Br 18 60 19 21 4.8 4.0 4.4 .39 .28 .16 .002 0-3 Br 20 9 3 4.59 . 163 6.1 6.2 2.83 .94 .85 .007 43 2 mi. south of 6-9 Br 35 77 12 11 2.66 .095 5.0 4.2 5.4 .52 .30 .12 .002 Gbarnga. 9-10 YBr 42 78 14 8 2.42 4.8 4.0 4.2 .22 .18 .10 .001 15-18 YBr 55 62 14 24 4.2 4.7 5.8 .26 .20 .05 .000 33-36 RBr 30 40 37 23 3.4 4.3 6.5 .24 .22 .05 .001 ' 0-3 Br 0 70 16 14 3.73 .129 6.5 6.0 12.7 7.56 .68 2.25 .011 44 10 mi. south of 8-12 Br 30 66 16 18 1.82 .068 3.5 3.5 7.1 .20 .21 .05 .003 Gbarnga. 18-22 YR 59 50 18 32 3.2 4.0 9.2 .55 .42 .06 .004 33-36 YR 4 45 33 22 3.0 4.2 7.2 .38 .40 .04 .001 00 Amilytical data for individual profiles— -Continued 1^

Exchange properties (in miUiequivalents per 100 grams of soil) Or- Gravel Sand Silt Clay ganic Nitro- Phos- Acid- Kind of soil, number of Depth Color Exchangeable Cations profile, and location matter gen phorus ity Ex- change capac- Cal- Mag- Potas- Man- ity cium nesium sium ganese

Latosol—Con. Secondary bush, cut, Inches Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent p.p.m. p// burned, planted to rice—Con. Í 0-3 Br 12 74 20 6 2.12 7.8 5.5 4.8 2.53 0.43 1.02 0.003 9-12 BrY 9 46 38 16 8.8 4.0 4.5 .68 .28 .00 .001 45 Sálala 15-18 BrY 12 31 54 15 8.6 3.9 4.6 .28 .16 .00 .000 22-24 BrY 15 25 48 27 5.5 3.8 5.2 .29 .17 .04 .000 [33-36 BrY 23 48 33 19 5.5 4.0 4.4 .26 .18 .05 .000

46 Ganta / 0-3 Br 0 70 14 16 3.80 .123 7.7 6.1 8.6 4.22 1.24 1.36 .022 1 6-9 Br 22 69 13 18 3.5 3.5 6.5 .31 .20 .11 .003 Í 0-3 DkBr 13 87 11 3 7.61 .225 8.5 5.5 15.6 5.13 .83 1.26 Oil 47 Ganta Sakripie. ' 3-6 Br 66 62 22 16 4.60 .161 6.2 4.3 12.4 1.56 .72 .31 .002 6-10 RBr 57 45 37 18 5.7 4.2 8.2 .75 .68 .21 .000 f 0-3 GrBl 15 85 12 6.88 .206 11.2 5.6 14.8 3.17 .63 1.04 .034 48 Farakay ■ 6-9 RBr 47 61 22 5.0 4.1 11.3 .56 .41 .22 .005 21-24 RBr 28 43 38 19 5.7 4.0 7.2 .41 .30 .15 .003

49 Sakripie / 0-3 DkBr 26 42 36 22 8.44 .239 39.5 5.9 13.9 3.34 .97 2.36 \ 6-9 RBr 48 39 32 29 5.0 4.0 8.2 .39 .28

50 Sakripie / 0-3 DkBr 8 71 11 18 6.79 .228 14.0 6.4 16.0 7.07 2.16 2.35 .008 1 6-9 RBr 14 66 13 21 8.2 4.0 6.5 .34 .25 .14 .002 51 Tappita 0-3 GrBl 2 72 12 16 6.77 .220 11.5 6.3 14.8 6.52 1.88 1.72 .017 6-9 GrBl 15 57 18 25 7.2 3.9 7.5 .38 .20 .19 .002

52 Tappita 0-3 DkBr 11 81 12 7 7.06 .215 11.7 5.6 12.2 3.87 .95 1.18 .022 6-9 Br 52 63 19 18 5.5 4.2 5.9 .50 .27 .16 .003 53 Tappita 0-3 GrBr 8 81 11 8 6.79 .216 8.1 5.4 18.7 4.13 1.70 2.00 .007 6-9 Br 15 60 13 27 10.0 4.0 8.1 .30 .29 .16 .003 54 Ranokwelle. . 0-3 GrBr 8 83 9 8 6.88 .218 8.5 5.4 16.0 4.04 1.28 2.76 .009 6-9 Br 17 62 11 27 8.0 4.0 8.2 .42 .21 .18 .005 Alluvial : Under mixed stand of trees, grasses, and shrubs: 0-3 Br 0 69 19 12 8.26 .255 15.5 4.9 14.4 2.68 1.10 .58 .013 1 Sakripie. 6-9 Br 0 60 22 18 8.8 4.1 8.8 .55 .32 .10 .005 21-24 YBr 3 54 21 25 6.0 4.0 8.9 .41 .27 .05 .001

0-3 Br 2 59 20 21 8.26 .243 13.8 4.7 18.4 3.83 1.16 1.75 .035 2 Tappita. 3-6 Br 0 49 21 30 2.72 .096 10.6 4.2 12.9 .76 .49 .27 .012 21-24 LtBr 0 54 17 29 7.8 3.9 8.8 .40 .26 .18 .004 0-3 Br 0 74 20 6 8.85 .266 7.8 5.1 10.4 2.44 1.10 .48 .030 3 Sakripie. 3-6 BrGr 0 59 24 17 3.14 .112 7.5 4.2 6.4 .52 .39 .00 .008 21-24 GrY 0 43 32 25 3.4 4.0 6.3 .44 .26 .10 .001

4 Loffa River; 0-3 Br 0 58 23 19 9.88 .275 16.8 5.0 14.5 8.28 .94 1.39 .042 Genne- 6-9 Br 0 59 19 22 10.1 4.1 8.6 .45 .31 .28 .008 Tanyhun... 21-24 YBr 0 55 17 28 8.6 3.8 8.5 .32 .25 .15 .005

5 Loffa River 0-3 DkBr 0 68 25 7 8.68 .256 14.8 4.6 10.3 1.88 .75 .92 .022 Genne- 6-9 Br 0 56 28 16 7.9 4.0 6.4 .42 .30 .15 .009 Tanyhun... 21-24 YBr 0 60 22 18 6.8 4.1 5.8 .41 .25 .10 002

6 Maffa River 0-3 Bl 0 50 18 32 12 84 .367 21.8 4.9 26.8 5.76 2.05 3.26 .045 near Talla, 6-9 BrGr 0 58 16 26 13.2 4.2 11.2 1.88 1.02 .48 .023 Cape Mount. 21-24 YBr 0 63 17 20 8.2 4.1 7.8 .42 .38 .16 .007 00 Analytical data for individual profiles—Continued Oi

Exchange properties (in milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil) Or- Kind of soil, number of Gravel Sand Silt Clay ganic Nitro- Phos- Acid- Exchangeable Cations profile, and location matter gen phorus ity Ex- change capac- Cal- Mag- Potas- Man- ity cium nesmm smm ganese

