The Routledge History of Monarchy the Biblical King Solomon In

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The Routledge History of Monarchy

Elena Woodacre, Lucinda H.S. Dean, Chris Jones, Russell E. Martin, Zita Eva Rohr

The biblical king solomon in representations of western european medieval royalty

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315203195-4 Laura Fábián Published online on: 25 Jun 2019

How to cite :- Laura Fábián. 25 Jun 2019, The biblical king solomon in representations of western european medieval royalty from: The Routledge History of Monarchy Routledge Accessed on: 24 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315203195-4

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The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 03:38 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315203195, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315203195-4 larly among Carolingian and Byzantine rulers. The analysiswillthen focus ona the chapterwilltouchon the earlyinstancesofso-called‘newSolomons’,particu instances selectedinthisstudy are,however,particularlynotableexamples.First, Solomonic typologywascertainly notattachedtoeverymedievalruler’simage.The royal one whichmanymedievalrulerssoughttoimitate. 10:18–20), key the templehebuilt(1Kings6)andhispalace 7),tohisthrone(1Kings king. Legendaryobjectsaswellvirtueswereconnected withhim,rangingfrom have drawntheattentionofQueenSheba,who travelledtomeetwiththe the samechild.Moreover,hisrichkingdomandfamed knowledgeweresaidto he resolvedadisputebetweentwowomenwhoboth claimedtobethemotherof sodes concerningtheking,suchas‘Solomon’sJudgement’, anincidentinwhich involvement inmagicalpractices. (1 Kings10:14,23),wisdom Solomon wasintermittentlyassociatedwithpeace, to createafixedimageofhim. associations, somenegative,meantitwasimpossible,however,formedievalauthors viewed inthethirteenthandfourteenthcenturiesasexampletoemulate.Varied for rulers,especiallyintheearlyMiddleAges. tices. ancient traditionheldthatSolomonacquiredhisknowledgethankstomagicalprac became idolatrousandturnedawayfromGodattheendofhislife.Moreover,an that derivedpartlyfromthefacthewasinfluencedbyhiswivesandlovers, ical guidesforkingsaswelllaypeople.Anambivalencesurroundedhischaracter Ecclesiastes Middle Ages.Hewasthepresumedauthoroffourbiblicalbooks, King David, was a popular model for kings from the early centuries of Europe’s King Solomon,thefamously wise ruleroftheOldTestamentandsuccessor to This chapter will examine the way in which King Solomon was employed as a The highlightedaspectsoftheSolomonicidealvariedthroughagesas 1 David,alongsideSolomon,wasoneofthemostfavouredbiblicalexemplars exempla THE BIBLICALKINGSOLOMONIN REPRESENTATIONS OFWESTERN EUROPEAN MEDIEVALROYALTY , the inthemedievalwestbetween theninthandfourteenthcenturies.A 6 Song ofSongs andring. 7 Solomon’sTempleinJerusalembecameanarchetype, andthe 4 and,notwithoutpotentiallynegativeconnotations, 5 Laura Fábián FromtheBible,weknowofseveralfamousepi Book ofWisdom 54 2 2 Yet,Solomonbecameincreasingly , whichservedasethicalandpolit 3 justice(1Kings3:16–28),wealth Book ofProverbs * , - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 03:38 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315203195, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315203195-4 ular literature,folklore,Islamicculture,magicaltreatises,thevisualartsandpolitical to increasehisreputationthroughtheuseofbiblicaltypology? When andhowdidamonarchengageconsciouslyinimitatingSolomonasstrategy be discussed:WhichaspectsofSolomonwereselectedandpromotedforemulation? his near contemporaries, the English king, Richard II. The following questions will king, thefourteenth-centuryFrenchrulerCharlesVWiseincontrastwithoneof Alfonso XtheWiseofCastile.Finally,itwillconsideraquintessentiallySolomonic thirteenth-century groupofkings:SaintLouisIXFrance,HenryIIIEnglandand Carolingian rulerstogether withtheiradvisorsfollowedthisearlierpractice. period and is evident in the works of Gregory of Tours and Sulpicius Severus. The The useoftheBibleforpolitical purposeswasalreadycurrentintheMerovingian the negativeexampleofakinglikeSaul. ous models at thesametime,including David, Joshua, typology couldbemixed,andtherulers’contemporaries sometimesappliednumer activating certainassociations.’ much morecommontofindacomplexsystemofimplicit guidelineswhichaimsat This comparisonisnotevidentineveryexample,but asElkaBakalovaputit:‘Itis exception of instances in which an author placed particular emphasis on Solomon. direct comparisoncanbedrawnbetweenSolomon and aspecificrulerwiththe spicuous bytheirabsence.Thisstudyfocusesprimarily onthoseinstanceswhena king wasreferredtoonmultipleoccasionsorotherOldTestamentkingswerecon citations mighthelptoconveytheauthor’s general opinionabout Solomon ifthe in amirrorforprincesthatcontainsindirectreferencestobiblicalfigures need notbeconsidered.However,cautionisrequired:insomecases–forexample which citationsassociatedwithSolomonappeartohavenoparticularsignificance as sonofDavidorfatherRehoboam,canbediscounted.Similarly, many casesin Those examplesthatfeatureSolomonasasupportingactor,is,forexample, on thehistoricalcontextandgenreofsource–fromgeneralcitations. to separate specific allusions to the ruler as a new Solomon – which always depend from Proverbsbeingonlyoneexample.Methodologically,itisimportant,therefore, val authorstoquotetheBibleinsupportoftheirarguments, message aboutkingshipandpoliticalthought.Itwas,ofcourse,commonformedie sources connectedwithroyalty. however, restrictitselftoexploringpolitical,liturgical,poeticalandiconographical in whichtwopilgrims met withSolomon during theirtravels. and AlexandertheGreat,anepisodeinlegendofEdwardConfessor English text logue Bible. Inthisrespect,goodexamplesofvernaculartextsincludetheentertainingdia interpret themysteryaroundwayinwhichfigureofSolomondevelops writings. Besidesclericalwritings,vernacularliteraturesoughttofillthegapand In mostcases,citationsoftheSolomonicbooksinsourceshavenointended The traditionofSolomonincorporatesscripturalandtheologicalsources,vernac Solomon andMarcolf KING SOLOMONINREPRESENTATIONS OF ROYALTY Solomon andSaturnII Carolingian rulersandthe Byzantinetradition Early medievalkingship: theexampleof , whichappearedinvariouslanguages,thecloselyrelated 11 Weneedtokeepinmindthattheuseofbiblical , orpopularlegendslikethatofKingSolomon 14 55 12 Melchizedek, the Magi 9 thewordsofSolomon 8 Thischapter will, 10 –such 13 or 15 - - - - -

