International Journal of Innovative Research & Studies ISSN NO : 2319-9725

The Study of Environmental Impact of Marble Slurry through Remote Sensing and GIS A Case Study of Marble Industrial Area

Ashwini Vaishnav1 and Nidhi Sharma2

Department of Remote Sensing and Geo-Informatics, MDS University, [email protected]

Abstract: The 70% Part of Marble is wastage materials for infrastructure development. Granite in marble industry and responsible for many and marble are becoming very popular for the Severe environmental problems. Only 30% flooring and in other building constructions. recovery of product bears the remaining 70% However, Marble industry is one of the most environmentally unfriendly industries. Marble burden. The marble waste is rarely degradable. quarries and processing plants are littered with So it is a wider environmental hazard. The large amounts of waste products deriving from water bodies and the rivers are also extraction, sawing, polishing, and water treatments. contaminated by flowing of marble slurry with The industry involves mining and rain water. This contaminated water affecting processing units for the production of tiles for walls the irrigation and also the drinking water and floors, articles, waste production and other sources. Due to the presence of fine particles ancillary works. The wastage of marble industry in marble slurry air is also polluted. are responsible for many environmental problems Fines of Marble slurry flew with air blows because 70% wastes and only 30% recovery of creating serious health problem by breathing. main product contribute to the maximum wastes which are indestructible. Dumping sites give dirty Fine particles of marble slurry deposit over look. Contaminate top fertile soil cover, along with leaves of vegetation, plants and trees creating rivers/water bodies affecting irrigation and drinking aesthetic problems. Due to deposition of water resources and air as well as loss to flora and marble dust over leaf, plants as well as trees fauna. At present, no significant activities are in die which result loss of flora and fauna. place to recover and reuse the ultrafine CaCO3 dust Environmental impact assessment is now an contained in waste slurries of marble processing integral part of mining operation. Remote data plants. It can be helpful to consider these enables the identification, delineating, and calcareous particles as primary or secondary raw monitoring of pollution sources and affected materials for use in other production processes. areas, including derelict land, and changes in From this, a research is currently carried out in order to join this by-product with possible surface land use to water bodies. The results industrial applications. The most efficient Solution were obtained through the analysis of multi- of marble slurry pollution is utilization in Bulk. temporal satellite data of year 1971 to 2017. The most efficient solution of marble slurry Remote data enables the identification, problem is the utilisation in lot. Fineness delineating, and monitoring of pollution sources modulus was found to be 0.91 and it is and affected areas, including derelict land, and cohesion less material. According to this changes in surface land use to water bodies. It is a Marble slurry can be utilised in finishing work widely accepted and utilised technique in many as White wash with lime. Which is 50% scientific disciplines to monitor and evaluate the cheaper and also good Solar heat repellent impact of natural processes and human activity on the environment. GIS models are useful tools for causing natural building cooling. analysis of Mineral Resources and their interactions, and for development and assessment Key words: Environment, Cohesion's, Marble of further land use management. Satellite Remote paste, White wash and Fineness modulus. Sensing and Geographic Information System has become a common tool to investigate the different 1. Introduction field of Earth and environment sciences. The Continuously increasing population in the country progress of the performance capabilities of the has caused great demand of constructional optoelectronic and radar devices mounted on board

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Remote Sensing platforms have further improved eastern part and Ajmer tehsil and Nagaur district in the capability of instruments to acquire information the western part. about the Earth and its resources for global, regional and local assessments. 3. Methodology The research was undertaken by well programmed 2. Study Area and integrated approach set up on reliable Kishangarh is a city and a municipality in Ajmer methodology for data collection, carrying out field district in the Indian state of . Is a city of survey, identification, selection and evaluation of marble market. It lies 18 miles north-west of result. It was completed in five phases Ajmer. It is well connected via Indian Railways  Data collection. and National Highway #8. It is the birthplace of the  Digital Image processing. Kishangarh style of painting, which is known for  Data Integration with GIS. the beautiful depiction of a courtesan known as BaniThani. In recent years, Kishangarh has come to

be known as the marble city of . It is purported to be the only place in the world with a temple of nine planets. Kishangarh State was founded by the prince Kishan Singh in 1609.Prior to the rule of Kishan Singh this area was ruled by Maharaja. Who was a distant relative of Kishan Singh's family and grandfather of Naubat Khan. The ruling family of Kishangarh and the family of Naubat Khan had close ties.Maharaja Samokhan lost to the forces of and his grandson Naubat Khan was kept under house

arrest.Naubat Khan later accepted Islam.