AUuvial^Con. Under mixed stand of trees, grasses, and Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent p.p.m. shrubs—Con. Inches Percent 10.72 0.301 18.0 4.6 16.2 2.48 0.98 1.33 0.016 7 Maffa lliver 0-3 Bl 0 66 18 16 6-9 Br 0 54 19 27 7.6 4.0 6.8 .41 .22 .25 .004 near Talla, 8.2 4.0 6.4 .30 .15 .10 .002 Cape Mount. 21-24 YBr 0 61 15 24 0-3 DkBr 0 64 19 17 5.22 .155 5.8 4.4 10.2 .55 .35 .48 .022 8 Upper Mahal 6-9 Br 0 59 25 16 5.4 4.0 6.4 .27 .21 .11 .006 Kiver Valley. 21-24 YBr 0 42 30 28 6.2 3.9 6.8 .28 .20 .06 .001 0-3 Br 0 79 19 2 9.56 .312 8.0 5.2 10.5 1.37 .89 1.20 .054 3-6 Br 1 70 20 10 2.66 .095 4.3 4.2 5.5 .41 .30 .12 .009 12-15 YBr 0 68 24 8 4.2 4.0 4.2 .24 .22 .05 .004 9 Gbarnga.. 21-24 BrY 6 65 27 8 5.1 4.4 3.8 .24 .21 .05 .003 .33-36 BrY 2 40 35 25 6.2 4.4 6.7 .44 .38 .07 .004 f 0-3 GrBl 0 74 20 6 9.38 .330 14.0 4.6 16.1 3.85 1.46 2.48 .013 3-6 GrBl 0 70 20 10 4.76 .173 20.0 4.1 11.7 1.42 .49 .25 .008 10 Sanokwelle 9-12 GrBr 0 55 29 16 13.0 4.3 8.2 .88 .34 .08 .005 Ganta 15-18 Br 0 22 55 23 12.0 4.2 10.8 .78 .42 .20 .006 Í33-36 BrY 0 25 56 19 12.0 4.2 8.5 .79 .44 .34 .005 0-3 GrBl 0 79 18 3 12.14 .377 28.0 4.9 28.5 5.30 2.11 1.20 .022 4-8 Br 0 40 46 14 3.04 .112 35.0 4.1 10.6 1.88 .72 .30 .014 5.2 8.8 1.12 .65 .05 .005 11 Sanokwelle. , 16-22 BrY 0 43 47 10 12.5 Í33-36 BrY 0 34 49 17 12.5 4.6 14.8 .91 .26 .05 .005 f 0-3 Br 0 88 9 3 9.66 .305 15.5 4.5 13.8 2.88 1.11 .70 .018 12 Sanokwelle. . . . 4-8 Br 0 70 23 7 4.14 .144 11.6 3.6 8.6 .31 .34 .10 .006 12-15 BrY 0 55 30 15 2.07 8.4 4.4 5.4 .38 .36 .23 .005 [33-36 BrY 0 46 45 9 5.5 4.0 4.7 .28 .24 .05 .004 Í 0-3 DkBr 0 89 9 2 8.48 .291 5.0 5.0 14.6 4.93 1.89 1.53 .029 3-6 GrBr 0 77 15 8 4.59 .161 5.0 4.4 10.0 .53 .72 .08 .002 13 Sakripie 6-9 BrY 0 11 30 59 4.2 4.0 8.4 .40 42 .06 .001 18-24 0 11 40 47 4.0 4.2 15.8 .46 .78 .10 .002 [33-36 RY 0 8 29 63 4.2 14.6 .42 .66 .10 .002 f 0-3 DkBr 5 75 17 8 14.77 .412 37.4 4.3 18.9 2.88 1.52 .86 Oil 14 Sanokwelle. . . . 1 3-6 Br 3 55 30 15 3.00 .094 15.0 3.8 8.1 .42 .31 .08 .009 15-20 YBr 3 37 35 28 5.5 4.2 6.4 .46 .38 .05 .004 [33-36 BrY 4 71 18 11 4.5 4.4 3.5 .31 .24 .00 .002 f 0-3 CrBr 0 62 28 10 8.47 .310 8.0 4.1 19.6 .62 .60 .24 .018 3-6 BrGr 0 59 30 11 3.45 .125 8.2 4.0 8.8 .28 .31 .10 .004 15 Tappita ^ 6-9 YBr 1 55 30 16 2.13 8.2 4.0 6.5 .15 .20 .06 .001 9 12 YBr 0 51 32 17 7.8 4.0 6.0 .12 .21 .00 .001 ,33-36 BrY 0 48 35 17 7.5 4.0 5.8 .15 .22 .00 .001 Í 0-3 DkBr 0 77 18 5 11.04 .368 10.0 4.7 23.6 4.22 2.31 1.00 .017 16 Sanokwelle. . . . ) 6-9 Br 0 25 59 16 4.14 .123 7.8 4.4 11.0 1.34 .88 .15 .008 14-20 YBr 0 24 56 20 4.8 4.3 8.5 .58 .41 .15 .006 [33-36 BrY 0 37 47 16 3.5 4.1 5.5 .32 .22 .10 .001 Í 0-3 GrBr 0 49 36 15 9.66 .331 27.6 4.4 28.6 4.77 2.00 3.43 .031 17 Sanokwelle.... ) 6-9 Br 0 53 32 15 4.83 .176 20.2 4.1 12.0 1.65 .96 .35 .013 12-15 BrY 0 37 48 15 15.0 4.9 5.8 .48 .46 .17 .008 33-36 BrY 0 . 48 38 14 12.0 4.5 5.5 .35 .41 .10 .007

f 0-3 GrBl 0 77 17 6 12.42 .386 35.0 4.4 18.2 3.66 1.72 2.78 .034 18 Sanokwelle 4-6 Br 0 52 37 11 7.13 .225 40.0 5.6 12.4 3.71 1.82 1.70 .042 10-18 BrY 0 62 22 15 12.5 4.2 5.5 .20 .42 .41 .008 33-36 BrY 0 46 39 15 15.0 4.2 4.5 .05 .44 .40 .008 00 Analytical data for individual profiles—Continued 00

Exchange properties (in miUiequivalents per 100 grams of soil) Or- Kind of soil, number of Depth Color Gravel Sand Silt Clay ganic Nitro- Phos- Acid- Exchangeable Cations profile, and location matter gen phorus ity Ex- change capac- Cal- Mag- Potas- Man- ity cmm nesmm smm ganese

Alluvial—Con. Under mixed stand of Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent p.p.m. pH trees, grasses, and Inches Percent shrubs—Con. GrBl 0 71 27 2 11.87 0.396 17.4 5.0 21.0 4.27 1.66 2.73 0.022 Br 0 62 29 9 5.73 .210 25.0 3.8 16.8 1.77 .95 .55 .011 19 Sanokwelle . . . . BrY 0 40 44 16 12.5 4.0 12.4 .46 .52 .24 .009 BrY 0 10 74 16 13.0 3.9 18.2 1.12 .72 .25 .007 GrBl 2 10 4 8.83 .277 10.0 4.6 15.5 3.44 2.31 2.52 .037 Br 8 66 24 10 4.75 .154 12.0 4.7 10.4 .78 .52 .67 .009 20 Sanokwelle. . . YBr 5 28 53 19 2.62 3.5 4 7 4.1 .42 .38 .10 .009 BrY 7 51 38 11 2.4 5.2 3.2 .44 .38 .15 .008 BrY 22 55 23 5.0 4.6 4.6 .46 .40 .15 .008

Under forest : 0-3 DkBr 59 12 29 5.01 .148 6.0 4.6 12.5 2.38 .80 .46 .022 1 White Plains. . 6-9 GrBr 50 14 36 7.2 3.9 7.4 .39 .24 .16 .005 21-24 GrY 49 13 38 7.4 3.9 7.2 .38 .25 .10 .004 0-3 DkBr 61 13 26 4.62 .135 6.4 9.7 1.38 .90 .39 .008 2 Farakay 6-9 Br 50 18 32 6.2 6.5 .33 .22 .11 .001 21-24 YR 45 17 38 7.0 6.5 .34 .22 .11 .001 0-3 GrBr 71 19 10 3.^ 1.22 5.4 6.6 .96 .60 .32 .004 3 Brewersville. 6-9 Br 61 18 21 4.0 5.3 .27 .22 .00 .000 21-24 GrBr 68 18 14 2.8 4.0 4.0 .26 .22 .05 .000 0-3 Br 81 13 6 .26 .175 11.3 4.3 8.2 1.54 .62 .48 .009 4 Mecca. 6-9 Br 63 16 21 10.0 3.7 5.5 .38 .25 .10 .002 20-24 YBr 77 13 10 5.5 3.8 4.3 .36 .26 .12 .002

0-3 Br 63 22 15 4.28 .123 6.0 4.5 8.5 .87 .41 .78 .008 5 White Plains. 6-9 Br 54 30 16 4.2 4.0 6.1 .28 .19 .12 .002 21-24 BrY 56 32 12 5.2 4.0 5.4 .24 .20 .09 .002 0-3 Br 68 22 12 6.75 .200 11.0 4.6 10.8 1.63 .05 .66 .015 6 Gbarnga. 6-9 Br 54 27 19 6.5 4.0 6.1 .38 .35 .09 .002 21-24 YBr 43 24 33 8.8 4.1 7.8 .43 .40 .12 .002 0-3 GrBr 63 18 19 7.38 .226 18.0 4.8 12.8 2.95 .88 1.16 .025 7 Ganta. 6-9 BrGr 52 20 28 8.2 4.1 8.1 1.02 .54 .20 .008 21-24 YGr 48 27 25 5.7 4.0 7.3 .65 .40 .22 .004

0-3 Br 72 13 5 3.89 .119 4.2 4.4 5.6 .65 .31 .26 .001 8 Sálala. 6-9 BrY 66 23 11 5.6 3.9 3.2 .20 .11 .00 .000 21-24 BrY 59 33 8 3.1 3.6 2.2 .16 .09 .00 .000 0-3 Br 66 15 19 6.35 .205 11.8 4.7 12.5 2.35 .87 1.02 .022 9 Farakay. 6-9 Br 41 22 37 8.5 4.1 10.2 .96 .48 .28 .008 21-24 KBr 48 24 28 7.6 4.1 9.3 .85 .39 .16 .005 0-3 GrBl 77 18 5 4.12 .126 7.2 4.4 7.3 .50 .24 .38 .002 10 Plebo. 6-9 DkBr 53 29 18 5.1 3.8 4.8 .21 12 .05 .001 24-36 YGr 64 26 10 2.2 3.8 3.2 .16 10 .00 .000

