Mussolini Visionario

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Mussolini Visionario Corriere della Sera - NAZIONALE - sezione: Cultura - data: 2008-03-04 num: - pag: 47 categoria: REDAZIONALE Arte & potere In un libro di Paolo Nicoloso le oscillazioni del gusto del dittatore: così Piacentini, Libera e Moretti furono utili al fascismo Mussolini visionario Prima promosse l'architettura razionalista poi si pentì e passò alla classicità autarchica di SERGIO LUZZATTO F inita, la colossale statua di bronzo avrebbe dovuto essere alta una novantina di metri: circa il doppio della Statua della Libertà. Avrebbe raffigurato Ercole, ma un Ercole con i tratti inconfondibili di Benito Mussolini. Sarebbe stata posta dietro il podio dell'oratore in un nuovo piazzale delle adunate, destinato a sostituire Piazza Venezia nel cuore degli italiani: in tale immenso arengo del Foro Mussolini, il Duce avrebbe colloquiato alla sua maniera con mezzo milione di persone per volta, avendo alle spalle la bronzea magnificazione del suo corpo tanto speciale. La statua sarebbe stata così grande «da far impallidire il ricordo del leggendario Colosso di Rodi», aveva spiegato a Mussolini stesso Renato Ricci, il gerarca fascista sponsor dell'iniziativa, nel marzo del 1933. Massimo dirigente dell'Opera nazionale Balilla, Ricci non si limitò a baloccarsi con l'idea dell'Ercole, nel '36 passò all'azione. Conferì la responsabilità tecnica del progetto a un giovane architetto fra i più dotati dell'epoca, Luigi Moretti: non ancora trentenne, ma già autore nel Foro Mussolini di quel capolavoro che era l'Accademia di scherma. Quanto alla statua di bronzo, Ricci ne affidò la realizzazione allo scultore Aroldo Bellini, che si mise all'opera partendo dalla testa e da un piede del Colosso. Il cantiere della statua dovette presto interrompersi. Le ristrettezze finanziarie in cui il regime fascista venne a trovarsi fra il 1936 e il '37, dopo l'aggressione all'Etiopia e le sanzioni economiche della Società delle nazioni, costrinsero Ricci, Moretti, Bellini a rinviare sine die sia il completamento del Colosso, sia la costruzione dell'arengo. Oggi, dell'uno e dell'altro progetto non restano più che ingiallite fotografie, qualche plastico, alcuni disegni autografi di Moretti conservati all'Archivio centrale dello Stato di Roma. Documenti preziosi oltreché curiosi, parzialmente riprodotti da Paolo Nicoloso in Mussolini architetto. Propaganda e paesaggio urbano nell'Italia fascista (Einaudi). Frutto di un monumentale scavo archivistico, il libro di Nicoloso rappresenta il tentativo più compiuto e più riuscito di misurare la funzione dell'architettura nell'edificazione dell'«uomo nuovo» fascista. E anche, per molti aspetti, nell'edificazione dell'uomo nuovo repubblicano, se è vero che il paesaggio urbano dell'Italia odierna risulta contrassegnato da centinaia e centinaia di architetture costruite nel Ventennio: case del fascio e palazzi del governo, scuole e ministeri, uffici postali e stazioni ferroviarie, stadi e piscine, palazzi di giustizia e città universitarie, da Roma a Milano, da Bologna a Napoli, da Bolzano a Genova, da Livorno a Trieste, da Torino a Forlì... Di questo enorme sforzo realizzativo, vera e propria trasformazione dello spazio pubblico italiano, il Duce fu molto più che un gestore distrattamente burocratico, un posatore di prime pietre o un tagliatore di nastri inaugurali: fu il protagonista assoluto e visionario, l'infaticabile artefice e il corteggiatissimo regista. Altro che la macchietta polemica trasmessa da certa vulgata antifascista, quella di un Mussolini «sfondatore» più che fondatore, capace soltanto di sventrare quartieri medievali nei centri delle città storiche o di costruire inutili città nuove nel bonificato Agro pontino. E altro che la rassicurante immaginetta forgiata da certa storiografia accademica, quella di una corporazione degli architetti sostanzialmente autonoma dalla politica del regime. La ricerca di Nicoloso dimostra, al contrario, tutta la vitalità di quella stagione architettonica, e tutta la disponibilità di quegli architetti verso il dittatore. Fu a partire dalla fine degli anni Venti che Mussolini prese a invadere sistematicamente il campo dell'architettura. Non che la sua fosse già allora una strategia stilisticamente chiara. A lungo il Duce sembrò esitare fra gli antichi e i moderni, fra l'architettura classicista e quella razionalista. Soltanto dopo il 1936, cioè dopo la guerra d'Etiopia e le sanzioni, l'interventismo di Mussolini si fece coerente nel respingere il modernismo come uno stile ignominiosamente internazionale, premiando il classicismo come la cifra definitiva di un'autarchica «romanità » ritrovata. Probabilmente, il Duce venne influenzato in tal senso dalle scelte tradizionaliste del Führer, Adolf Hitler, a sua volta soggiogato dalla personalità di Albert Speer. Certamente, il Duce volle enfatizzare i meriti di un'architettura «imperiale», cioè pugnace, armata, conquistatrice: «combattere e costruire sono per Mussolini due azioni parallele, due pilastri fondanti dell'agire in politica», scrive Nicoloso. Meglio di ogni altro architetto del Ventennio, Marcello Piacentini comprese che per il Duce l'architettura non era tanto una questione di gusto, ma una questione di potere: il potere dello Stato totalitario nel plasmare una nazione, manipolando il singolo individuo e impastandolo nella duttile creta della massa. Così, unico fra le centinaia di professionisti al lavoro nei cantieri dell'Italia littoria, Piacentini fu capace di mantenersi sempre e comunque sulla cresta dell'onda, a differenza di colleghi che pure veneravano Mussolini con una fede ben più genuina della sua. Giuseppe Terragni, per esempio: che portava al Duce una devozione sconfinata, ma che aveva il difetto di credere anche in qualcos'altro, nelle virtù concettuali del modernismo architettonico. Se il navigato Piacentini garantiva al Duce il patrimonio del suo cinismo, fu in Luigi Moretti che Mussolini riconobbe l'interprete più geniale di un'architettura compiutamente fascista. E l'enfant prodige cercò di ripagarlo da par suo. Nel 1936, mentre ragionava del nuovo piazzale delle adunate, l'arengo in fondo al quale voleva posizionare la statua di bronzo di Bellini, Moretti lavorò alla cosiddetta Palestra del Duce, nel Palazzo delle terme del Foro Mussolini. Magnifico spazio altrettanto fluido che spoglio, inaugurato nel '37, dove il mito mussoliniano veniva declinato con graffiti intorno al tema di Ercole. Era là, nella nudità di una sala arredata unicamente con attrezzi ginnici, che il Duce avrebbe potuto e dovuto esercitarsi da solo, senz'altra compagnia che quella del suo erculeo alter ego. Ed era là che il Mussolini in carne e ossa si sarebbe rivelato, ai suoi propri occhi, l'autentico Colosso..
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