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 03:38 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315203195, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315203195-4 circles. First,itisworthmentioningCharlemagnebecausewascommonplace Testament figures,butpopesalsoreliedonthismethodofparallelism. only didtheleadingclericsofCarolingiancourtcomparetheirkingstoOld Not to therhetoricofpeace,and Charleswasaparticularlywell-educatedkingamong including theactivityofHincmar ofReimsandSeduliusScottus–wassusceptible of Louis’ssuccessor,Charles theBald,aswell.Theculturalmilieuofhiscourt – Solomon’s characterandevidentlyconnectedittoLouis. of aspect peaceful ( Amalarius ofMetz David. King as warlike as asSolomonwhileCharlemagnewas peaceful as was in hisworkaboutCharlemagne( Stammerer Solomon andLouis’speacefulreigns.After death, themonkNotker doms inEurope. chastely and while Solomon ruled only Israel, Louis was able to rule all the king also stressedthattheFrankishkingwasmorepowerful inhisheart;helivedmore tant. Intheconversation,Popenotonlycompared LouistoSolomon,buthe language wasnotprominentinthiswork,theSolomonic comparisonisimpor Stephen IVduringtheirmeetingin816.Despitethe factthatErmoldus’sbiblical rehabilitation. unclear; certainlyhecreatedhis poem duringhisbanishmentinthehopeof of Aquitaine.Ermoldus’sbiographyandthereasonforhisexilebyLouisare In honoremHludowici model playedaheightenedroleincourtcircles. his kingshipwascharacterizedasamoreirenicperiodinwhichtheSolomonic fication. Followinghisconqueringfather,Louiswasproclaimedapiousking,and was openlypraisedasanewSolomon,drawingonthebiblical‘father-son’identi however, wasmostlyaDavidicrulerintheeyesofhiscontemporaries. activity. tle analogybetweenthetemplebuildingofSolomonandCharlemagne’ssimilar not a concrete comparison between the two rulers, this could be taken as a sub took careofhischurchandthecorrectobservanceritesatAachen. Earth (1Kings9:6).AsMaryGarrisonnoted,EinhardmentionedthatCharlemagne would rule.However,ifSolomonwasidolatrous,hisheirsbewipedfromthe God promisedthatifSolomonkeptGod’scommandmentsandthefaith,hisheir authors. IntheBible,whenTemple was finished butpriortoitsconsecration, classical antiquetraditionoverthebiblicalquotationsreliedonbyothermedieval named biblical personage at all. This was the result of his general preference for the other hand, Einhard, writing in his tion, Charlemagne’sbuildinginAachenwascreatedasasecondJerusalem. of Solomonanddrawingaclearparallelbetweenthem.Accordingtothisinterpreta being constructedbytheartofmostwiseSolomon’, emerged inaletter.AlcuinwrotetoCharlemagnethatthechapelAachen‘is queror, wasdefinitelynotapeacefulSolomon-likeking,buttheSolomonanalogy the tendency to use biblical figures incourtlyrhetoric. that in his court he was called – among other things – ‘David’. This demonstrates By wayofabriefillustration,wecanrefertosomeexamplesfromCarolingian The parallelbetweenaCarolingian ruler andSolomon was employedinthe case Charlemagne, asDavid,embodiedanothertypology:hisson,LouisthePious, 21 DespitetheletterofAlcuinandEinhard’spossibleallusion,Charlemagne, 24 ThepoemwasanimaginarydialoguebetweenLouis andPope 25 Intwootherexamples,theauthorsdrawananalogy between ( c c .820), intheprefacetohis .826–9) described Louis as a fine example to his son, Pipin II II .826–9) describedLouisasafineexampletohisson,Pipin LAURA FÁBIÁN Vita Caroli Magni 56 Gesta KaroliMagni 23 Liber officialis ThepoetErmoldusNigellus’s , did not refer to Solomon as a 18 invokingthebuilder-aspect 17 Charlemagne, as acon ) statedthatLouis , emphasizedthe 22 16 19 20 Onthe While 27 26 ------

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 03:38 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315203195, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315203195-4 and Solomon. William Diebold pointed outthata parallel couldbedrawn between under the patronage of Charles the Bald and contains a portrait of both the king Carolingian kingdoms. who ruledoverIsraelandJuda;onlysuchapeacefulmonarchcouldprevailintwo kingdoms. three Bald, afterexpandinghispowertoLorrainein869,wasablereunitetwoofthe paternal sceptre,apeacemaker,likeSolomon’.Inthehistoricalcontext,Charles Charles, andformulatedanillustriousparallelforhisarrivalatMetz:‘Holdingthe the Carolingianrulers. was viewedasanotherSolomon. ThisconceptionoftheSaxondynastywasreflected logical pairing. The Holy Roman Emperor Otto I was called a new David and his son received hiswisdomasagift fromGod,likeSolomon. years later,in912,thepatriarch NicholaswrotetothepopesaythatLeohad that Leocouldbecounted inthecompanyofSolomonandotherwisemen.A few be rememberedasa‘goldenage’. new Solomon,bothduringhislifetimeandafterdeath, whenhisreigncameto church buildingandpossessedgreatknowledge.Hewas aclassicexampleofanearly nected Leo’sreigntoSolomoninthathewasconcerned forthelaw,interestedin extent hebuiltanideologyfocusedonthevirtueof wisdom. the education of his son. Emperor Leo VI was unusual among Byzantine rulers to the that BasilIwasdescendedfromthelowerranksofsociety, andhewasattentiveto and thisfactcouldalsohaveinfluencedhisson’slink toSolomon.Itwaswellknown the Wise.Basil,founderofMacedoniandynasty, wasreferredtoasDavid, Solomon. Themostprominentexampleofthiscustom wasBasilIandhissonLeoVI and tenthcenturiesthatwhilethefatherwasanewDavid,hissonknownas in whichinfluenceflowedcannotbedeterminedwithcertainty. certainly real,inthespecificcaseofOldTestamentmodelsoriginsanddirection Tougher observes, competition between the Byzantine and Carolingian courts was considered itSolomon’soriginalthroneorjustareproduction. the hallofMagnaurainConstantinople,butitisunclearwhetherByzantines endary throne.The the TempleofJerusalem. ninth- andtenth-centurysources,theseincludedthechalicegoldentablefrom of HagiaSophia,thechurchwasalsoalocationforSolomonicrelics.Accordingto Hagia Sophia–‘Solomon,Ihaveoutdonethee.’ the sixth-centuryemperorJustinian’sfamousexclamation–utteredinrelationto were alsoacelebratedaspectofthebiblicalking.Thistendencywasexemplifiedby builder. In Constantinople the Throne of Solomon tury. IntheByzantinetradition,Solomonappearedmostlyasanexampleofaroyal models. Forexample,hepicturedConstantineasanewMosesinthefourthcen The Greek antecedents go back to Eusebius who invoked several Old Testament such asPharaohorSaul. Charles’s depiction might also be likened to that of other royal figures in theBible, the twocompositionsbecauserulers’appearancesaresimilar.However, The FranksandtheByzantine emperorswerenottheonlyonestousethistypo As withtheFrankishroyalfamily,Byzantinesadoptedtraditioninninth Naturally, thisidealizedimageofkingshipwasfamiliarintheByzantinecourt. 29 KING SOLOMONINREPRESENTATIONS OF ROYALTY In the eyes of Sedulius, Charles – in this typology – became the Solomon Book ofCeremonies 28 30 Seduliuscomposedan 31 Inaddition,thesumptuous 35 Themostfamousobject,however,wasSolomon’sleg 39 In907,thediplomatLeoChoirosphakteswrote alludestoamechanicalthrone( 57 34 adventus Beyondthesymbolicsignificance 32 40 and the S. PaoloBible versein869,dedicatedto 38 Severalwriterscon 37 templum Salomonis 36 While,asShaun wasproduced automata ) in 33 - - - -