0-3 Br 67 21 12 5.10 .162 11.2 4.4 10.4 1.05 .62 .68 .006 11 Greenville. 6-9 Br 43 38 19 5.0 3.9 7.2 .30 22 .05 .001 21-24 BrY 42 41 17 4.8 3.9 5.3 .28 20 .05 .001 Br 84 14 2 5.29 .174 12.3 5.0 8.3 2.59 98 1.44 .020 Br 74 15 11 2.82 .098 10.5 4.1 6.5 .68 48 .21 .007 12 Tappita. Br 68 15 17 10.0 3.9 6.4 .32 34 .07 .004 YBr 63 17 20 8.9 3.9 6.5 .30 .35 .06 .005 YBr 77 11 12 5.5 4.1 5.5 .22 34 .04 .002 Analytical data for individual profiles—-Continued

Exchange properties (in miUiequivalents per 100 grams of soil) Or- Kind of soil, number of ' Depth Color Gravel Sand Silt Clay ganic Nitro- Phos- Acid- Exchangeable Cations profile, and location matter gen phorus ity Ex- change capac- Cal- Mag- Potas- Man- ity cium nesium sium ganese

Alluvial—Con. P ercent Percent Percent Under forest—Con. Inches Percent Percent Percent [ 0-3 Br 2 65 27 8 4.58 0.141 6.2 4.7 9.1 1.28 0.75 1.01 0.008 13 Greenville 6-9 Br 2 51 33 16 6.0 4.0 5.0 .42 .31 .08 .002 21-24 LtBr 3 48 34 18 4.3 4.0 4.8 .35 .26 .10 .002

Í 0-3 Br 2 75 17 8 5.38 .168 13.2 4.8 8.5 2.22 .70 .46 .007 14 Tappita 3-6 BrY 0 65 23 12 2.75 .083 11.0 4.2 6.6 .81 .35 .12 .002 9-12 YBr 0 64 21 15 7.2 3.9 4.8 .28 .21 .00 .000 [33-36 YBr 7 56 29 21 5.0 3.9 5.3 .33 .28 .05 .001

Í 0-3 GrBr 0 54 18 28 7.88 .247 25.0 5.0 20.2 4.11 1.26 1.83 .042 15 Genne Liberia.. 6-9 Br 0 54 10 36 11.2 4.3 15.8 1.72 .80 .25 .012 [21-24 RBr 0 56 13 31 10.5 4.1 14.2 1.05 .61 .18 .005

f 0-3 Br 0 63 21 16 4.55 .133 11.8 4.5 9.8 1.62 1.00 .68 .009 16 Genne Liberia.. 6-9 Br 0 47 31 22 7.7 4.0 7.0 .50 .48 .16 .002 [21-24 YBr 0 52 28 20 6.0 3.8 5.2 .28 .21 .05 .001

f 0-3 Br 0 56 28 16 4.56 .141 7.0 4.7 8.2 1.21 .48 .65 .003 17 Farakay ' 6-9 RBr 0 47 35 18 5.2 4.0 5.0 .39 .24 .08 .000 [21-24 BrR 0 45 40 15 5.0 4.0 4.7 .24 .22 .10 .000

f 0-3 Br 0 59 19 22 7.85 .241 16.0 4.8 17.9 3.50 .96 1.20 .038 18 Boporo 6-9 Br 0 58 18 24 7.8 4.2 7.0 .82 .42 .16 Oil 20-24 YBr 0 52 20 28 8.8 4.3 6.4 .82 .47 .08 .003 0-3 Br 59 28 13 4.42 .143 15.0 5.0 14.6 2.95 1.07 2.09 .009 19 Gbarnga. . . 3-6 Br 47 36 17 2.54 .081 10.8 4.0 11.1 .52 .39 .25 .002 22-24 BrY 41 43 16 11.5 3.9 6.2 .33 .21 .10 .001 20 Loffa Hiver 0-3 DkBr 69 17 16 7.41 .208 11.0 4.8 12.0 2.25 .62 .85 .013 (Gbar). . . 6-9 Br 51 28 21 7.2 4.2 7.6 .42 .24 .16 .004 21-24 Br 54 26 ?,0 5.5 4.0 7.8 .39 .20 .08 .002

21 Lower Loffa 0-3 Br 78 13 9 5.86 . 155 8.8 4.4 9.1 1.05 .46 .65 .009 River. , . . 6-9 Br 61 20 19 5.2 3.9 5.2 .28 .18 .12 .002 21-24 YBr 63 20 17 4.8 4.0 5.0 .28 .16 .09 .002 0-3 DkBr 73 16 11 4.36 .149 6.1 4.4 6.2 1.25 .48 .69 .004 22 Maffa River., 6-9 Br 76 15 9 2.8 3.9 3.1 .28 .16 .12 .001 21-24 Br 70 22 8 2.7 4.0 2.5 .15 .10 .08 .000

23 Lower Loffa 0-3 Br 65 25 10 6.72 .212 7.0 4.5 10.0 1.05 .73 .62 .005 River.... 6-9 Br 51 33 16 4.3 4.1 5.6 .32 .21 .10 .002 21-24 YBr 46 38 16 4.8 4.0 5.5 .22 .20 .08 .002

0-3 Br 74 14 12 7.28 .202 11.0 4.6 12.4 2.11 .85 1.01 .018 24 Tawata. . . . 6-9 Br 67 16 17 6.8 4.1 6.8 .40 .21 .10 .002 21-24 YBr 59 15 26 8.5 4.2 7.2 .42 .25 .16 .002

0-3 DkBr 82 16 2 5.25 .138 5.5 4.5 6.0 .80 .65 .25 .003 25 Tawata.... 6-9 Br 60 22 IS 4.6 4.0 4.9 . 33 .28 .08 .001 21-24 BrY 69 19 12 2.8 4.0 3.5 .26 .12 .05 .000 26 Upper Makel 0-3 DkBr 78 14 8 4.28 .129 4.8 4.5 6.5 .72 .43 .65 .006 River Valley. 6-9 Br 61 22 17 5.3 4.1 5.0 .30 .26 .14 .002 21-24 RBr 48 27 25 4.8 4.1 5.2 .32 .28 .12 .001 0-3 DkBr 79 13 8 4.24 .153 5.7 4.5 9.8 1.06 .38 .47 on 27 Greenville. 6-9 Br 44 26 30 6.7 4.0 7.5 .38 .16 .12 .005 21-24 BrY 40 28 32 6.2 4.1 7.8 .42 .18 .10 .004 0-3 DkBr 71 11 18 4.28 .128 7.5 4.5 8.6 1.06 .42 .68 .014 28 Sasstown. 6-9 Br 58 15 27 8.6 4.0 6.1 .38 .25 .16 .008 21-24 YBr 38 52 10 1 1 9.1 3.9 7.2 .34 .22 .10 .002 CO Analytical data for individual jn o files—Continued to

Exchange properties (in milliequivalents per 100 grams o[ soil) Or- Acid- Kind of soil, number of Depth Color Gravel 8and Clay ganic Nitro- Phos- Exehangeablo Cations matter gen phorus ity Ex- profile and location change capac- Cal- Mag- Potas- Man- ity cium nesium sium ganese