A buffer in GIS is a zone around a map feature measured in units of distance or time &therefore buffer of 7Km has been used demarcating the study area.

4. Dataset The data is the backbone of any research. In order to study the change of spatial extent of growth an infra-structural facilities satellite data and Google earth data is used to generate different layers. The census data of the city was integrated with the above mentioned data to identify the demography. The kishangarh region is one of the very productive Methodology of the work involves utilization of areas of Rajasthan as far as mineral wealth is various methods, tools and techniques used to concern, particularly the marble (biggest market for assessment of Land use / Land cover change marble cutting and selling),mineral (lime rock, detection. GIS techniques were used for Change ceramic mineral etc.)and mineral based industries Detection. Remote Sensing data of the study area (grinding and polishing of various mineral ,cement has also given spatial-temporal Information on the pipe making industries, chips and powder urban land use. making).Recently ,name of the Kishangarh famed due to the newly constructed six lanes Express Highway(nation highway no. 8)construction of SEZ ,airport and colonial developments nearby. The study area bounded by roopangarh tehsil in the northenpart, sarwar and nasirabad tehsil(District Ajmer) in the southern part, district in the

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(20.87km.sq.) Under stony waste, 2.37% (10.51 km. sq.) under industrial, 0.34% (1.54 km .sq.) Source –bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in & https://www.usgs.gov under industrial waste, 0.58% (2.61 km.sq.) under airport, 68.57 %( 303.99 km.sq.) under crop land 5. Analysis and Result and 5.73% (25.40 km.sq.) under fallow land. Due to the synoptic, repetitive nature of remote Table: LULC Cover (Km2) Kishangarh (2017) sensing based satellite data, it proved its efficiency in the preservation and conservation of natural resources. The remotely sensed data integrated with GIS data can be used to handle a vast geographical dataset. The land use/land cover change detection can be well managed and studied by using the Remote Sensing and GIS technology. A proper planning can be undertaken after a systematic and scientific analysis of satellite data of the study area in between 1971 to 2017.

Land is most important and basic resource concerning the urban development. Population growth, unplanned industrialisation, urbanisation and its consequences adversely affect the regional environment. Improper land use practice results in an adverse impact on ecosystem. So the two words Land Cover and Land Use have important significance in regard to land. The results obtained through the analysis of multi-temporal satellite imageries were diagrammatically illustrated in following figures and data arc registered in Tables depicts land use/cover status, depicts land use/cover change in different land use categories and A brief account of these results is discussed in the following paragraphs. The land use statistics and changes in land use pattern derived from the satellite data of year 1971 to 2017 have presented.

Fig: LU/LC Maps of A) 1971, B) 1981 & C) 1991

Fig: LULC Graph of Kishangarh (1971 to 1981)

This graph is composed to compare the LULC of 1971, 1981 & 1991. The result derived shows that how area has increased under each category i.e. Fig: LU/LC Map of Kishangarh (2017) Settlement, Water body & Industries in the respective years. Total population in 1971 was Table -depict spatial distributional pattern of land 157,954in which the total number worker was use/ land cover of kishangarh for the year 2017 52,979 .In 1981 total population become 118,279 .these data reveal that in 2017 about 3.69% (16.36 and total number of worker become 86,846 and in km.sq.) area of kishangarh was under settlement 1991 total population was295,837 and total number land , 0.67% (2.98 km.sq.) under water body, 13.15 of worker was 97,920. %( 58.31 km. sq.) Under scrub land, 0.16 % (0.71km.sq.) under land without scrub, 4.70 %

