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Implementing MACA and Other Useful Improvements to Amateur Packet Radio for Throughput and Capacity
Implementing MACA and Other Useful Improvements to Amateur Packet Radio for Throughput and Capacity John Bonnett – KK6JRA / NCS820 Steven Gunderson – CMoLR Project Manager TAPR DCC – 15 Sept 2018 1 Contents • Introduction – Communication Methodology of Last Resort (CMoLR) • Speed & Throughput Tests – CONNECT & UNPROTO • UX.25 – UNPROTO AX.25 • Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA) – Hidden Terminals • Directed Packet Networks • Brevity – Directory Services • Trunked Packet • Conclusion 2 Background • Mission County – Proverbial: – Coastline, Earthquake Faults, Mountains & Hills, and Missions – Frequent Natural Disasters • Wildfires, Earthquakes, Floods, Slides & Tsunamis – Extensive Packet Networks • EOCs – Fire & Police Stations – Hospitals • Legacy 1200 Baud Packet Networks • Outpost and Winlink 2000 Messaging Software 3 Background • Mission County – Proverbial: – Coastline, Earthquake Faults, Mountains & Hills, and Missions – Frequent Natural Disasters • Wildfires, Earthquakes, Floods, Slides & Tsunamis – Extensive Packet Networks • EOCs – Fire & Police Stations – Hospitals • Legacy 1200 Baud Packet Networks • Outpost and Winlink 2000 Messaging Software • Community Emergency Response Teams: – OK Drills – Neighborhood Surveys OK – Triage Information • CERT Form #1 – Transmit CERT Triage Data to Public Safety – Situational Awareness 4 Background & Objectives (cont) • Communication Methodology of Last Resort (CMoLR): – Mission County Project: 2012 – 2016 – Enable Emergency Data Comms from CERT to Public Safety 5 Background & -
Packet Radio
Amateurfunk-Kurs DH2MIC DARC-Ortsverband C01, Vaterstetten 13.11.05 PR 1 Packet Radio 1. Prinzip Packet Radio ist eine digitale Betriebsart, die rund 50 % aller Funkamateure betreiben. Sie ermöglicht, mit Hilfe eines Computers, der im einfachsten Fall ein ANSI-Terminal sein kann, mit anderen Funkamateuren zu kommunizieren. Die Verbindung kann direkt oder über Relais erfolgen, die Digipeater (Digitale Repeater) genannt werden. Dabei arbeiten im einfachsten Fall alle OMs und der Digipeater auf der gleichen QRG. Jede Station sendet ihre Daten paketweise. Da jeder TX nur für die Dauer der Aussendung eines oder mehrerer 'Packets' kurzzeitig 'on air' ist und dann auf die Quittierung seiner Aussendung wartet, können die unvermeidlichen Kollisionen sehr einfach durch Wiederholung eines nicht bestätigten Packets zugelassen werden. Das verwendete Protokoll heißt AX.25 und basiert auf dem leitungsgebundenen CCITT-Protokoll X.25. 2. Die Stationsausrüstung im Überblick Antenne Terminal- TNC PC Programm 70 cm Modem AX.25- Transceiver Prozessor Die prinzipielle Stationsausrüstung besteht aus folgenden fünf Hard- und Software-Kompo- nenten: • 70cm-Antenne eine vertikal polarisierte Antenne (ev. auch 2 m oder 23 cm) • Transceiver im einfachsten Fall ein Handfunkgerät • TNC Terminal Node Controller, ein Modem, das einen Mikroprozessor enthält, auf dem das AX.25-Protokoll läuft. Der TNC übernimmt auch die Modulation und Demodulation der Sende- und Empfangssignale • PC ein IBM- oder Macintosh-Rechner mit seriellem Port, über den die Daten im Kiss-Protokoll vom und zum TNC laufen • Terminal-Programm Software, mit der die empfangenen Daten dargestellt und die Tastatur-Eingaben aufbereitet werden. Amateurfunk-Kurs DH2MIC DARC-Ortsverband C01, Vaterstetten 13.11.05 PR 2 3. -
Kenwood TH-D74A/E Operating Tips
1 Copyrights for this Manual JVCKENWOOD Corporation shall own all copyrights and intellectual properties for the product and the manuals, help texts and relevant documents attached to the product or the optional software. A user is required to obtain approval from JVCKENWOOD Corporation, in writing, prior to redistributing this document on a personal web page or via packet communication. A user is prohibited from assigning, renting, leasing or reselling the document. JVCKENWOOD Corporation does not warrant that quality and functions described in this manual comply with each user’s purpose of use and, unless specifically described in this manual, JVCKENWOOD Corporation shall be free from any responsibility for any defects and indemnities for any damages or losses. Software Copyrights The title to and ownership of copyrights for software, including but not limited to the firmware and optional software that may be distributed individually, are reserved for JVCKENWOOD Corporation. The firmware shall mean the software which can be embedded in KENWOOD product memories for proper operation. Any modifying, reverse engineering, copying, reproducing or disclosing on an Internet website of the software is strictly prohibited. A user is required to obtain approval from JVCKENWOOD Corporation, in writing, prior to redistributing this manual on a personal web page or via packet communication. Furthermore, any reselling, assigning or transferring of the software is also strictly prohibited without embedding the software in KENWOOD product memories. Copyrights for recorded Audio The software embedded in this transceiver consists of a multiple number of and individual software components. Title to and ownership of copyrights for each software component is reserved for JVCKENWOOD Corporation and the respective bona fide holder. -
Examining Ambiguities in the Automatic Packet Reporting System