Alluvial— Con. Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent p.p.m. p// Under forest—Con. Inches 9 4.56 0.162 10.7 4.8 10.0 2.31 1.26 0.97 0.013 : 0-3 DkBr 1 74 17 .003 70 19 II 1.90 .071 8.2 4.4 4.0 .48 .37 .17 3-6 Br 2 .12 .002 6 63 20 17 7.5 3.7 6.2 .31 .30 29 Tappita. 15-18 LtBr .46 .38 .14 .002 21-24 BrY 2 58 14 28 7.7 3.7 7.4 8.0 .48 .38 .16 .002 33-36 BrY 5 60 10 30 8.2 3.9 30 .61 . 185 10.5 4.0 14.0 2.25 .87 .77 .020 0-3 Br 0 59 38 .000 74 22 4 3.5 4.0 4.1 .22 .16 .00 30 Tappita. 12-15 YGr 0 .09 .000 0 52 25 23 6.4 4.0 6.5 .38 .27 18-24 YGr 4.2 .36 .21 .06 .000 33-36 BrY 0 49 46 5 2.8 4.1 .24 .006 85 13 2 4.32 . 155 11.5 8.6 .59 .48 0-3 DkBr 4.2 .24 .22 .18 .001 3-6 RBr I 78 17 5 1.98 071 2.6 12 27 2.6 6.6 .16 .18 .08 .000 31 Tappita. 12-15 RBr I 61 .000 60 15 25 4.2 6.7 .18 .18 .10 20-20 Brli 1 .16 .19 .10 .000 33-36 BrR 2 52 24 24 4.0 6.6 27 10 4.83 .160 15.0 12.2 2.11 .65 1.55 .017 0-3 DkBr 0 63 Oil 60 24 16 2.62 .091 7.5 8.2 .94 .46 .57 32 Sanokwelle 3-6 Br 0 .67 .35 .05 .005 BrY 0 40 39 21 3.0 6.2 12-15 6.4 .34 .22 .10 .001 33-36 BrY 0 27 48 25 3.5 .83 .30 .66 .008 0-3 Br 10 76 20 4 1.68 .070 4.2 4.4 6.0 20 .89 ,032 7.4 4.5 4.1 .54 .11 .20 .002 33 Tálala. 3-6 YBr 12 62 18 .001 59 11 30 5.7 4.0 2.6 .44 .08 .06 18-21 BrY 20 .48 .24 .08 .002 ,33-36 BrY 19 61 12 27 5.2 4.1 3.4 0-3 DkBr 3 82 11 4.26 .152 5.5 4.5 4.0 .83 .41 .05 .007 4-6 Br 2 76 16 1.32 .048 7.2 4.0 3.1 .20 .31 .04 .002 34 5 mi. south of 15-20 GrY 4 43 27 30 6.8 3.6 6.1 .20 .34 .00 .001 Sakripie. . , . 22-28 BrY 7 25 41 34 6.2 4.0 6.4 .21 .38 .00 .001 33-36 BrY 1 25 43 32 6.2 4.0 6.4 .22 .41 .02 .001 BrGr 3 68 17 15 2.39 .082 18.5 4.3 14.8 2.15 .93 .69 .007 35 3 mi. south of DkGr 1 62 15 23 1.95 .071 16.0 3.7 8.8 .51 .42 .12 .004 Sakripie. . . . BrGr 1 48 12 40 13.4 3.4 10.5 .67 .48 .19 .003 YGr 0 47 8 45 14.0 3.9 11.0 .65 .42 .17 .003 YGr 3 30 40 25 S.l 4.0 9.1 .52 .38 .18 .003 Br 0 60 28 12 4.52 .148 15.0 5.1 15.8 3.60 1.68 2.50 .008 36 Gbarnga. Br 0 48 27 15 2.57 .088 17.9 4.1 12.4 .40 .61 .18 .004 BrY 0 40 44 16 10.2 3.9 8.2 .25 .36 .10 .002 BrY 0 61 17 22 11.5 3. 9.6 .26 . 35 .11 .002 no GrBr 0 7 7.11 .208 22.4 4.5 24.6 5.11 2.37 1.38 .041 37 Sanokwelle. Br 0 48 39 13 3.17 .098 30.5 4.2 12.5 1.34 .98 .20 .009 BrY 0 64 22 14 5.5 4.5 4.1 .48 .34 .19 .003 Cleared, burned, planted to rice

1 Tappita. . . . 0-3 GrBr 74 12 14 5.04 .178 11.6 5.0 8.4 1.06 .83 .90 .014 6-9 Br 49 15 36 5.0 3.9 8.2 .38 .30 .21 .0(J6 0-3 BrBl 88 10 2 5.03 .181 10.0 5.0 8.5 .95 .82 .88 .011 2 danta 4-6 DkBr 50 14 36 2.08 .073 5.0 4.2 9.3 .46 .35 .20 .008 12-22 BrGr 55 9 36 3.6 3.9 8.4 .25 .28 .10 .004 33-36 BrClr 25 52 23 6.5 4.0 6.5 .26 .30 .04 .006 3 Sakripie. . . . 0-3 BlBr 64 14 12 3.58 .114 6.5 6.8 2.16 .95 .76 .022 6-9 Br 69 17 14 4.2 6.0 .54 .28 .12 .005 4 Gbarnga. . . 0-3 Br 75 10 15 3.62 .118 6.0 5.2 7.7 3.00 .95 .94 .024 6-9 Br 63 19 18 2.5 4.1 6.5 .41 .32 .11 .007 A7ialytical data for individual profiles— -Continued

Exchange properties (in milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil) Or- Kind of Boil, number of Depth Color Gravel Sand Silt Clay ganic Nitro- Phos- Acid- Exchangeable Cations profile, and location matter gen phorus ity Ex- change capac- Cal- Mag- Potas- Man- ity cium nesium sium ganese Alluvial—Con. Cleared, burned, Inches Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent p.p.in. • planted to rice— Con. i 0-3 BlBr 0 78 11 11 3.52 0.119 5.5 5.4 7.9 3.02 1.15 0.74 0.021 5 20 mi. south oi 1 4-8 BrGr 2 75 15 10 .83 .030 16.8 4.2 7.0 .62 .34 .10 .009 Ganta 15-26 YGr 9 73 13 14 4.2 4.2 6.1 .54 .38 .12 .008 > Í33-36 GrY 29 25 50 25 6.4 4.3 6.4 .58 .40 .10 .007

6 Tappita / 0-3 GrBl 0 69 16 15 4.38 .152 8.8 4.8 7.2 1.90 .72 .29 .009 o 1 6-9 GrBl 0 64 17 19 6.1 4.0 7.2 .35 .22 .04 .001

7 Tappita / 0-3 GrBl 0 65 17 18 4.15 .143 7.0 4.8 8.6 2.06 .72 .39 .012 1 6-9 BlGr 0 61 17 22 4.9 4.0 7.3 .41 .20 .07 .002 Í 0-3 GrBl 0 75 15 16 4.28 .152 7.8 4.8 7.3 1.97 .71 .28 .007 8 10 mi. south of 3-6 BlGr 0 70 16 14 2.24 .080 13.3 3.9 7.0 .32 .20 .04 .004 .001 Gbarnga.... ■ 9-12 YGr 0 65 17 18 1.83 6.2 4.0 8.3 .42 .17 .05 16-20 YGr 0 59 15 26 5.0 4.0 8.6 .42 .20 .04 .000 33-36 YGr 0 55 27 18 4.3 4.6 6.4 .40 .21 .00 .000

9 Sanokwelle. . .. / 0-3 GrBr 0 61 19 20 3.92 .128 6.8 4.0 7.2 .95 .38 .30 .006 \ 6-9 Br 0 58 21 21 7.4 3.9 5.8 .25 .16 .10 .001

* 10 Ganta... / 0-3 GrBr 0 62 16 22 3.74 .124 7.3 4.1 7.8 1.00 .50 .42 .008 \ 6-9 Br 0 60 15 25 4.1 3.9 6.5 .38 .21 .14 .002 62 20 18 3.73 .131 4.0 11 8 mi. north of .85 .45 .35 .007 60 18 22 1.59 .058 3.9 .32 Gbarnga .31 .12 .005 56 21 23 3.9 .20 .30 .05 .005 53 14 33 4.2 .32 .32 .05 .004

72 16 12 4.16 .138 4.8 4.5 7 1.20 .46 .62 .006 73 11 16 5.2 4.0 2 .16 .12 .10 .001 79 9 12 3.5 3.9 1.4 .11 .05 .05 .000

56 28 16 6.28 .205 19 5 4.7 12.7 1.04 1.67 .024 45 27 28 8.2 4.0 6.9 .48 .22 .21 .009 41 30 29 8.4 3.7 6.8 .34 .15 .12 .004

73 22 5 5.22 .193 11.2 5.0 8.5 2.20 1.90 .70 .035 65 28 7 8.2 4.0 4.1 .28 .16 .12 .005 57 25 18 4.1 4.9 .42 .24 .05 .002

19 13 5.03 .189 10.3 4.8 7.8 2.25 1.15 .64 .023 67 19 14 8.1 4.0 3.1 .24 .21 .10 .001 58 20 22 8.0 4.1 4.0 .26 .24 .05 .002

23 9 4.74 .162 12.0 4.6 20.0 2.32 1.44 .35 .007 44 31 25 5.1 4.4 9.0 .74 .22 .18 .002

64 22 14 4.68 .150 12.4 4.7 19.0 2.16 1.41 .006 45 30 25 5.5 4.2 10.5 .46 .26 .22 .004

63 27 10 4.76 .172 4.6 16.0 2.42 1.42 .32 .007 42 32 26 2.38 .082 4.4 11.0 .92 .62 .18 .006 10 64 26 1.59 4.4 10.4 .84 .44 .17 .005 10 63 27 1.17 4.2 10.8 .32 .15 .14 .006