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Fig: LULC Graph of Kishangarh (2001 to 2017)

This graph is composed to compare the LULC of 2001, 2011 & 2017. With the help of temporal resolution, we get to see the addition of new category i.e., Slurry dumping yard (visible from 2001), which indicates the increment in the no. of marble industries and their activities. Increase in mining activities certain the inescapable increment in the no. of workers. So this is how it has progressed….Total population in 2001 was 334,984 in which the total number of worker was106, 634. In 2011total population become 418,231and total number of worker becomes 163,637.

Fig: LU/LC Maps of D) 2001, F) 2011 & E)

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deteriorate the surface & ground water quality by increasing turbidity, suspended solids, and calcium and magnesium hardness. 6.1.3 - Visual impacts:- Abandoned mines, dumping sites, slurry waste sites, deposition of dried slurry over almost every structure in surrounding areas gives a very bad, dirty look and aesthetic problem 6.1.4 - Wet slippery road:- In rainy season marble slurry flows over road. Due to marble slurry road becomes slippery and many accidents take place. 6.1.5 – Soil Damage:- . Three types of final damage induced by marble slurry: Seeds were covered with marble slurry in Fig: LULC of Kishangarh 1971 to 2017 the fields; final damage in viability was in three types. (1)Cracking:- Cracks were all over the top layer and deeper up to seed exposed it destroying viability. (2) Spalling:- big pieces of marble slurry came out near the seed and the delayed exposure could damage the seed extensively. Sometimes seeds were let loose and came out being of no use. (3) Delamination:-Two separate layers of slurry and soil parallel to each other were noted. Seeds were damaged completely This map shows layer from 1971 to 2017 that 6.2- Health impact:- shows different area for different year .these area Continuous exposure to marble dust can cause include four classes .there are three classes from severe respiratory disorders like Bronchitis, 1971 to 1991 that are- settlement ,water body and Asthma, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary industrial area and four classes for 2001 to 2017 Disease (COPD) to the labourers. which included settlement, waterbody, industrial 6.2.1- Silicosis:- waste. This map shows the increment of area Stone carving of a hard stone like marble requires according to the year. the use of power tools such as saws, drills, grinders and sanders. Inhaling marble dust causes toxic 6. Consequences Year 1971 1991 1981 2001 2011 2017 (Impacts of Marble Slurry Pollution) The existing disposal practices of marble slurry Total Area 3.27 4.31 5.76 12.11 17.68 24.87 causing adverse impact on Ecology, Human health, (km2) Water & Air effects on the respiratory system. Workers and Ecological impact:- residents living in areas adjacent to stone quarries Reduced porosity & permeability of the topsoil are prone to a disease called silicosis, whereby along with the increasing alkalinity have inhaled marble dust damages the cells of the tremendously affected the soil fertility. The respiratory system. Symptoms include a chronic percolation rate of rain water due to clogging of cough and shortness of breath. There is no specific pores of top soil has also increased surface run-off treatment other than supportive treatment such as which reduced recharging of ground water. Air cough medicine, bronchodilators and oxygen. blown, fine particle settles on epidermal layer of People with silicosis have a higher risk of crops &vegetation& block the stomata’s developing tuberculosis. Wearing a protective (responsible for plant respiration). respirator may decrease risk of inhaling marble 6.1.1 - Air Pollution:- dust. Deposition of particulate/fugitive dust on roads up 6.2.2- Eye Irritation:- to 2-5cm causes emission of particulate matter due Grinding and polishing marble releases small to vehicular activities and strong wind currents. particles of stone and dust into the air. Exposure to Translocation of slurry dust affects flora & fauna of the eyes with airborne marble dust causes irritation surrounding areas. because of the abrasiveness of the product. 6.1.2 - Water Pollution:- Recommended first-aid measures include flushing Disposing the slurry waste near to water bodies, the eyes with water thoroughly for 15 minutes, road side areas can gently lifting the eyelids and rinsing under the