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 03:38 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315203195, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315203195-4 was made in the tenth century and includes four plates decorated with biblical fig Peña discussesinhischapterthisvolume,thecrownofHolyRomanemperors Testament typologyforpoliticalpurposes. in theworksofHrotsvithavonGandersheim,asecularcanonesswhousedOld arrangement suggeststhat the deliberateintentionwastodrawacomparisonthat (God’s punishmentforhis sin)iscontrastedwithLouis’sdynasticcontinuity.This lancet featuringLouis:Solomon’s failureandthesubsequentcollapseofhisdynasty king, prayingtoanidol.This lancetisplaced,asJordanhasnoted,in to Paris. considered to depict the story of Louis himself, who carried the relics of the Passion numbering system. their hypotheticalarrangementwhilefollowing,principally, LouisGrodecki’solder the panelswererestoredandanumberreplaced.Alyce A.Jordanhasreconstructed to the Book of Kings presented in a narrative form. In the mid-nineteenth century, Old Testament. and culturalaspirationsofLouis.Itwasaroyalprogramme withanemphasisonthe glass windowsoftheSainte-Chapelle,completedin1248, summarizedthepolitical ‘Solomon inBed’windowreferredtoLouisIX. appear inthemedievalwindows( where, withtheexceptionofAdam,Solomonwas onlyOldTestamentfigureto the visualarts.MeredithCohenanalysedwindowsofcathedralReims, larly forLouisandhismotherBlancheofCastile,istosingleoutafewexamplesfrom ers werealsomentionedasdeterrentexamples. Solomon’s justicemainlyin morali principisinstitutione about good or bad kings. Vincent cited Solomon thirteen times, mostly in the and GuibertofTournaifrequentlyusedbiblicalcharacterstoexpresstheirviewpoint ment employedbyauthorsofmirrorsprincesatLouis’scourt.VincentBeauvais new Abraham,MosesorJoshua. was likeKingDavidandSolomonorJosiah,butalsosometimespresentedasa of Louis’srulershiparecomplex,especiallyinregardtotheking’sholiness. As JacquesLeGoffnoted,theOldTestamentmodelsemployedincreatinganimage which theCapetianrulerwaspresentedasoneparticulartypeofSolomonicmodel. to strengthenroyalauthorityincourtcircles. particularly goodexamplesofthedifferentwaysinwhichSolomoncametobeused to OldTestamentfigures,particularlykings. away frompopularancienthistoricalcharacters,suchaslegendaryGreekheroes, Testament figuresandstoriesasmodelsforkingsbegantoflourish.Emphasisshifted From thetwelfth–butespeciallyfromthirteenthcentury,useofOld for theemperors,bothattheircoronationandduringrule. appears aspartofthecomposition.Thisimagefunctionedanimportantmodel ures. BetweenChrist,KingDavid,HezekiahandtheprophetIsaiah,Solomon One waytounderstandtheroleofbiblicalstoriesforCapetians,particu The piety of the French king – and later saint – Louis IX informed the way in 52 Solomonappearsatthetop oftheBookKingslancetasanidolatrous Saint Louis,HenryIIIofEnglandandAlfonsoX 50 Thechapelisapictorialcompositionofbiblicalbooks from Genesis 51 Thelastwindowdepartsfromthebiblicalcycleandis generally becauseofhiswisdom. Eruditio regumetprincipum 46 LAURA FÁBIÁN c OldTestamentlanguagewasacommoninstru .1245–55). MeredithParsonsconcludedthatthe 58 41 AsManuelAlejandroRodríguezdela 44 Threethirteenth-centurykingsoffer 48 49 47 Theiconographyofthestained- GuibertofTournaihighlighted , butSolomon’swivesandlov 42 oppositio 45 tothe Louis De 43 - - - -

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 03:38 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315203195, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315203195-4 the onization feastofLouis,whichtwoaresignificant,the process. TheDominicanpreacherJacobofLausannecreatedfivesermonsforthecan feature prominentlyincommemorativesermonsrelatingtotheking’scanonization Louis thePioushadsurpassedSolomon. This schemawasechoedintheearlierexamplefromErmoldus,whowrotethat relics oftheTrueCross, while, incontrast,Solomonwasshownadoringanidol. implied thatLouiswasabetterkingthanSolomon.inthiscontextcarriedthe tion for the figure of Solomon. Henry was not only drawn towards the biblical king, tion forthefigureofSolomon. Henrywasnotonlydrawntowardsthebiblicalking, pointed out,Boniface’scriticism wasobservableinthisprocess. rapprochement betweenthe popeandtheFrenchking,asM.CeciliaGaposchkin has virtues incontrasttohisgrandfather. Althoughthecanonizationitselfwasasignof the that thepopewasusingthis analogyasacondemnationofPhilipwholackedthose earlier conflictbetweentheFrenchking,PhilipIV Fair,andBoniface.Itisclear Both of them were called pope transformedthecitationsothatStLouissurpassed thegreatnessofSolomon. 10:23) ( ‘And KingSolomonexceededallthekingsofearth in richesandwisdom’(1Kings 11 August1297inOrvieto.Hebeganthesermonwith anOldTestamentreference: the sermonPopeBonifaceVIIIdeliveredaspartof Louis’s canonizationprocesson and hisperiodmarkedthetransitiontowardsthisoutlook. fourteenth-century rulersitbecameacrucialaspectto be bettereducated. was notonlytheproductofdivineknowledgebutalsoanobtainableskill,andfor dentia their learningwithotherscientificdisciplinesandacquirescholarly( enced conceptionsaboutroyalknowledge:besidestheology,rulershadtocomplete was apracticalskillofincreasingpoliticalimportance. While This virtuewasdescribedasagiftfromGod,inthesermonofJacobLausanne. princes started,fromthemid-thirteenthcentury,toprioritizevirtueof mercy. FollowingJohnofSalisbury’sinfluential the tenetsofChristianity,particularlythoserelatingtorulinginpeaceandshowing same connotationimpliedinthestainedglassofSainte-Chapelle. doned thetruefaithunlikeLouiswhoalwaysruledwithjusticeanddivinewisdom, to the wisdom of Solomon, the secularofficesrequiredprudence. version establishedthatforthe‘divinethings’( Jacob emphasizedthatLouisboretwo types ofwisdom, Louis IX.TheconceptionofwisdomasaholygiftappearedintheBversionwhere sermon, God gave wisdom to Solomonfor secular government and did the samefor dom ofSolomonwhosurpassedallkings.Accordingtothetwoextantversions biblical verse,inthiscasetheSongofSongs3:11,whichnotesrichnessandwis and StLouis.Followingtheformofascholasticsermon,pointdepartureis Louis’s contemporary, HenryIII of England, showed a greater personal predilec King Solomoncouldalsobeusedinconcretepolitical situations, aswasthecasein Throughout the Middle Agesitwas a conventional expectation that rulers follow About twenty-sevenyearsafterthedeathofLouis,OldTestamenttypologycameto Rex sapiens ). Thisvirtue’simportanceincreasedandtheemphasisshiftedto sapientia Magnificatus estergorexSalomon,superomnesregesterrae, divitiis etsapiential KING SOLOMONINREPRESENTATIONS OF ROYALTY . 54 wasmostlyatheoreticalandcontemplativevirtue,tobeprudent The Videte regem rex pacificus 56 but here Solomon appears as a guilty figure who aban begins by drawing a clear parallel between Solomon beginsby drawing a clear parallelbetweenSolomon . The political reason for this allusion was the . The political reason for this allusion was the 55 The 59 Rex sapiens divinorum Policraticus 57 (Wisdom 6:23) also referred (Wisdom6:23)alsoreferred ) wisdom was necessary while ) wisdomwasnecessarywhile Aristotelianlanguageinflu sapientia Videte regemSalomonem , authorsofmirrors 59 and prudentia prudentia 58 LouisIX sapientia ). The ). The . This . This and and pru : it 53 . ------