80 12 7.05 .200 27.0 6.0 12.5 6.07 1.50 1.63 .008 73 16 11 6.4 4.7 4.0 .47 .32 .16 .001

79 13 8 6.58 .204 25.0 6.0 14.5 5.95 1.70 1.80 .009 65 19 16 4.5 4.3 6.6 .58 .34 .18 .002 Analytical data for individual profiler—ConiiriueA CO

Exchange properties (in milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil) Or- Kind of soil, number of Depth Color Gravel Sand Silt Clay ganic Nitro- Phos- Exchangeable Cations profile, and location matter gen phorus Ex- change capac- Cal- Mag- Potas- Man- ity cium nesium sium ganese

Alluvial—Con. Percent Percent p.p.VI. p// Cleared, burned, hiches Percent Percent Percent Percent planted to rice— 0 30.0 6.1 14.4 6.81 2.08 L.75 0.003 Con. 0-3 BrBl 69 16 15 7.08 0.210 3-6 GrBr 0 77 13 10 5.45 .198 12.3 4.5 10.0 .89 .61 .62 .002 21 Sálala 9-12 Br 0 77 13 10 8.5 4.8 4.1 .52 .38 .07 .001 18-21 Br 0 73 14 13 6.4 4.0 2.2 .15 .12 .00 .000 % 33-36 DkCir 0 70 16 14 6.4 4.0 3.8 .05 .11 .00 .000

22 Tappjía 0-3 DkBr 0 77 18 5 5.10 .195 12.6 4.8 7.9 2.32 1.88 .95 .032 6-9 Br 0 66 22 12 8.5 4.1 4.2 .24 .25 .08 .001

23 Sakripie 0-3 DkBr 0 81 12 7 5.24 .156 12.5 4.9 8.5 2.55 1.77 .035 6-9 Br 0 66 15 19 6.2 4.1 5.3 .47 .26 .15 .004 0-3 DkBr 1 79 19 2 5.13 .175 10.6 4.9 8.3 2.40 2.10 .69 .031 24 10 nii.'^south of 6-9 Dk(ir 3 79 20 1 2.74 .092 8.2 4.1 3.1 .15 .24 .04 .000 Sakripie. . . 18-24 BrGr 7 58 21 21 8.7 6.2 .21 .47 .07 .001 33-36 LtGr 6 9 28 63 9.5 14.8 .43 .64 .06 .002 ' 0-3 GrBr 0 54 36 10 8.49 .252 5.0 12.0 2.43 1.00 .35 .021 25 Ganta 4-6 LtBr 0 48 41 11 2.63 .095 3.6 10.0 1.20 1.05 .12 .020 Sanokwelle . 12-15 BrY 0 34 46 20 1.80 5.5 4.1 8.9 .22 .30 .15 .031 ^33-36 BrY 0 17 60 23 9.8 4.2 5.0 .20 .25 .10 .024

26 Sakripie. 0-3 GrBr 0 49 34 17 8.55 .241 6.0 4.6 11.6 1.48 1 .45 .020 6-9 Br 0 41 38 21 3.8 4.5 8.3 .92 .12 .009 27 Tappita. Í 0-3 GrBr 0 55 32 13 8.46 .238 5.2 4.6 11.2 1.48 .85 .47 .022 \ 6-9 Br 0 50 29 21 5.5 4,3 7.5 .44 .35 .15 .007 Half-Bog: Í 0-3 GrBr 2 66 25 9 11.63 .284 7.9 4.6 11.0 2.09 .70 1.20 .015 1 Greenville. 6-9 GrBr 1 71 13 16 4.8 4,0 7.2 .42 .28 .25 .007 [21-24 LtGr 8 82 7 11 4.0 4.2 4.1 .29 .20 .09 .001 Í 0-3 GrBl 5 81 11 8 11.24 .373 7.2 4.7 12.6 2.82 .69 1.23 .032 2 Greenville. 6-9 GrBl 1 71 17 12 7.7 4,3 12.9 1,28 .34 .31 .010 [21-24 BlGr 3 86 12 2 2.6 4.5 2.8 .22 .11 .09 .001 Í 0-3 GrBl 0 85 12 3 9.85 .303 7.0 4.7 7.5 1.22 .56 .72 .018 3 Demai. . . . 6-9 Br 7 85 10 5 4.1 4.1 4.0 .43 .24 .16 .005 [21-24 WtGr 3 70 8 22 6.5 4 0 5.8 .28 .20 .08 .002 Í 0-3 GrBr 0 79 16 5 8.88 .241 7.2 4.7 8.2 1.15 .82 .70 .022 4 Klay 6-9 Br 0 61 21 18 8.5 4.1 6.4 .46 .25 .16 .006 [21^24 BrGr 0 80 12 8 2.0 4.1 4.4 .24 .17 .08 .003 Í 0-3 GrBl 0 72 16 12 9,64 .300 11.2 4,4 12 1 1.62 .88 .60 .041 5 Ta wat a. . . 6-9 BrGr 0 65 13 22 8.6 4,0 8.8 .52 .38 .12 .012 [21-24 YGr 0 59 22 19 8.7 3.9 7.3 .27 .20 .06 .005 Í 0-3 DkBr 0 87 9 4 12.10 .275 11.3 4.8 10.8 2.11 .67 .62 .024 6 Boini Hills. 6-9 Br 2 80 12 8 4,6 4 2 4.2 .37 .22 .12 .010 [21-24 GrY 21 67 13 22 7.8 4.1 5.5 .34 .21 .08 .002 Í 0-3 DkBr 0 72 16 12 12.22 . 308 6.2 4 7 10.8 1.88 .62 .68 .024 7 Tappita. . . 6-9 Br 0 78 13 9 4.9 4.1 7.1 .43 .28 .15 .011 [21-24 GrBr 0 67 15 18 7.7 4 0 6.6 .35 .26 .11 .005 Í 0-3 DkBr 0 82 12 6 9.64 .288 11.2 4 5 9.5 1.41 .57 .39 .016 8 Tappita. . . 6-9 Br 0 63 21 16 5.6 4.0 7.6 .42 .26 .05 .005 [21-24 GrWt 0 61 28 11 5 5 4.1 4.4 .32 .21 .05 .002 9 Maffa River Í 0-3 GrBl 0 84 12 4 12.26 .382 9.6 4.7 9.8 1.12 .46 .28 .013 (CapejMount). 6-9 GrBl 2 90 8 2 4 4 5.6 .55 .33 .10 .007 [21-24 GrBr 4 40 32 28 4.0 6.7 .29 .24 .08 .002 CD Ä/ialytical data for individual profiles—Continued 00

Exchange properties (in milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil) Or- Kind of soil, number of Color Gravel Silt Clay ganic Nitro- Phos- Acid- Exchangeable Cations profile, and location matter gen phorus ity Ex- change capac- Cal- Mag- Potas- Man- ity cmm nesmm smm ganese

Half-Bog—Con. Inches Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent p. p.m. p//

0-3 BrBl 0 88 4 10.12 0.352 7.7 4.3 7.9 0.85 0.26 0.42 0.008 10 Mecca 6-9 GrBr 3 92 5 3 8.5 3.8 3.4 .16 .10 .08 .000 21-24 GrY 20 45 33 22 4.6 3.5 6.8 .30 .15 .10 .001 > 0-3 GrBl 1 84 11 5 8.22 .255 12.0 5.0 7.2 1.52 .61 .93 .024 11 Kakata 6-9 Br 3 82 10 8 4.2 4.2 4.1 .38 .20 .20 .009 21-24 WtGr 0 66 18 16 5.5 4.2 4.9 .39 .26 .24 .008