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eyelids and avoid scrubbing or rubbing the eyes. redness n excessive secreation of water ,etc. Seek medical attention if irritation and discomfort • Only 40% and 36% are using the mask and glass persist. Wearing eye protection may decrease risk facilities for safety. of eye irritation when working with marble. 6.2.3- Noise Pollution:- 7. Marble Slurry Management The workers working near/on the processing gang The wastage of marble industry is responsible for saw machine are get exposed to continuous noise many environmental problems because 70%wastes level of 90-120 dB(A), this noise level can damage and only 30% recovery of main product contribute physiological & psychological human health. to the maximum wastes which are indestructible. Increased noise level can cause annoyance & Dumping sites give dirty look. Contaminate top aggression, hypertension, high stress levels, fertile soil cover, along with rivers/water bodies hearing loss, sleep disturbances. affecting irrigation and drinking water resources 6.3-Survey:- and air as well as loss to flora and fauna. The most To check the severity of the diseases faced by the efficient Solution of marble slurry pollution is workers (working at the marble industry) due to the utilization in Bulk. The only industry which can slurry pollution, a survey was conducted where consume marble slurry at so large level is only the hundreds of workers aged b/w 18-47working since construction industry. 3-20 years participated and filled the 7.1- Utilization of marble slurry in cement Questionnaire. manufacturing:- Rajasthan state has more than 18 cement manufacturing plants because of huge limestone deposits. The diplomatic marble slurry powder contains high MgO percentage therefore the cement manufacturers are not replacing raw material (Lime stone) with marble powder. The acceptable percentage of MgO in Cement manufacturing is in the range of 1-5%. The increased percentage of MgO in raw mix delays the hydration process as well as produce cracks. The percentage of moisture in raw mix required by cement plants is below 0.5-1% whereas in marble slurry it is in the range of 8- 22% 7.2 - Utilisation of Marble slurry dust(MSD) in road construction Shri A K Misra, Scientist ‘F’ of Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), New Delhi has successfully demonstrated the marble slurry based road construction of 750 meters stretch on 05th March, 2006 at Kuncholi village, Rajsamand. It states that sub-grade layer of a road pavement can be constructed by ameliorating in-situ soil with 20- 35 % of marble slurry dust. Estimated savings per kilometers of a single lane road sub-grade with 20% of marble dust is about Rs. 75,000/-. It also Table: can be utilized for raising embankments & as a survey sheet filler material. The 5-6 Million MT generation of slurry per annum can be consumed in construction

Acc., to the survey held it is concluded that 80% of S. No. Question No. Max. YES NO workers are confronted with one or the other 1 NO.1 100 80 20 disease. 2 NO.2 100 24 76 3 NO.3 100 66 34 • 24% - lungs related disease, such as excessive 4 NO.4 100 52 48 secreation of mucus. 5 NO.5 100 54 46 • 66% - Skin related diseases such as rashes, 6 NO.6 100 28 72 irritation,cracks,etc. 7 NO.7 100 40 60 8 NO.8 100 70 30 • 52% - Hair related disease such as acnes on scalp, 9 NO.9 100 36 64 greying of hair at early stage,balding ,etc. 10 NO.10 100 24 76 • 54% - Decrement in audible capacity. of 2500-3000 Kilometres one lane road. State • 28% - Respiratory problems such as asthama. public Work Department (PWD) needs to approve • 70% - Eye Related problems such as irritation, this mixer to allow in road construction.