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 03:38 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315203195, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315203195-4 and until the canonization of St Louis, the Capetian dynasty lacked any saint-king. and untilthecanonizationofStLouis,Capetiandynastylackedanysaint-king. logical anddynasticrivalrybetweenFranceEnglandcontinuedforcenturies, Confessor whowasacrucialmodelofthe wise ruler available toHenry. but hesupportedthecultofanearlier‘newSolomon’:saintlykingEdward drew thecomparisonwith latterinhissermons. Pope ClementVIandin1378 thearchbishopofPragueinfuneralemperor compared –toSolomon.Among themwastheEmperorCharlesIVofLuxemburg. were or – far, however,tofindother rulers fromthisperiodwhocomparedthemselves Solomon inRobert’sself-representation isadistinctivecase.Itnotnecessarytogovery to himselfasSolomon’ssuccessor. was toRobert:theAngevinrulerdeliberatelyusedthis modelinspeechandreferred the WiseofNaples.SamanthaKelly’sdetailedanalysisproves howimportantSolomon It isessentialtomentionthemostSolomonicrulerof fourteenthcentury,Robert wisdom canbefoundespeciallyamong‘wisekings’of the fourteenthcentury. to Alfonsoasthewise,Solomonicking. Solomon isportrayedasanexpertinscienceandnature. Thiswasanevidentallusion ordered thetranslationofnineteenmagicalbooks,andin in lawbookswerecertainlynotuniversal,whichmakesthiscasenotable.AlfonsoX because Solomonwasageneralsymbolofjusticeandlaw,yetallusionsto statutory codecitesSolomonseveraltimes. king’s iconographicalprogrammereferredtoSolomonaswell. The Solomon. of uted toAlfonsohimself,impliedthatitcontainedseveralcitations him. Liber Raziel Picatrix cultural patronageviacommissionsofmagicaltreatisesandtranslationssuchas the the reign of theCastiliankingAlfonso X the Wise. Alfonso stronglyemphasized his making inthethirteenthandfourteenthcenturies,appearedspectacularly of Henry’sthroneinvokingthelionsSolomon. new throne,theiconographyofwhichinvokedThroneSolomon:leopards depicted sceneandwasshowntobethenextnewSolomon.Thekingalsoordereda Edward theConfessorsurroundedbyguardians.Henryhimselfcompleted the compositionalludestohim.BehindHenry’sbedwasdepictedcoronationof the WestminsterandWinchesterpaintingsisthatKingSolomondoesnotappear,yet Songs 3:7–8)inacomplexcomposition( stories andthepaintingoftwomilitantguardiansSolomoninBed(Song Paul Binski. Painted Chamber’sstructureandthearrangementoffrescoeswasestablishedby in the lost images of Winchester and in the Painted Chamber of Westminster. The was oneofthemostgenerousEnglishroyalpatrons,atendencywhichisreflected tury, Edward,whowascomparedtoSolomoninhagiographicalliterature.Henry Nonetheless, theEnglishroyalhousehadanationalsaintfromtwelfthcen The magical part of the Solomonic image also came to the fore in royal image- 64 However,the (1256–8)andthe – contain allusions to Solomon, and legends attributed their authorship to to –containallusionstoSolomon,andlegendsattributedtheirauthorship 61 Henry’s interest in biblical kingship appeared in the Old Testament Henry’sinterestinbiblicalkingshipappearedtheOldTestament The widespreadimageoflearnedkings:the Cantigas deSantaMaria wise kingsofthefourteenthcentury Liber Raziel LAURA FÁBIÁN ( 68 This self-conscious and extensive use of King Thisself-consciousandextensive useofKing c .1259). The pseudo-Solomonic books – like the the like .1259). Thepseudo-Solomonicbooks– 67 However, the increasing role of Solomonic However,theincreasingroleofSolomonic 60 c. 1263–72). collection of poems, traditionally attrib poems, of collection 66 In one sense this is not surprising Inonesensethisisnotsurprising 63 69 62 The most striking feature in Themoststrikingfeaturein Liber Raziel 65 The Siete Partidas 60 ’s prologue ’s prologue Theideo - - -

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 03:38 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315203195, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315203195-4 successfully withthisdifficultsituation,Charlesincreasedhisreputation. Étienne MarcelandtheJacquerie,inadditiontoHundredYearsWar.Indealing inherited politicalconflictsatthebeginningofhisrulethatincludedrevolt manuscripts whereSolomonwasanactivefigurewerealsocommissioned.Charles logical workstranslatedatCharles’scourt,wereattributedtoSolomon. court, somethingwhichcharacterizedtheruleofbothkings. Alfonso XandCharlesVonthebasisoftranslationastrologicaltreatisesat the Valoisdynasty,CharlesVWise.Jean-PatriceBoudetdrewaparallelbetween by theinscription:‘Blessed isthelandwhosekingawiseman.’ the two rulers and at Christ at the top of the image. The miniature is accompanied wear crownsordistinctiveblue garments.Below,acrowdofpeoplestareupward at depicted wearingacrownand similarblueclothing,whiletheotherfiguresdo not crowned and wears distinctive blue clothing to indicate he is a king. Solomon is also wise menamongwhomisto befoundSolomon.Charlesissittingonhisthrone;he is is depictedsittinginfrontoftheLatinChurchfathers andphilosophers,agroupof ence tothemessageofmanuscript:akinghadbe literate.Infolio12r,Charles alongside Charleshimself. from atranslationofthe ruler debatingwithscholarsorreadingabook. missioned. The kingwasdepicted several timesindedicationportraitsas a learned latter appearingasamodel,again,seventimesmorethan otherfigures. explanation ofFrenchideology.HereJeandrewfurther attentiontoSolomon,the his own tract ( comparison between Charles V and Solomon. in thisintroductionisevidentlySolomon.Injustifyinghiswork,Jeandrewadirect biblical figurecitedin additionto Solomon isJosephus. Thus,thecentralwise king appears inonlyoneparagraphandAlexandertheGreatthreetimes.The be meaningful,especiallyiftheauthorneglectedothermodelfigures:Charlemagne latter exceededanyotherparagonofintelligencesevenfold. sapiens was theCarmelitetheologianJeanGolein,wroteaprologueaboutidealof a translationofGuillaumeDurand’s this basishelabelledhimanewSolomon. Solomon andwisdom,highlightedthatCharlesVwasawell-educatedking.On Charlemagne, AlexandertheGreat,etc.),hereturnedtoaparticularemphasison cited thewordsofSolomon, in 1372.Inhispreface–whichprecededthetextofBartholomeusCorbechon of thework inner circleandofcoursedirectlytothekinghimself.Charlesorderedatranslation his portraitinmanuscripts.Hence,theSolomonicimagewaspresentedtoCharles’s came toberegardedasa‘goldenage’. scholars, philosophers,translatorsandartistsathiscourt.Afterdeath,reign an efforttoincreaseValois’prestigewithhisroyallibraryandviatheactivityof To show how the Solomonic ideal crystallized, we will examine the third ruler of To showhowtheSolomonicidealcrystallized,wewillexaminethirdrulerof In the Charles V is also notable for the portrait images that appear in the codices he com Solomon appearsintheprologuesdedicatedtoFrenchkingorconnectionwith wherehiscentralfigurewasSolomon. Policraticus KING SOLOMONINREPRESENTATIONS OF ROYALTY De proprietatibusrerum Traité du sacre ’s (1372)dedicationportraitCharlesisreadingabook, arefer 81 ), which was a commentary on the coronation rite and an ), which was a commentaryon the coronation riteandan Policraticus 73 and, after enumerating other ancient sages (Aristotle, and,afterenumeratingotherancientsages(Aristotle, by Bartholomaeus Anglicus from Jean Corbechon byBartholomaeusAnglicusfromJeanCorbechon Rationale divinorumofficiorum , 80 KingSolomonappearsintheminiatures 74 61 In another work commissioned by Charles, InanotherworkcommissionedbyCharles, 75 77 Mentions of Solomon by name in this MentionsofSolomonbynameinthis At the end of the translation he added At the end of the translation he added 79 IntheexampleinFigure2.1,taken 76 Citing Solomon could CitingSolomoncould 70 Manyoftheastro 82 , the translator who , thetranslatorwho BothCharlesand 78 72 He made Hemade 71 Other Other rex rex - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 03:38 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315203195, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315203195-4 Figure 2.1