0-3 GrBl 0 85 7 8 11.06 .331 8.8 4.7 10.5 2.06 .71 .89 .031 12 P'arakay 6-9 Br 2 72 6 22 4.2 4.0 7.8 .51 .28 .08 .006 21-24 YGr 2 70 9 21 4.1 4 1 7.0 .50 .24 .10 .002 0-3 GrBl 0 79 16 5 9.62 ,304 8.8 5.0 8.1 1.28 .69 1.05 .011 13 Cîenne Liberia. 6-9 Br 0 78 15 7 4.9 4.2 4.4 .38 .20 .16 .002 21-24 GrBl 0 50 18 32 7.6 3.7 7.9 .41 .24 .10 .003 0-3 DkBr 0 80 11 9 9.96 312 6.1 5.1 10.0 2.25 .70 1.24 .013 14 Bonii Hills... 6-9 GrBr 0 80 16 4 2.6 4.1 3.6 .22 .10 .14 .004 21-24 BrGr 11 87 8 5 1.8 4.1 2.0 .12 .05 .05 .000 0-3 DkBr 2 88 9.56 302 5.5 4.9 8.3 1.24 .49 .62 .022 15 Webo. 6-9 Br 0 77 14 4.2 4.1 6.2 .32 .20 .12 .009 21-24 BlGr 3 78 12 10 4.8 4.0 3.5 .18 .11 .05 .001 0-3 DkBr O 70 21 9 11.55 .344 7.2 4.8 10.6 2.22 16 Boporo. 6-9 .90 .51 -016 Br 3 73 14 13 4.8 4.3 7.9 .72 .34 .14 21-24 BlGr 2 .003 70 19 11 4.4 4.0 5.0 .39 .20 .05 .001 0-3 DkBr 2 83 15 2 9.96 .310 5.0 4.6 7.2 .85 17 Genne Liberia.. 6-9 Br .40 .57 .011 4 73 10 17 6.2 4.1 4. .29 .18 21-24 BlGr .15 .002 16 79 13 4.2 4.2 3.5 .17 .12 .06 .001 0-3 DkBr O 73 15 12 15.15 .472 16.8 18 Genne -Tanyhun. 4.7 12.9 2.88 .74 1.06 .035 6-9 Br O 63 18 19 8.2 4.1 8.8 .55 21-24 YGr .31 .22 .010 O 61 22 17 8.1 4.1 6.5 .39 .26 .14 .004 í 0-3 DkBr O 76 18 11.22 19 Mecca. .355 7.8 4.6 7.8 1.05 .44 .67 .009 6-9 Br O 54 27 19 6.1 4.0 5.1 .38 .20 21-24 BrGr .16 -003 O 74 21 5 2.2 4.2 2.3 .22 .16 .00 I .000 0-3 DkBr O 71 20 15.60 .422 8.9 4.7 9.9 1.72 20 Tawata. 6-9 .53 1.02 .026 Br O 46 26 2a 13.2 4.1 9.5 .55 .18 .21 21-24 GrBr .007 4 74 15 11 5.0 4.3 4.1 .36 .10 .06 .002 0-3 DkBr O 55 16 29 14.78 .454 17.2 4.9 18.2 3.62 21 Ja va jai 6-9 1.13 1.40 .042 Br O 64 9 27 8.5 4.3 9.4 .82 .36 21-24 BrGr .29 .013 O 68 12 22 8.2 4.1 6.8 .32 .24 .16 .005 0-3 DkGr O 61 26 13 12.68 .326 9.1 9.6 .85 .42 22 Cape Mount. 6-9 Br .26 .008 O 48 30 22 4.8 6.8 .39 .16 .07 21-24 BrGr .002 O 77 16 7 2.6 2.2 .20 .10 .05 .000 0-3 GrBl O 56 27 17 10.62 .312 15.5 15.6 2.86 .75 1.72 23 Sanokwelle. . 6-9 GrBl .027 2 49 29 22 7.2 10.9 .68 .25 .31 21-24 GrWt .008 10 82 10 8 2.2 3.8 .22 .10 .11 .001 0-3 GrBl O 71 25 4 12.46 .378 13.2 12.6 24 Ganta. 6-9 1.15 .43 1.06 .013 GrBl O 65 23 12 4.6 8.9 .47 .28 21-24 GrY .29 ,007 O 59 29 12 4.9 8.8 .56 .26 .23 .004 o A nalytical data for individual profiles—-Continued o

Exchange properties (in milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil) Or- Kind of soil, number of Depth Color Gravel Sand Silt Clay ganic Nitro- Phos- Acid^ Exchangeable Cations profile, and location matter gen phorus ity Ex- change capac- Cal- Mag- Potas- Man- ity cium nesium sium ganese

Half-Bog—Con. Inches Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Í 0-3 BkBr 0 88 4 8 45.00 0.924 22.8 5.0 45.0 9.28 2.08 2.04 0.006 25 2 mi. south of 3-6 Br 0 84 13 3 28.00 .811 20.4 5.0 28.0 3.04 1.08 1.17 .002 Sakripie...... 6-9 Br 4 84 14 2 18.00 12.4 3.8 18.0 1.34 .82 .88 .002 18-21 GrBr 5 85 13 2 4.40 5.2 4.0 4.4 .32 .24 .06 .000 [33-36 GrBr 13 68 19 13 6.20 5.4 4.5 6.2 .42 .38 .08 .001 1 0-3 BlBr 0 52 23 25 9.89 .312 11.5 4.6 36.8 7.94 1.61 .41 .022 3-6 BlGr 0 58 33 9- 7.25 .288 8.2 4.4 18.3 4.15 -74 .15 .015 26 Kpan .... ., .... 15-18 GrBr 1 62 30 8 6.4 4.5 9.3 2.11 .65 .11 .004 21-24 BrGr 9 74 20 6 2.5 5.0 5-3 .96 .19 .10 .003 33-36 WtGr 17 88 10 2 2.1 5.0 3.8 .15 .20 .05 .003 Í 0-3 BrBl 0 89 9 2 10.70 .355 7.3 4.7 8.8 1.22 ,59 .21 .004 27 3 mi. south of 16-9 Br 5 98 1 1 1.20 .041 11.4 5.0 5.2 .82 .42 .09 .003 Sakripie 112-15 GrY 1 96 2 2 2.2 4.0 3.1 .10 .05 .00 .000 33-36 GrY 4 25 45 30 8.0 4.0 6.8 .28 .22 .04 ,001 Í 0-3 GrBl 0 80 17 2 28.60 .714 15.8 4.5 38.0 3.85 2.10 1.65 .016 28 Sakripie...... 12-15 BlGr 0 70 25 5 4.50 .162 7.3 3.8 9.8 .62 .38 .15 .002 33-36 WtGr 1 48 47 5 2.5 4.0 4.5 .24 .20 .08 .001 f 0-3 BrGr 0 72 26 2 17 52 .551 7.8 4.8 24.5 4 52 1.38 2.04 .021 6-9 GrBr 0 84 13 3 5.11 181 7.5 4.7 8.3 1 51 .54 .16 .004 29 Gbarnga ■ 15-18 Br 29 88 8 4 5.1 4.5 3.2 .31 .22 .05 .002 22-26 YBr 48 95 3 2 4.0 4.6 2.2 .20 .11 .05 .001 [33-36 YBr 34 95 3 2 3.5 4.1 2.1 .21 .11 .05 .001 0-3 DkBr 3 79 18 3 10.21 ,251 11.3 ■4.7 8.2 1.42 .52 .75 .019 30 Gbarnga. 6-9 GrBr 2 68 24 8 6.8 4.2 4.6 .38 .26 .24 .006 21-24 GrY 2 55 29 16 5.2 4.2 5.1 .40 .29 .10 .002

0-3 DkBr 1 73 17 10 12.69 .388 5.5 4.2 31.2 3.32 .00 1.44 .029 31 Sakripie. . 3-6 GrBr 16 86 11 3 6.77 .247 4.4 4.8 8.6 .49 .37 .15 .006 21-24 BrGr 7 12 4 1.5 4.3 4.6 .12 .10 .00 .000

0-3 DkBr 0 39 38 23 11.01 ,285 6.5 4.9 15.0 2.24 .83 1.78 .009 3-6 Br 7 83 15 2 7.96 .246 8.0 4.8 12.7 1.72 .89 .66 .007 32 Gbarnga. 9-12 DkGr 14 91 7 2 5.1 4.4 4.7 .42 .33 .09 .003 21-24 BrGr 33 92 7 1 2.4 4.5 3-4 .44 .32 .05 .002 33-36 WtGr 40 85 13 2 2.2 4.6 3-8 .26 .32 .08 .002 Gray Hydromorphic : 0-3 GrBr 0 83 14 7.70 .211 8.5 4.9 7,8 1.26 .70 .48 .006 -1 rv 1 Kpan 6-9 BrGr 0 67 17 16 4.6 4.2 6.2 .42 .22 001 21-24 WtGr 0 75 14 11 2.7 4.1 4.5 .28 .16 .U7 .001

0-3 DkGr 3 85 13 2 .205 4.8 4.7 7.2 1 11 .35 .39 .005 2 Klay.. 6-9 GrBr 8 87 4 4.1 4.4 2.8 22 .17 .12 .001 21-24 Br 15 93 2 2.2 4.4 1.0 15 .10 .05 .000

0-3 DkBr 0 49 32 19 7.22 .211 12.6 4.7 15.5 3.34 1.00 .74 .032 3 Sálala 6-9 Br 0 32 36 32 8.2 4.1 11.8 1.02 .75 .21 .010 21-24 YBr 0 32 38 30 5.0 4.2 9-2 .98 .67 .18 -003