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7.3 - For manufacturing of concrete:- slurry and 5-10% of broken edges/slabs. The In concrete mixes there is a 15% increase in marble dust generated during process, make slurry compressive strength when sand is mixed with35% along with the water, spread over the block. To marble dust. There is an improvement in the recycle the water & to settle the marble dust, density of the concrete as well zigzag water-cum-dust storage tank are 7.4 - Utilization of marble slurry in brick constructed. Through this zigzag movement & manufacturing:- sedimentation process the dust settled at bottom. Results of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Alum as coagulator can enhance this sedimentation & The Royal Norwegian Embassy (NORAD) rate. The supernatant is again recycled to gang saw. sponsored project to Indian Environmental Society, In this settling process average water loss is up to Delhi states that marble bricks (83% slurry + 7% 1000-1500 Liters per day. The semi-solid marble cement + 10% construction sand) has 93 kilo/cm2 slurry is collected through pumps in tankers & compressive strength that is 2.5 times more than transported for disposal at identified dumping site. the traditional red bricks also due to no However, earlier it was practiced to dump the inflammable & inorganic raw material, marble slurry at any abandoned place. Decanter is bricks are fire resistant. Electricity as energy source provided at disposal site. The decanted water is & water as curing of bricks reduces the air also being used in marble processing. Other than pollution & saves the natural energy sources (coal the zigzag water treatment system, vertical settling & fuel wood). tanks are also in use as shown in the photos. To 7.5- Manufacture of Ceramic Tiles:- reduce the water consumption, filter press has also A possibility of utilising marble slurry as a raw been established by some of the units. Decanted material for production of Ceramic Wall tiles needs water is recycled to gang saw units. The semi-solid to be evaluated o pilot plant level. A leading slurry collected in tractors and dumped in identified ceramic producer in the country has Undertaken dumping sites. Due to less quantity of slurry laboratory scale studies on this matter, which were generation from individual units, setting up a filter reported to be highly successful. press at each unit is not economically viable. A 7.6- Manufacture of Thermoset Resin group of nearby 10-20 units can setup a filter press Composites:- among them. Units requiring 10KL of water per The Macromolecular Research Centre at Jabalpur day, needs to pay water cess. Whereas one has conducted a short term programme with a view gangsaw unit requires only 1KL water on an to explore the possibility of converting marble average. RSPCB has fixed Rs. 500/year payment slurry into Resin Composites. The preliminary from single gangsaw unit as a water cess. results have demonstrated the technical feasibility of such an option. However, a pilot plant level More Recommendations:- study needs to be conducted.  Land use mapping of mining areas shall 7.7-Manufacture of lime:- be undertaken to demarcate them from the Limestone is the main raw material for the forest areas to resolve the conflict between production of Lime. Limestone can be replaced by mining and forecast interest. marble waste.  Alternate uses of marble slurry and dust 7.8- Manufacture of Activated Calcium shall be incorporated in state government Carbonate:- programs for road and building Limestone or combination of marble waste and construction. marble dust (from slurry) can be used on the  Environment loss, due to disposal of production of activated or precipitated calcium marble slurry should better be mitigated if carbonate. not eliminated by better management and research.  There is an urgent need of research in environment hazard and disaster due to 7.9- Hollow Blocks and Wall Tiles:- haphazard disposal of marble slurry. Marble slurry waste and other clay products can be  Marble slurry is alkaline having Ph value used in the production of Hollow proportion. of 9.1 which can help utilization as 7.10- Manufacture of Ground Calcium admixture to concrete leading to rural Carbonate:- construction and reconstruction. Detailed feasibility analysis and pilot studies are  People can grow plants at nearby place of, needed to be conducted about the above. dumping yard to balance Eco-System. 7.11-Water management:-  Worker that work in marble industry have The water requirement of processor is fulfilled suggested mask to save them respiratory through water tankers & bore wells. The marble problems and to use glasses to save them blocks processed on gang saw results in 30% waste ,from eyes related problem. generation. This contains 20-25% marble dust