Valois dynasty. Representation ofCharlesVin hislibrary.MaryEvans/Iberfoto Charles VofFrance,calledthe Wise.KingofFrance(r.1364–80),memberthe Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 03:38 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315203195, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315203195-4 and his words are cited six times, more than any other exemplars. As Iva Rosario He enumerates several wisemodels(such as Platoand Saint Ambrose), but Solomon of aking’sknowledge,whichshowtheideologicalbackgroundroyalcourt. ent that Solomon is the central figure. this miniature with the preface, written by the translator, Denis Foulechat, it is appar appears aneducatedkingandasuccessortothelearnedSolomon. gazes atthemasterscollectingtheirknowledge(symbolizedbybooks)inabasket.He same level,andCharles,sittingonhisthronewithlions(theofDagobert), Solomon appearaswiserulersandtheonlykings.Theyarepositionedon errores etheresesLollardum Solomon. Forinstance,Roger Dymmok,aDominicanfriar,writinginhis applied toRichard’ssumptuous court,whichledtoacomparisonwiththewealth of We canhowevernoteaspecific andrepeateduseoftheSolomon-image.This was wisdom; mission ofthe common, afamousexamplebeingtheWiltondiptych’s iconography. in somecaseswecanfindRichardasSolomoncontemporary writings. He wascertainlynotasinterestedinthepatronageofbooks andeducation.However, to theking.Evidently,RichardwasnotatypicallywiseSolomonic-king likeCharlesV. ambivalent characterofRichard’srule,contemporaries usedbiblicaltypologytorefer Richard’s secondwifewasIsabelleofValois,grandchild ofCharlesV.Despitethe making intheking’sself-representation. manuscript bothdemonstrateanawarenessoftheimportance ofSolomonicimage inscription ‘prudence’,andthe familiar withthewisdom-relatedimagemakingofCharles.Richard’sepitaph, lighted, beseenatthecourtofRichardIIEngland.Saulnotedthatwas thus becamesimilartotheOldTestamentkinginhistalentsandactivities. started todrawexplicitcomparisonsbetweenCharlesandthewiseSolomon; another ballade,writtenforCharles’sfuneral. could becomparedtoSolomonwithregardhislearning.Theideaalsoappearedin tioned thisidea,citingCharlesalongsidetheillustriousexemplarsofpast. Songe duvieilpèlerin ers, praisedhiswisdomandlabelledtheking‘thewiseSolomon’( Hundred YearsWar.PhilippedeMézières,oneofCharles’mostimportantformeradvis and, inparticular,towhatwas,fromaFrenchperspective,disastrousphasethe death. Thisreassessmentwasowedinparttothemadnessofhissuccessor,CharlesVI, certain nostalgia,whichtransformedhisreputationatthecourtafewdecadesafter explicit comparisonswith the biblicalruler. The memory of Charleswas tinged by a to thegrowthofStLouis’spost-mortemreputation:bothrulersbecamesubject Solomon; hewascontenttodrawaclearcomparison. that the French king did not aspire to create a similar ‘crypto-portrait’ of himself of JohnSt priest-king Melchizedekintwomanuscripts,theVyšehradAntiphonalandMissal has pointedout,EmperorCharlesIV,V’suncle,isdepictedresemblingthe It is important to recognize that in Richard’s case, the magi typology was more It isimportanttorecognizethatinRichard’scase,the magitypologywasmore The long-termimpactofCharlesV’sSolomoniclegacycan,asNigelSaulhigh The developmentofCharlesV’simageasa‘newSolomon’afterhisdeathissimilar 90 other sources tended to exclude any mention of wisdom on Richard’s part. othersourcestendedtoexclude anymentionofwisdomonRichard’spart. KING SOLOMONINREPRESENTATIONS OF ROYALTY ř eda. De quadripartitaregisspecie in1389. 85 TheminiatureofSolomonandCharlesVsuggests,bycontrast, (1395),aworkdedicatedto Richard,referredtohimasa 86 Around1380,thecourtpoetEustacheDeschampsalsomen De quadripartitaregisspecie 84 Here Foulechat highlighted the importance 88 represents Richard as possessing Solomonic representsRichardaspossessing Solomonic 63 The family connections are also significant: Thefamilyconnectionsarealsosignificant: 87 In this nostalgic era, contemporaries Inthisnostalgicera,contemporaries (Oxford, Bodley MS 581) (Oxford,BodleyMS581) le saigeSalomon 83 89 Ifwecompare Onlyhiscom De duodecim De duodecim ) in his ) inhis rex rex as - - - - -