{ 0-3 DkBr 0 82 2 16 4.76 .196 10.5 4.2 10-0 .22 .30 .78 .001 4 7 mi. north of Í12-15 BrGr 0 68 25 7 7.2 3.9 3.5 .11 .12 .10 .000 Tappita. 121-24 GrY 0 60 10 30 8.8 4.0 6.1 .21 .26 .05 .000 [33-36 BrY 1 65 21 13 7.4 4.0 4.7 .15 .20 .05 .000 0-3 DkBr 0 77 7 16 4.66 .181 9.5 4.2 9.2 .42 .31 .58 .002 5 Bomi Hills... 6-9 DkGr 0 67 10 23 7.0 3.9 4.8 .21 .16 .08 .000 21-24 BrY 0 67 15 18 7.4 3.8 3.5 .15 .14 .00 .000

0-3 DkBr 0 71 21 3.75 .112 7-8 4.5 7.2 .77 .35 .29 .002 6 Greenville... 6-9 Br 0 60 24 16 4.6 4.1 4.2 .32 -16 .08 .000 121-24 YGr 0 61 28 11 2.8 4.1 2.5 .10 .00 .000 Analytical data for individual profiles—Continued o IN5

Gray Hydromorpliic- Inches Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Con. 0-3 DkBr 0 81 11 2.23 0.066 2.0 4.4 3.0 0.31 0.20 0.28 O.OOl 7 Greenville. . . . 6-9 BrY 0 87 6 1.0 3.8 2.5 .05 .04 .00 .000 21-24 BrY 0 90 2 : .5' 3.9 1.8 .10 -00 .00 .000

0-3 DkBr 0 71 18 11 3.96 .117 6.0 4.6 6.6 1.02 .41 .28 .005 8 Sasstown. 6-9 DkGr 2 69 17 16 4.5 4.1 4.0 .25 .16 .00 .000 21-24 DkGr 11 80 12 2.2 4.0 3.0 .18 .00 .00 • 000 I

0-3 DkBr 2 86 11 3 4.22 .149 6.1 5.1 5.2 .78 .66 .37 .005 9 Greenville. 6-9 BrGr 2 85 10 5 3.2 4.2 2.4 .12 .15 .05 .000 21-24 WtGr 5 91 1 1.0 4.3 .5 .00 .00 .00 .000

0-3 GrBl 0 74 12 14 4.52 .139 13.6 9.8 1.43 .56 .82 .013 10 Farakay. 6-9 Br 0 73 10 17 7.2 6.5 .51 .28 .22 .005 21-24 WtGr 0 76 16 6.5 5.2 .48 .26 .20 .002 0-3 GrBr 0 78 15 7 4.16 .135 6.2 6.6 .55 .27 .38 .005 11 Webo. 6-9 Br 0 73 13 14 7.5 4.8 .24 .16 .12 .001 21-24 BrGr 2 89 5 6 2.2 2.2 .12 .10 .00 .000

0-3 Gr 0 87 11 2 3.12 .091 4.8 4.5 5.2 .42 .41 .50 .003 12 Webo. 6-9 Br 0 83 12 5 3.0 4.0 2.1 .16 .17 .08 .000 21-24 BrGr 5 91 7 2 1.0 3.9 .10 .05 .000 0-3 DkBr 86 13 1 3.88 .121 5.8 4.6 4.2 .38 .55 ,46 .008 13 Ganta. 6-9 BrGr 87 9 4 2.7 4,0 1.8 .10 .15 .00 .001 21-24 WtGr 87 11 2 1.5 4.1 1.0 .12 .00 .000 0-3 Br 84 11 5 4.16 .126 13.5 4.4 6.8 .52 .25 .24 .003 14 Brewers ville. 6-9 Br 68 15 17 8.6 4.1 4.7 .24 .18 -08 .001 21-24 YBr 80 12 8 4.2 4.1 2.5 .16 .10 .05 .001 0-3 Br 81 7 12 3.88 .116 12,2 4.3 7.5 .48 .31 .26 .002 15 Kakata. 6-9 GrBr 83 3 14 7.2 4.0 5.4 .32 .26 .05 .001 21-24 GrY 72 8 22 8.3 4.0 5.5 .34 .29 .08 .001

0-3 GrBr 79 9 12 3.55 .097 11.0 6.8 .62 .28 .35 .006 16 Jundu. 6-9 Br 74 11 15 7.2 4.4 .25 .19 .12 .001 21-24 YBr 75 10 14 6.3 4.1 .27 .22 .09 .001 0-3 Br 90 8 2 2.11 .074 5.8 3.8 .28 .17 .22 .002 17 Jundu. 6-9 Br 86 11 3 4.2 1.0 .13 .08 .07 .000 21-24 LtBr 86 9 5 1.5 1.2 .16 .10 .05 .000 0-3 DkBr 86 3 11 4.16 .135 4 8.2 .46 .22 .35 .002 18 Klay. 6-9 BrGr 68 14 18 3.9 4.4 .18 .10 .10 .001 20-24 BrY 66 12 22 5.5 4.0 4.1 .18 .12 .05 .000 0-3 BrGr 87 9 5 3.22 .095 8.1 4.5 5.5 .36 .22 .28 .001 19 Bendu. 6-9 BrGr 77 16 7 4.2 4.0 2.2 .12 .09 .10 .000 21-24 YGr 79 13 8 4.8 4.1 2.2 .14 .10 .07 .000 0-3 Br 83 13 4 2.91 .111 14.0 5.4 .38 .24 .33 .002 20 Demai. 3-6 BrY 81 14 6 10.2 2.6 .14 .10 .07 .001 18-24 YGr 92 11 7 7.1 2.1 .12 .11 .05 .000 0-3 BrGr 9 3 3.11 .092 8.2 5.3 .41 .18 .42 .002 21 Gbarnga. 6-9 BrGr 81 13 6 4.2 2.6 .20 .10 .04 .001 21-24 YGr 81 10 7 3.4 2.2 .21 .12 .05 .000 0-3 Br 89 8 3 2.24 .081 6.0 4.6 .29 .32 .28 .001 22 Plebo. 6-9 LtBr 79 16 5 3.5 1.8 .10 .17 .07 .000 20-24 YBr 82 13 5 2.0 1.5 .08 .15 .00 .000 Analytical data for individual profiles^Continued o

Gray Hydromorphic— Inches Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent p,p.rn. pH Con. Í 0-3 GrBr 0 93 5 2 2.24 0.081 4.2 4.4 4.6 0.36 0.24 0.27 0.002 23 Careysburg \ 6-9 Br 0 87 9 4 1.5 3.8 1.4 .11 -09 .00 ,000 [21-24 GrY 0 85 7 8 1.6 3.8 2.1 .15 .12 ,00 .000

Í 0-3 GrBr 0 74 15 11 3.23 .108 12.8 5.3 6.1 1.12 .44 .38 .009 24 Gbarnga. ^ 6-9 Br 5 79 13 8 5.5 4.1 3.6 .28 .16 .10 .001 [20-24 YBr 2 66 18 16 8.7 4.3 4.4 .39 .22 .09 .001

f 0-3 GrBr 0 77 11 12 3.21 .101 15.6 4.8 7.2 .68 ,52 .26 .003 25 Careysburg \ 6-9 Br 0 71 14 15 8.7 4.1 5.0 .22 .24 .00 ,001 [20-24 YBr 76 15 9 6.2 4.2 3.2 .18 .19 .00 .001

Í 0-3 Br 0 75 14 11 4.75 .118 15.0 5.1 8.9 2.25 1.07 .64 .009 9A TCflli-fitiï 6-9 BrGr 5 67 12 21 7.8 4.0 6.5 .41 .29 .05 .001 [20-24 YGr 18 55 17 28 9.6 4.1 6.6 .48 .27 .09 .001 Í 0-3 Br 2 80 17 3 3.05 .121 12.0 4.8 4.1 .35 .30 .40 .002 9,7 TnnnitA 1 6-9 BrGr 6 69 24 7 6.8 4.0 3.2 .10 ,08 .05 ,001 [20-24 GrY 11 88 9 3 2.2 4.2 1.4 .05 .10 .05 .000

