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Kensington and Norwood Heritage Survey - Stage 2

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Kensington and Norwood Heritage Survey - Stage 2 .. ' .-;-_·_·~ .... ' HERITAGE INVESTIGATIONS KENSINGTON AND NORWOOD HERITAGE SURVEY - STAGE 2 (SOUTH AUSTRALIA) PART ONE : GENERAL REPORT Prepared for the City of Kensington and Norwood and the Heritage Conservation Branch of the Department of Environment and Planning, by John Dallwitz and Susan Marsden of Heritage Investigations, with Council's Honorary Historian, Daniel Manning, assisted by Rima D'Arcy, Margaret Mary Vervoorn and Peter Villis. Adelaide 1985. Funded by the City of Kensington and Norwood and the Australian Heritage Commission (National Estate Programme, 1983/84). Cover illustration A view of St. Matthews Church and rectory, painted in 1860 by Miss E. Stonehouse, which also suggests the quiet rural atmosphere of the early village of Kensington. The Church was built on Kensington Road in 1848-1849 and the rectory in 1850. Both buildings, shown here in their original form, were later enlarged. Original painting held in the collection of the City of Kensington and Norwood. CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 1. The physical, historical and architectural context 5 1.1 The physical setting 5 1.2 History 12 1. 2.1 1836-1860: the pioneering period 12 1. 2. 2 1861-1880: making a town 22 1. 2.3 1881-1920: suburban town 27 1.2 .4 1921-1950: the town slumbered 33 1.2.5 1951-present: pressures and threats 37 1.3 Domestic architectural styles and 45 construction 1.3 .1 1838-1860 46 1.3. 2 1861-1880 50 1.3 .3 1881-1920 52 1.3 .4 1921-1950 54 1.3 .5 1951-present 57 2. Items and areas 62 2.1 Key to inventory 62 2.2 Inventory of heritage items 66 2.3 Location maps of heritage and character items 85 2.4 List of character items 103 2.5 Heritage conservation areas and map 119 3. Recommendations 121 3.1 Recommendations to Council 121 3.2 Recommendations to the Department of 122 Environment and Planning Bibliography 123 Appendices A. Acknowledgements B. Excerpts from Daniel Manning's 11 Heritage Survey: the City of Kensington and Norwood" (1980) concerning the survey approach and recommendations C. Sample item identification sheets D. Letter to property owners concerning the Survey KENSINGTON AND NORWOOD HERITAGE SURVEY CITY OF KENSINGTON AND NORWOOD Heritage Investigations Adelaide 1985 1 INTRODUCTION The City of Kensington and Norwood is one of the smallest and most historically interesting inner urban areas of Adelaide. Extending eastwards towards the foothills from Adelaide's eastern parkland boundary, the district rapidly attracted settlers and soon developed as a suburban town. Settlement began in 1838, eighteen months after the foundation of the Province of South Australia. Local government was granted in 1853 when the existing villages of Kensington and Norwood were incorporated into the Town of Kensington and Norwood, the first proclaimed in South Australia. Kent Town was added in 1856 and there have been no subsequent changes to the boundaries. In 1853, Kensington and Norwood had a population of 2,500; by 1880 there were 10,000 and the district was considered to be fully developed. The stability of its boundaries and the extent of its early development has contributed to Kensington and Norwood's extensive and enduring built heritage, reinforced by the district's popularity as a place of urban residence, which has rarely abated. Every phase of urban settlement, from the vernacular buildings of the pioneering era to the present day is fully represented in Kensington and Norwood. Thus, apart from the historical significance of this area which contains some of the earliest suburban villages and subdivisions in South Australia, Kensington and Norwood provides a remarkably intact range of metropolitan dwelling types and other buildings and structures dating from the earliest years of settlement in South Australia. In recent years the Council (the City of Kensing·ton and Norwood) has become fully aware of the heritage significance and it has a firmly stated intention 11 to preserve the historic character of the city". The Council, jointly with the Heritage Conservation Branch of the Department of Environment and Planning, engaged Daniel Manning to undertake a heritage survey of the city. This was completed (in draft form) in 1980. It included a physical and historical account, and a heritage inventory, which contained items considered to be 11 "major elements of the heritage of Kensington and Norwood 1 as well as items considered to be "good examples of the character which is 11 desired to be preserved in Kensington and Norwood , and others of historical or streetscape value. The present study was commissioned by the Council and the Heritage Conservation Branch as Stage Two of the Kensington and Norwood Heritage Survey. The survey team included Susan Marsden and John Dallwitz of Heritage Investigations, with Council's Honorary Historian, Daniel Manning, assisted by Rima D'Arcy, Margaret Mary Vervoorn and Peter Villis. The work was conducted during 1984. The main objectives of the