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9. Shri P Jagan, Scientist et.al, 2011-12. 8. Conclusion “Disposal Option of Marble Slurry In Rajasthan”, Central Pollution Control Board (1) Dumping yard come into existence from 2001. Zonal Office (Central) Bhopal. (2) In Question no. (3) 66% of worker is affected 10. Anderson, J.R. Land Use Land Cover by skin related problems. Changes, A Framework For  In Question no. (4) 52% of worker is 11. Monitoring. Journal Of Research, U.S. affected by skin related problems. Geological Survey. Volume 5, No-3, PP-143-  In Question no. (5) 54% of worker is 153 Govt. India. affected by skin related problems. 12. Dr. JayeshkumarPitrodaet.al, December 2013,  In Question no. (8) 70% of worker is A Study on Marble Waste Management affected by skin related problems. “Opportunities& Challenges in current age  After a long time when this slurry become dry, for making value added bricks” the powder of marble had been spread a over 13. Giriraj Kumar Songara&NidhiRai , the edge of nala or pond. The dust spread over AnInternational quarterly journal of the atmosphere due to this marble powder is Environment Sciences,2010,“Land Use and very injurious of health as is a main cause of Land Cover Change Driven by Green Marble Asthma and Lung infections in that area. Mining in Kherwara Tehsil Udaipur (India) (3) Dumping yard which is a wasteland is utilised Through Remote Sensing & G.I.S” as a scenic background & owing to its white 14. Er. Dharma Prakash Sharma, Dr.D.K.Singal, ambience for pre-wedding shoots, movie E. Charou et.al, “Mine Water and the shooting etc. and therefore people has start Environment, 2010, Using Remote Sensing to calling “Kashmir of Rajasthan” Assess Impact of Mining Activities on Land and Water Resources.” REFEENCE 15. Anil et al (2010) on “the impact analysis of 1. Sangeeta Dhanwar-“Study of Soil Affected open cast coal mines of Chandrapur district By The Waste Product of Marble Industries”, on land use land cover using remote sensing International Journal Of Geology, Earth and and GIS technique” Environmental Sciences, Vol. 2 (2) May- 16. Sharma et al (2005) have worked on “ coal August 2012. mining impact on land use/land cover in 2. Kanan Saxena –“A Wasteland That Passes off Jaintia hills district of Meghalaya, India using As Paradise”, Who Has Published Research remote sensing and GIS technique” Papers on The Ill Effects of Marble Slurry on 17. Zubair, AyodejiOpyemi, 2006, “change The Environment And Humans, The Times detection in land use and land cover using Of India,Feb2016. remote sensing data and gis, A case study of 3. Dhanwar S And Prakash B (2009). “The Ilorin and its environs in KwaraState. Study of Marble Slurry on Malpighian 18. Joshi P.K. et. AI, 2006,” Assessment of areas Tubules of Periplaneta”Americana. Journal of deforested by coal mining activities through Industrial Pollution Control , Enviro Media satellite remote sensing images and 25(1) 73-74 geographic information system”. 4. Kushwah et.al. “Utilization of Marble Slurry 19. Online Sources: In Cement Concrete Replacing Fine 1. http://www.gisinindia.com Aggregate’ Scholar ,SGV University 2. http://www.mines.rajasthan.gov.in Jaipur(India) American Journal Of 3. www.censusindia.gov.in/2011- Engineering Research (Ajmer ) E-ISSN: 4. Climate data.org 2320-084 P-ISSN: 2320-0936 Volume - 5. https://www.usgs.gov 04,Issue-1,Pp-0-0 6. bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in 5. RP Singh Kushwah “Solid Waste 7. www.maplandia.com/india/rajasthan/ajme Engineering With Reference To Industrial r/kishangarh/ Marble Waste of Rajasthan “ Volume 8. www.maphill.com/india/rajasthan/ajmer/k 3rd.ISSUE V, May 2014 3rd,TEMAS ISSN ishangarh/maps/satellitemap/ 2278-2540 9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishangarh 6. Dhanwar S (2011). “The Effect of Marble Slurry on Reproductive System of Periplaneta Americana”. Indian Journal of Fundamental And 7. Applied Life Science 1(4) 107-111 8. Bradshaw, A.D. And Chadwick 1980. The Reconstruction Of Ecosystem J. Appl. Ecol.20: 1-17

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