Í 0-3 Br 3 83 13 4 3.16 112 10.0 4.8 5.2 .70 .25 .28 .002 9R TTflkflffi \ 6-9 GrBr 2 76 18 6 5.8 4.2 3.3 .28 .11 .06 .000 20-24 BrGr 7 85 11 4 3.2 4.1 1.0 .06 .05 .05 .000 Í 0-3 GrBr 85 10 5 2.55 .096 5.6 5.1 4.1 .51 .32 .24 .002 29 Kakata. ] 6-9 BrGr 88 8 4 4.2 2.0 .13 .19 .07 .000 [20-24 YGr 81 12 7 4.0 LI .08 .10 .06 .000 Í 0-3 DkGr 87 7 6 2.24 .078 11.0 4.8 5.5 .75 .20 .36 .004 30 Careysburg. 6-9 BrGr 74 12 14 5.0 4.3 3.8 .24 .12 .11 .001 21-24 GrY 82 10 3.3 4.3 2.6 .22 .09 .09 .000 1 0-3 DkGr 81 14 5 4.22 .135 17.0 4.8 4.9 .65 .43 .38 -004 31 Cape Mount ! 6-9 BrGr 85 4 11 5.6 4.2 3.5 .32 .25 .10 .001 [20-24 GrY 79 7 14 5.5 4.2 3.2 .28 .24 .06 .000 0-3 DkGr 80 12 4.38 .128 17.0 4.6 6.2 .58 .43 .39 .004 32 Jundu 6-9 BrGr 66 19 15 5.8 4.0 5.5 .26 .35 .10 .001 20-24 GrBr 59 28 13 4.7 4.0 4.2 .20 .32 .00 .001 0-3 GrBl 69 14 17 5.16 .168 22.0 5.1 7.8 1.09 .66 .44 .004 33 Gbarnga. . . 6-9 Br 70 12 18 12.5 4.2 5.3 .34 .20 .06 .000 20-24 GrY 75 17 5.2 4.0 2.5 .23 .12 .00 .000 0-3 Br 78 17 5 6.15 .200 9.0 4.9 11.4 1.29 1.11 .93 .003 34 Palala 9-12 DkGr 55 20 25 5,8 3.9 6.2 .32 .18 .12 .000 12-18 LtGr 52 30 18 3.1 3.8 5.4 .21 .18 .05 .000 33-36 GrWt 40 38 22 2.2 3.9 5.2 .22 .17 ,05 .000

0-3 DkBr 85 14 1 4.26 .148 5.5 4.5 5.5 .40 .74 .63 .018 35 4 mi. north of 1^16 BrGr 86 10 4 2,4 3.9 2.2 .05 .16 .00 .000 Tappita. . 21-24 WtGr 89 9 2 1.5 4.0 1.0 .00 .18 .00 .000 33-36 WtGr 82 12 2.1 4.1 2.8 .10 .21 .00 .000 0-3 Br 83 14 3 2.92 .112 15.0 5.0 3.8 .46 .51 .90 .006 36 3 mi. north of 4-6 BrY 84 10 6 1.45 .058 11.5 4.4 3.4 .16 .15 .10 .001 Tappita. . 8-12 BrGr 83 9 8 8.2 3.9 2.3 .10 .12 .00 .000 18-24 GrY 93 4 3 2.1 4.0 1.2 .00 .05 .00 .000 33-36 GrY 10 21 6.5 4.0 6.8 .21 .22 .06 .000 Coastal-plain sands: 0-3 GrWt 94 3 3 .64 .015 1.0 4.5 1.0 .22 ,10 .21 .000 1 Sinkor 6-9 BrY 93 3 4 .3 4.1 .6 .17 .05 .000 21-24 BrY 94 2 5 .3 4.2 .5 .16 .00 .000 Analytical data for individual profiles— -Continued

Exchange properties (in milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil)

■ Or- Kind of soil, number'of Depth Color Gravel Sand Silt Clay ganic Nitro- Phos- Acid- Exchangeable Cations profile, and location matter gen phorus ity Ex- change capac- Cal- Mag- Potas- Man- ity cium nesium sium ganese

Coastal-plain sands— Inches Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent p.p.m. Con. { 0-3 GrWt 0 94 4 2 0.89 0.028 1.7 4.7 1,2 0.24 0.12 0.23 0.000 2 fîinkor ] 6-9 BrY 0 93 4 3 .3 4.2 .4 .10 .05 .00 .000 [21-24 BrY 0 94 3 4 .4 4.5 .4 .11 .00 ,00 .000

Í 0-3 BrY 0 98 1 1 .62 .022 1.0 5.5 .8 .23 .10 .15 .000 ^ Sinknr 6-9 BrY 0 95 2 3 .2 4.8 .6 .16 .00 .00 .000 [21-24 BrY 0 96 2 2 -2 4.5 .2 .05 .00 .00 .000

f 0-3 GrWt 0 98 1 1 .50 .019 .8 4 Monrovia 6-9 GrY 0 97 1 2 .4 [21-24 BrY 0 96 1 3 .4

f 0-3 GrWt 0 96 3 1 .55 .014 . 1.0 4.9 .8 .21 .11 ,14 .000 ^ RiTikor 6-9 BrGr 0 94 3 3 .3 4,1 .4 .05 .00 .00 ,000 [33-36 YGr 0 95 2 3 .5 4.0 .3 .05 .00 .00 .000 Í 0-3 YGr 0 92 5 3 1.06 .028 2.0 5.5 1.4 .22 .15 .38 .000 6 Monrovia 6-9 YGr 0 92 4 4 .4 4.8 .7 .11 .05 .05 .000 [33-36 BrGr 0 95 3 2 .2 3.8 .5 .05 .00 .00 .000

f 0-3 YGr 0 98 1 1 .85 .028 1.2 5.5 -8 .15 .10 .16 .000 7 Monrovia ^ 6-9 YGr 0 97 1 2 .5 4.7 .5 .05 .00 .05 .000 33-36 BrY 0 96 2 2 .2 4.6 .5 .05 .00 .00 .000 Miscellaneous sample

1 Gbarnga / 0-3 RBr 45 75 21 4 4.91 .167 8.0 4.4 10.8 2.49 1.02 2.40 .006 \ 3-6 RBr 54 66 20 14 3.10 .098 8.9 4.5 8.3 2.55 1.11 1.46 .005 Í 0-3 DkBr 8 75 16 9 3.63 .137 10.0 4.8 8.5 1.70 .24 .59 .004 2 Tappita. 1 3-6 Br 3 76 17 7 2.17 .080 12.2 4.3 7.3 .58 .11 .09 .002 1 9-12 Br 30 61 16 23 5.3 4.0 6.2 .22 .15 .07 .001 [15-18 RBr 66 51 22 27 5.5 4.1 6,2 .23 .18 .06 .002 { 0-3 RBr 63 79 16 5 4.96 .175 5.0 5.1 6.1 .47 .13 2.07 .013 3 Tappita. \ 3-6 Br 38 57 21 22 2,11 .082 9.5 4.4 5.5 .22 .10 .90 .004 [ 9-12 RBr 55 53 19 29 6.4 4.0 5.4 .12 .10 .06 .001

f 0-3 DkRBr 8 85 13 2 4.60 .128 7.5 4.8 6.7 1.76 .67 .93 .006 4 Tappita. ! 3-6 RBr 71 75 14 11 2.62 .091 8.3 5.0 4.6 .69 .54 .87 .002 \12-15 RBr 76 40 39 21 5.8 4.0 5.2 .24 .24 .10 .001 [33-36 RBr 11 40 16 24 7.3 4.0 5.0 .28 .27 .10 .001

Í 0-3 RBr 3 62 23 15 3.63 .133 7.5 4.7 11.5 .85 .75 .10 .008 3-6 BrR 1 56 28 16 2.39 .081 6.4 4.4 9.8 .57 .49 .09 .006 5 Tappita. 6-9 BrR 3 46 35 19 1.37 13.4 4.1 10.8 .32 .26 .09 .007 18-21 RY 5 49 30 21 10.5 3.9 9.5 .32 .17 .04 .004 [33-36 RY 2 34 45 11 5.0 4.0 6.4 .22 .10 .02 .003 6 Kakata / 0-3 DkGr 6 68 18 14 4.24 .133 8.0 4.5 10.0 1.07 .65 .22 .004 \ 3-6 GrBr 20 62 15 23 3.10 .110 7.4 4.1 7.8 .52 .41 .08 .002 7 Kakata. / 0-3 GrBr 4 73 18 9 2.11 .077 10.0 4.6 8.9 1.35 1.02 .11 .005 \ 3-6 BrGr 18 64 24 12 2.44 .085 12.5 4.1 11.6 .77 .72 .10 .004

Í 0-3 RBr 8 62 19 19 2.88 .077 6.2 4.4 5.5 .34 .19 .46 .008 8 Kakata. \ 6-9 BrR 17 50 22 28 5.1 4.0 4.9 .19 .10 .17 .004 [21-24 BrR 28 49 26 25 4.6 3.9 4.6 .12 .11 . 09 .004 Í 0-3 RBr 21 63 20 17 2.20 .060 4.8 4.4 4.8 .44 .39 .22 .001 9 Kakata, 6-9 BrR 28 61 17 22 5.2 4.0 4.5 .15 .18 .05 -000 [21-24 BrR 66 16 4.2 4.0 4.7 .18 .17 .07 .000