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 03:38 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315203195, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315203195-4 Solomon and ascertain the truth regarding rumours of his knowledge. She brought Solomon andascertainthetruthregardingrumoursofhisknowledge.Shebrought employ, especially in this period. terms ofthepoliticalusageOldTestament,thiswasnotaconventionalstoryto sapiens to determinetheendofhis symbolic roleasitisinacasesuchthemagitypology. James VI&I. increase theirpowerinasymbolic way.HenryVIIIemployedreferencestohimas did because ofhiswisdom. ars, bothbecausehewasnamed afterhim–firstamongtheOttomanstobeso and in thesixteenthcentury.SuleimanwasassociatedwithSolomon bymanyIslamicschol early modernperiodSolomonappearedintheeastSuleiman theMagnificent’srule king and wise decisions becamemoreimportant than any failureinthe king’s lifetime. and Solomonickingwasonlyachievedposthumously: knowledge,statusasasacral the currentpoliticalsituation.Sometimesruler’sdesire tocomeacrossasawise of Solomonwasaccentuateddependedon the personalcharacteristicsof king and with the help of their courtiers, his figure could increase their prestige. Which aspect Solomon – alongside King David especially in the early period – when they found that, which tookplacefromthethirteenthcentury.Medieval rulersstartedtoimitate twelfth centuryandtheincreasingimportanceof was connectedwiththerecoveryofOldTestamentimagerythattookplacefrom centuries? Itisquiteimpossibletodeterminetheorigins,butincreasingrole tion withcoronations,courtlyartandliterature,politicalwritingscanonization. this model.Solomonappearedinseveralaspectsofroyalrepresentation:connec archetype. Thischapterhasaimedtopresentthediverseandanalogicfeaturesof Nevertheless, heremained,amongotherthings,thequintessenceofwiseking lacking Solomon’swisdom,Richardatleastmatchedhisluxury. 1399. TheparallelbetweenSolomonandRichardcouldbedescribedasinconsistent: ison isallthemoresignificantifwerememberfactthatRichardwasdeposedin want tofollowgoodcounselandwasthearchetypeofchild-king. the deathofhisfather. Adam ofUskcalledRichard‘Rehoboam’,Solomon’sson,wholosthiskingdomafter biblical comparisons focusing on Richard II seem more ambivalent. The chronicler something that was regarded as wasting the kingdom’s money. household wasfamousforitsluxury–oneexamplebeingextravagantclothing, extravagance wasdistastefulintheeyesofmanycontemporaries. and defendacontemporarypoliticalsituation,eventhoughtherealityofRichard’s positive biblicalparallel.Here,weseethecurioususeofacitationtointerpret comparing thewealthofRichardtothatSolomon,‘protected’hiskingbydrawinga Solomonic wealthinthecontextofcourtlyart,foodandclothes. she wasconvinced.Surprisingly,thefinalpartofDymmok’sdescriptionhighlighted numerous presentstofascinateSolomon.WhentheQueensawluxuryof Solomon, The Solomonic ideal for rulers did not disappear after 1400. For example, in the The Solomonicidealforrulersdidnotdisappearafter 1400.Forexample,inthe Why didSolomonbecomesuchapopularmodelinthethirteenthandfourteenth The roleofKing Solomon asa royal exemplarchanged through the centuries. . 91 He told the story of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba (1 Kings 10:4–7). In HetoldthestoryofSolomonandQueenSheba(1Kings10:4–7).In 99 Solomon was a popular model for rulers for centuries. It is not as easy Solomonwasapopularmodel forrulerscenturies.Itisnotaseasy 98 96 The Tudors and the Stuarts also knew of the use of Solomon to TheTudorsandtheStuarts alsoknewoftheuseSolomonto Rehoboam (1 Kings 12) was a symbol of a king who did not Rehoboam(1Kings12)wasasymbolofkingwhodidnot 92 LAURA FÁBIÁN The Queen of Sheba travelled to Jerusalem to meet The Queen of Sheba travelled to Jerusalem tomeet ∗∗∗ 64 rex sapiens 95 94 On other occasions On other occasions 93 Richard’s immense Richard’simmense Thus Dymmok, by ThusDymmok,by ideal, specifically, ideal,specifically, 97 Thiscompar 100 - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 03:38 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315203195, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315203195-4

20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 4 2 1 9 7 6 5 3 8 ∗

The author is preparing a study of King Solomon as a royal model in the late Middle Ages Hugo Steger, Concerning theambivalentcharacterofKingSolomoninmedievalculture:Gábor for herPhDdissertationproject. (Hannover, 1911),30–31. Einhard, Tales ofKingshipintheMedievalMediterranean biblical Throne of Solomon: Allegra Iafrate, interpretation ofthethrone Charlemagne,suggestingthatthesixstepsalludedto Garrison, “TheFranksastheNew Israel?”154–156.AllegraIafratesubscribestoanearlier Weidmann, 1895),231–35at235. Alcuin, Ep.145, Garrison, “TheFranksastheNewIsrael?”153. Matthew (Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2000),123–124. Charlemagne, Garrison,“TheFranksas the NewIsrael?EducationforanidentityfromPippinto Mary Riché, “LaBibleetlaviepolitique, association withPennStateUniversityPress,2013),151–174. The Index of Christian Art, Department of ArtandArcheology, PrincetonUniversity, in Suicide,” in Benjamin Zweig,“PicturingtheFallenKing:RoyalPatronage andtheImageofSaul’s (unpublished PhDdissertation,EHESS:Paris,2016). Doina-Elena Craciun, ofMedievalHistory Journal M. Cecilia Gaposchkin, “Louis IX, Crusade and the Promise of Joshua in the Holy Land,” Biliarsky andG.RaduP in Elka Bakalova,“KingDavidasaModelfortheChristianRuler:SomeVisualSources, Historica,1938). Reichsinstituts fürälteredeutscheGeschichtskunde(Leipzig:MonumentaGermaniae Berges, Wilhelm Bible Pierre Riché,“LaBibleetlaviepolitiquedanslehautMoyenAge,”in Hélène Allirotet al.(Paris:Perrin,2010),299–309. et lalégendenoireduroiSalomon,”in Jean-Patrice Boudet,“LachroniqueattribuéeàJeanJuvénaldesUrsins,lafoliedeCharlesVI Encounters Allegra Iafrate, “Opus Salomonis: Sorting Out Solomon’s Scattered Treasure,” Micrologus, Natura,Scienze e SocietàMedievali Julien Véronèse and (Leiden: Brill,2002). Pablo A. Torijano, 4:29–34; 1Kings10:1–13. In additiontothefourbiblicalbooksalreadymentionedsee,forexample:1Kings (Oxford: OxfordUniversityPress,2011),56. Paul J.E.Kershaw, Princeton University, 2002). Hans Karl,1961);ColumHourihane, Dichters imMittelalter, nachBilddarstellungendesachtenbiszwölftenJahrhunderts Aevum Mishtooni Bose, “From Exegesis toAppropriation: The Medieval Solomon,” Ivan Biliarsky and G. Radu P in Klaniczay, “TheAmbivalentModelofSolomonforRoyalSainthoodandWisdom,” The BiblicalModelsofPowerandLaw. The BiblicalModelsofPowerandLaw. Lesmodèlesbibliquesdupouvoiretdroit , eds.PierreRichéandGuyLobrichon(Paris:Beauchesnes,1984),385–400. 65(1996):187–210. KING SOLOMONINREPRESENTATIONS OF ROYALTY Vita Karoli Magni Vita 22(2016):328n.3. Patronage. PowerandAgencyinMedievalArt David rex etPropheta. König David alsvorbildlicheVerkörperung und desHerrschers ˮ in Monumenta Germaniae HistoricaEpistolae Monumenta Germaniae The UsesofthePastinEarlyMiddleAges Solomon the Esoteric King. From King to Magus, Development of a Tradition Peaceful Kings.Peace,Power, andtheEarlyMedievalPoliticalImagination Die FürstenspiegeldeshohenundspätenMittelalters Jean-Patrice Boudet,“Lesecretdanslamagierituellemédiévale,” Les Roismages,imagesdupouvoirdesrois enOccident(XII ă un (FrankfurtamMain:PeterLangVerlag, 2008),96. 34(2008):245–274. , eds.O.Holder-Egger, G.H.PertzandG.Waitz, MGHSRG25 ă un (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Verlag, 2008), 75–92; ˮ 385–388. Une histoire pourunroyaume, XII

Notes King DavidintheIndexofChristianArt Les modèlesbibliquesdupouvoiretdroit 65 , 14(2006):101–150. (Leiden:Brill,2016),225. The Wa ndering Throne of Solomon:Objects and , ed.ColumHourihane(Princeton: , IV, ed.ErnstDümmler(Berlin: , eds.YitzhakHenandInnes e –XV Le MoyenAgeetla e . Schriftendes siècle (Nuremberg: e (Princeton: –XVI , eds.Anne- , eds.Ivan Medieval Medium e siècles) , eds. ˮ