survey were to prepare a Report and Item Identification Sheets consistent with the requirements of the Branch, as part of the ongoing heritage survey, inventory and evaluation of the State. Kensington and Norwood forms part of Historical Preservation Region 2 (Adelaide Metropolitan Area). The structure and contents of 2 this report are in accord with these objectives. Part One, the General Report, provides the historical outline, listings of heritage items and areas, brief descriptions and assessments of these and recommendations. Part Two consists of the individual Item Identification Sheets which define and describe items of heritage significance, each illustrated with a black and white photograph. The methodology of the survey was based upon that previously established by Heritage Investigations, particularly in the course of surveys of Historical Preservation Regions 8 (Lower North) and 5 (Murray Riverlands) , and as specified in the survey brief. However, in the course of the Kensington and Norwood Heritage Survey, and following discussions with the City Planner, the approach was adapted to contribute to planning and redevelopment proposals currently in preparation for areas within the Council. Thus, the objectives of the survey have been enlarged in order to satisfy both the needs of the heritage evaluation programme for the Register of State Heritage Items and of the City of Kensington and Norwood, for the purposes of planning development and control, incorporating local heritage items and areas. These objectives required that the team be involved in discussions with and advice to the City Planner (see also Section 2.5 of this Report). They influenced the team's designation and description of heritage areas and required not only documentation and illustration of individual "A" items (recommended for the Register of State Heritage Items) but also "B" items (items of local heritage significance) and the preparation of a character item list. The recommendations (Section 3 of this Report) also reflect the general and the specific local objectives of the survey and they are directed to the Department of Environment and Planning and the City of Kensington and Norwood respectively. 3 The re-made landscape: the view from The Parade looking across Norwood towards the Mount Lofty Ranges (in the background), taken in about 1910. From the South Australian Archives. 5 1. THE PHYSICAL, HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL CONTEXT 1.1 THE PHYSICAL SETTING The City of Kensington and Norwood has an area of only 392 hectares, extending 3.5 kilometres from the East Parklands of Adelaide, eastward towards the foothills. The Town Hall is at the strategic and geographical centre, 3.5 kms from the G.P.O. Adelaide. Settlement began in 1838 and Local Government was granted in 1853, when the villages of Kensington, Norwood and Marryatville, were incorporated as the Town of Kensington and Norwood. Kent Town was added in 1856 and there have been no subsequent changes to the boundaries. Subdivisions within the City of Kensington and Norwood are Kent Town (Section 255), Norwood (Sections 260, 261, 276 and 277), Kensington (Section 289), Marryatville and Heathpool (Section 290). Part of Section 290, west of First Creek, was subdivided in the 1920s and named Toorak East. This area is now part of Heathpool. Six sections were specified in the Proclamation granting municipal government in 1853. The sections, of 54.27 hectares each, (original 134 acre Preliminary Sections, surveyed for holders of Land Orders) were taken up immediately following the first Land Ballot in May 1838. Three wards were named in the Proclamation, West Norwood, East Norwood and Kensington. Kent Town was added as a ward in 1856. City boundaries coincide with section boundaries, and are on streets, except along the eastern and part of the southern boundary of Heathpool. The last new street to be constructed was Appelbee Crescent in 1984. The major natural features are First and Second Creeks, which were important sources of water for pioneer settlers. The original blocks of Kensington and Norwood were laid out to provide the maximum number of creek frontages. Land along the creeks was the first to be settled, although an exception to this typical pioneer practice occurred in Section 260 (Reeves' Blocks). First Creek, once known as Greenhill Rivulet, is historically important but this has never been popularly recognised. Hutchinson and Burt traversed the creek in 1837. Settlement followed in Kensington in 1838, generally along its banks. No part of the creek was publicly accessible, until the creation of the Corporation reserve in Heathpool, adjoining Tusmore Park, and the purchase of land at the corner of Free and Bond Streets in Norwood, in 1977, as open space. The creek iS an underground drain or covered channel for most of its course through the City. In Flinders Street the creek is marked by a brick parapet· of the old bridge, built about 1870, but the bed of the creek is obscured by bamboo and exotic growth, and is currently being diverted and driven underground in this vicinity.
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