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26 46 22 21 45 44 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 25 24 23 43 Steger, clasm, andtheCarolingians ofCharlemagneasanewDavidsee,ThomasF.X.For asummary Noble, Garrison, “TheFranksastheNewIsrael?”156. 579–604. Laura Fábián,“IX.Lajosbibliai királymodellje:Salamonkirály,” Le Goff, (University Park,PA: ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversityPress, 2008),154–167. Stahl, 1996), 452; Harvey Concerning thebackground to this,seeJacquesLeGoff, MTA, 2017),83–103. Relations franco-hongroises auMoyenÂgeII angevine: le roi sageenOccidentauXIV On theshiftingemphasisfromwarriorkingtowisesee LauraFábián,“L’image du (Pennsylvania: PennsylvaniaUniversityPress,2006),148–153. Wolfram,Herwig Angela ConcettaMiceliStout(Turnhout: Brepols,2017),92. Europe: Discourses, Rites, and Representations The PoliticalTheologyofRoyalWisdom,”in Manuel AlejandroRodríguezdelaPeña,“Sapientialrulership intheEleventhCentury: Tougher, “TheWisdomofLeoVI,”177. Dumbarton Oaks,2010),175–197;Tougher, Testament inByzantinum Claudia Rapp,“OldTestament ModelsforEmperorsinEarlyByzantinum,” Tougher, Tougher, Shaun Tougher, Tougher, “The WisdomofLeoVI,”174;Allegra, Variorum, 1994),173. Renewal inByzantium,4th–13thCenturies Shaun Tougher, “The WisdomofLeoVI,”in andCollection,2010),223–253. DC: DumbartonOaksResearchLibrary Architecture,” in Robert Ousterhout, “NewTemples andNewSolomons: The RhetoricofByzantine Allefrate, Bulletin William J.Diebold,“TheRulerPortraitofCharlestheBaldinS.PaoloBible, Buchgesellschaft, 1968),430–432. in derKarolingerzeit pared toDavidaswellSolomon:HansHubertAnton, Anton emphasizedthatthisresemblancewasuniquebecauseCharlestheBaldcom Nelson, Kingship Naples (1309–1343)andFourteenth-Century analysis seeKershaw, Janet L.Nelson, 988; Kershaw, Symphosius Amalarius, (Berlin, 1959),89; Taten Kaiser Karls des Grossen [von] Notker der Stammler (University Park,PA: PennsylvaniaStateUniversityPress,2009),148–149. Lives byEinhard, Notker, Thegan,andtheAstronomer Ermoldus, The popewasrecallingthewordsofqueen: This is an allusion to 1 Kings 10:1–13, the meeting of the Queen of Sheba and Solomon. Clarendon Press,1987),111. Godman, Peter Kershaw, 76(1994):12–14. David rex Charles theBald Saint Louis Peaceful Kings The ReignofLeoVI The ReignofLeoVI The Wandering Throne Secretum secretorum Peaceful Kings , 126–127. The ReignofLeoVI(886–912) Charles theBald The OldTestament inByzantinum Poets and Emperors: Frankish Politics and Carolingian Poetry Conrad II,990–1039:Emperor ofThree Kingdoms Charlemagne andLouisthePious , 448–463,813. , BonnerhistorischeForschungen,32(Bonn:Wissenschaftliche Peaceful Kings , 174–189. , 219–220. , eds.PaulMagdalinoandRobertS.Nelson(Washington, DC: De ecclesiasticis officiis libriquatuor De ecclesiasticisofficiis (Philadelphia:UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress,2009),234–35; Picturing Kingship. History andPainting in the Psalter ofSaint Louis Picturing Kingship. History , 181–182. , 110. , 126n.109. e siècle et un exemple concernant la Hongrie à l’époque siècleetunexempleconcernantlaHongrieàl’époque deLouisleGrandHongrie,”in , 55–105. (London:Longman,1992),15,83.Foramoredetailed LAURA FÁBIÁN , 212–219;SamanthaKelly, , eds. Attila Györkös and Gergely Kiss (Debrecen: , eds.AttilaGyörkösandGergelyKiss(Debrecen: 66 , ed.PaulMagdalino(Aldershot:Ashgate , eds. Jaume Aurell, Monserrat Herrero and Political Theology in Medieval and Early Modern Political TheologyinMedievalandEarlyModern The ReignofLeoVI (Leiden:Brill,1997),124–125. , eds.PaulMagdalinoet New Constantines:TheRhythmofImperial The Wandering Throne , trans.Noble,115. (Leiden:Brill,2003),260. Charlemagne andLouisthePious:The , ed. Hans F. Haefele, MGH SRG 12 , PatrologiaLatina,vol.105,col. Fürstenspiegel und Herrscherethos Fürstenspiegel undHerrscherethos Saint Louis , trans.ThomasF.X. Noble , 122–131. The New Solomon: Robert of The NewSolomon:Robert , trans.DeniseA.Kaiser Világtörténet “M’en anei en Ongria”. “M’en aneienOngria”. , 35–38,41–43. (Paris:Gallimard, al. (Washington, Images, icono 4(2014): (Oxford: ˮ The Old

The Art The Art - -

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48 47 71 59 53 57 67 66 65 64 63 51 50 70 69 68 62 61 60 58 56 55 54 52 49 Alfonso XelSabio, Ages 1200–1500 Wisdom as Royal Virtues in Medieval Spain (1085–1284),” in Manuel AlejandroRodríguezdelaPeña,“ 647 (2008),547. Jean-Patrice Boudet,“LemodèleduroisageauxXIII médiéval (XII Jean-Patrice Boudet, 537–539; Parsons, Panofsky. opuscula DeArtibus of Erwin Francis Wormald, “The Throne of Solomon and St. Edward’s Chair,” in Alyce A.Jordan, Meredith Cohen, Meredith ParsonsLillich,“KingSolomoninBed,ArchbishopHincmar, the‘Ordo’of (Louvain: Institutdephilosophiel’université,1914),17–18. Le Traité Brepols, 1995),9,59–64. Belvacensis:Demoraliprincipisinstitutione Vincentius 556–557, 560–561. connected to Solomon by the astrological tradition. Boudet, “Le modèle du roisage,” Liber Razielis vol. 1,38.Forexample,Charles possessedseveralastrologicalmanuscripts,includingthe Recherche surlalibrairiedeCharlesV Boudet, “Lemodèleduroisage,” 545–66;Boudet, cesarza KarolaIV(zm.1378),” Eva Schlotheuber, “DrugiSalomoni‘m Kelly, Liguori, 1992),40–42. Binski, London, 1986). Paul Binski, Frank Barlow(Oxford:ClarendonPress,1992),6–7,18–19. the The comparisondatesbacktotheeleventhcentury, andwasnotedforthefirsttime in 2008), 57. M. CeciliaGaposchkin, exclude theearlieruseofnotion Krynen, 2011), vol.1,417–423. Philosophy Between500and1500 Chris Jones,“GilesofRome,PoliticalThought,”in Gallimard, 1993), 179–187, 208–224, especially 217–224; Kelly, Jacques Krynen, Gaposchkin, Gaposchkin, Dame, IN:UniversityofNotreDamePress,2012),228–245,248–299. For the texts see M. Cecilia Gaposchkin, and theConstructionofMeaninginCrusaderPainting,” 54–74; DanielH.Weiss, “TheThreeSolomonPortraitsintheArsenalOldTestament intheAgeofSaintLouis and Crusade Decoration oftheSte.-Chapelle,” Jordan, Jordan, Brepols, 2002),80–83. Cambridge UniversityPress,2015). 764–801. 1250, andtheStained-GlassProgramofNaveReimsCathedral,” vita The NewSolomon The PaintedChamber ofEdwardwrittenin1065–67: KING SOLOMONINREPRESENTATIONS OF ROYALTY Visualizing Kingship Visualizing Visualizing Kingship Visualizing

L’empire du roi “Eruditio regum et principum” de Guibert deTournai regum“Eruditio etprincipum”deGuibert , the e –XV The PaintedChamberatWestminster Blessed Louis Blessed Louis , eds. Cary NedermanandIstván Bejczy(Turnhout:, eds.Cary Brepols,2007),48–49. e L’empire duroi. Idéesetcroyances politiquesenFrance,XIII Ars Notoria siècle) Visualizing Kingship in the Windows oftheSainte-Chapelle KingshipintheWindows Visualizing The Gothic The Sainte-Chapelle and the Construction ofSacralMonarchyThe Sainte-ChapelleandtheConstruction Entre scienceetnigromance: astrologie, divinationetmagiedansl’Occident Astromagia (Ms.Reg.lat.1283a) , 222. , 217–224; Kelly, (Paris:PublicationsdelaSorbonne,2006),187–197. The MakingofSaintLouis , 239. , 288;Fábián,“IX.Lajosbibliaikirálymodellje, , 42–43;Parsons, , 124–126. andthe , 25–26;DanielH.Weiss, “ArchitecturalSymbolismandthe , 257. Prace Historyczne , ed.HenrikLagerlund,2vols(Heidelberg:Springer, , ed.LéopoldDelisle,2vols(Paris: H.Champion,1907), The Art Bulletin The Art De quattuorannulis (Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1998), , 40(NewYork: NewYork UniversityPress,1961), prudentia The LifeofKingEdward Who RestsatWestminster The New Solomon ą 67 dry król’:‘Teologiadry władzy’ipraktykawładania Blessed Louis, the Most Glorious of Kings The Gothic Rex strenuus valdelitteratus . 141(2014):629. (London:TheSocietyofAntiquaries (Ithaca,NY: CornellUniversityPress, , 77(1995):317;DanielH.Weiss, , ed.RobertJ.Schneider(Turnhout: Entre science , ed.AlfonsoD’Agostino(Naples: Encyclopedia ofMedievalPhilosophy: , 254–255. e ( etXIV , 261–263. Naturally, this didnot les AnneauxSalmon Arte Medievale Arte , ed.AlphonsedePoorter Princely Virtues in the Middle Princely Virtues , 303–304. The New Solomon e siècles,” Speculum e ˮ 2(1992):15–38. –XV 585–586. Essays in Honour Revue Historique : Strengthand ), whichwere e (Turnhout: siècle (NewYork: 80 (2005), 80(2005), , 259–269; (Notre (Paris: , ed. Art Art

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 03:38 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315203195, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315203195-4 73 96 93 91 90 74 72 95 92 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 94 Ribémont, Ribémont (Paris:Stock,1999),53–56. Le Livre despropriétés deschoses:Uneencyclopédieau XIV Françoise Autrand, Clarendon Press,1997),76.A comparisonbetweenRichardandRehoboamwasjustified The Chronicle ofAdamUsk,1377–1421 Saul, (Oxford: OxfordUniversityPress, 2008),56. Saul, Roger Dymmok eds. G.S.BurgessandR.A.Taylor (Cambridge:D.S.Brewer, 1985),175. Literature Congress Society SelectedProceedings Courtly oftheInternational oftheFourth the Court: Patricia J.Eberle,“ThePoliticsofCourtlyStyleattheCourt of RichardII,”in Society, 1921). Roger Dymmok,LibercontraXIIerrores ethereses Lollardorum Offices oftheRoyalHistoricalSociety, UniversityCollege London, 1977),31–39. Four EnglishPoliticalTracts oftheLaterMiddle Ages Doina, Nigel Saul, 1878–1904), vol.3,239,balade432,verses9–12. eds. Queux de Saint-Hilaire and G.Raynaud (Paris: Societ des AnciensTextescais, Fran “A Salomonpuetestrecomparezpoursonsavoir.” EustacheDeschamps, Cambridge UniversityPress,1969),vol.2,296. Philippe de Mézières, Press, 2000),98–100. Iva Rosario, Charles Brucker(Geneva:Droz,1994),81–87. others onlyonce.DenisFoulechat, Denis Foulechat cited Solomon six times,Aristotle and Saint Ambrose threetimes,and Sherman, Ibid. Doktori Iskola,2017),67–86. eds. Laura Fábián, Dorottya Uhrin et in Laura Fábián,“Egy14.századiújSalamon:V. (Bölcs)Károly(1364–1380)franciakirály,” http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8449687z (lastaccessed10 October2016). Nationale BnF fr. MS24287.SeeFrançoisAvril, ofCharlesVFrance (1338–1380) Portraits Ruler,” Claire RichterSherman,“RepresentationsofCharlesVFrance(1338–1380)asaWise Philosophical Society Richard A.Jackson,“TheTraité dusacreofJeanGolein,” de France.”BnF, MSfr. 437,fol.2v. lier seelleveistlanoblescedeFranceetlordredesministransaDieuordenezparlesroys de Sabbas’esbahiformentpourlordenancedesminstransmaisplussepeustesmerveil enquerir detouteschosesparlesquelesilsegouvernoittemporelment,quoylaroyne livre queonappeleleracionaldesdivinsoffices.carilconsiderantSalemonvouloit de lordreNostreDameducarme . “[c]ommande monditsouverainseigneuramoysontrespetitclercfrereJehanGolein en ordenapluseursparsonestude.”BnF, MSfr. 437,fol.2r. For example, “[e]t aussi Salemon non mie tant seulement estudioit en divers livres mais gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8447301s (lastaccessed10October 2016). nationale deFrance,MSfrançais437,fols1r–3v. Forthedigitizedmanuscript:http:// Boudet, “Lemodèleduroisage,”558.ForJeanGolein’s prologue:Paris,Bibliothèque and theLivredespropriétéschoses,” Micae Mediaevales VI. Fiatal történészek dolgozataiaközépkoriMagyarországrólMicae MediaevalesVI.Fiataltörténészek és Európáról Richard II Richard II Les Roismages Medievalia etHumanistica (Paris:Bibliothèquenationale,1968),119–120.Forthedigitizedmanuscript: The Portraits Le Livre despropriétés Richard II Art andPropaganda, CharlesIVofBohemia(1346–1378) Art , 295. , 356;ChristopherFletcher, , 336. 113(1969):308–324. Charles V, lesage , 302–305. (NewHaven:Yale UniversityPress,1999),357. , 76. Le songe du vieil pèlerin I–II , 53,55;DonalByrne,“ , newseries2(1971):83–96;ClaireRichterSherman, LAURA FÁBIÁN Le PolicratiquedeJeanSalisbury (Paris:Fayard,1994). al. (Budapest: ELTE BTK Történelemtudományok . La LibrairiedeCharlesV, expositionàlaBibliothèque . quejelimetteettranslatedelatinenfrancoisle , ed. and trans. Chris Given-Wilson (Oxford: , ed.andtrans.ChrisGiven-Wilson (Oxford: 68 (NewYork: UniversityPress,1969),18–32. Journal ofMedievalHistory Journal Richard II,Manhood,Youth, andPolitics,1377–99 , ed.Jean-PhilippeGenet(London: , ed. G.W. Coopland (Cambridge: Rex imagoDei , ed.H.S.Cronin(London:Wyclif e siècle Proceedings oftheAmerican , ed.andtrans.Bernard (Woodbridge: Boydell 7(1981):102.

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