Examining Ambiguities in the Automatic Packet Reporting System A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Electrical Engineering by Kenneth W. Finnegan December 2014 © 2014 Kenneth W. Finnegan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP TITLE: Examining Ambiguities in the Automatic Packet Reporting System AUTHOR: Kenneth W. Finnegan DATE SUBMITTED: December 2014 REVISION: 1.2 COMMITTEE CHAIR: Bridget Benson, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering COMMITTEE MEMBER: John Bellardo, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Computer Science COMMITTEE MEMBER: Dennis Derickson, Ph.D. Department Chair, Electrical Engineering iii ABSTRACT Examining Ambiguities in the Automatic Packet Reporting System Kenneth W. Finnegan The Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS) is an amateur radio packet network that has evolved over the last several decades in tandem with, and then arguably beyond, the lifetime of other VHF/UHF amateur packet networks, to the point where it is one of very few packet networks left on the amateur VHF/UHF bands. This is proving to be problematic due to the loss of institutional knowledge as older amateur radio operators who designed and built APRS and other AX.25-based packet networks abandon the hobby or pass away. The purpose of this document is to collect and curate a sufficient body of knowledge to ensure the continued usefulness of the APRS network, and re-examining the engineering decisions made during the network's evolution to look for possible improvements and identify deficiencies in documentation of the existing network. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures vii 1 Preface 1 2 Introduction 3 2.1 History of APRS . -
Digital Radio Technology and Applications
it DIGITAL RADIO TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS Proceedings of an International Workshop organized by the International Development Research Centre, Volunteers in Technical Assistance, and United Nations University, held in Nairobi, Kenya, 24-26 August 1992 Edited by Harun Baiya (VITA, Kenya) David Balson (IDRC, Canada) Gary Garriott (VITA, USA) 1 1 X 1594 F SN % , IleCl- -.01 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE Ottawa Cairo Dakar Johannesburg Montevideo Nairobi New Delhi 0 Singapore 141 V /IL s 0 /'A- 0 . Preface The International Workshop on Digital Radio Technology and Applications was a milestone event. For the first time, it brought together many of those using low-cost radio systems for development and humanitarian-based computer communications in Africa and Asia, in both terrestrial and satellite environments. Ten years ago the prospect of seeing all these people in one place to share their experiences was only a far-off dream. At that time no one really had a clue whether there would be interest, funding and expertise available to exploit these technologies for relief and development applications. VITA and IDRC are pleased to have been involved in various capacities in these efforts right from the beginning. As mentioned in VITA's welcome at the Workshop, we can all be proud to have participated in a pioneering effort to bring the benefits of modern information and communications technology to those that most need and deserve it. But now the Workshop is history. We hope that the next ten years will take these technologies beyond the realm of experimentation and demonstration into the mainstream of development strategies and programs. -
Mind the Uppercase Letters
Integration of APRS Network with SDI Tomasz Kubik1,2, Wojciech Penar1 1 Wroclaw University of Technology 2 Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences Abstract. From the point of view of large information systems designers the most important thing is a certain abstraction enabling integration of heterogeneous solutions. Abstraction is associated with the standardization of protocols and interfaces of appropriate services. Behind this façade any device or sensor system may be hidden, even humans recording their measurements. This study presents selected topics and details related to two families of standards developed by OGC: OpenLS and SWE. It also dis- cusses the technical details of a solution built to intercept radio messages broadcast in the APRS network with telemetric information and weather conditions as payload. The basic assumptions and objectives of a prototype system that integrates elements of the APRS network and SWE are given. Keywords: SWE, OpenLS, APRS, SDI, web services 1. Introduction Modern measuring devices are no longer seen as tools for qualitative and quantitative measurements only. They have become parts of highly special- ized solutions, used for data acquisition and post-processing, offering hardware and software interfaces for communication. In the construction of these solutions the latest technologies from various fields are employed, including optics, precision mechanics, satellite and information technolo- gies. Thanks to the Internet and mobile technologies, several architectural and communication barriers caused by the wiring and placement of the sensors have been broken. Only recently the LBS (Location-Based Services) entered the field of IT. These are information services, available from mo- bile devices via mobile networks, giving possibility of utilization of a mobile This work was supported in part by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Edu- cation with funds for research for the years 2010-2013. -
THE EASTNET NETWORK CONTROLLER David W. Borden
THE EASTNET NETWORK CONTROLLER David W. Borden, K8MMO Director, AMRAD Rt. 2, Box 233B Sterling, VA 22170 Abstract clock s eed, the noisy 74LS138 I/O decoder and slow 27 88 EPROMs. Bill Ashby has been trying toI This paper describes a proposed packet radio get it to function at 9600 baud and has failed. network control computer running at high packet baud rates on the East Coast Amateur Packet The Tucson Amateur Packet Radio (TAPR) Network, EASTNET. Principally discussed is the terminal node controller may go higher speeds than digital hardware, but also mentioned is some crude 1200 baud by not using the on board modem and RF hardware to accompany the control computer. The cranking up the clock speed. However, Tom CPar‘k, digital side uses STD bus hardware developed by W3IWI sa s the interrupt structure may be overrun Jon Bloom, KE3Z to begin testin and eventually at 9600 IT aud. This represents an unknown at this will use the AMRAD Packet Assem% 'ler Disassembler point. There ap ears no way to go 48K bit/second (PAD) board running in an S-100 Bus (IEEE-696) or greater spee cr. computer. The Bill Ashby terminal node controller has Introduction been tested at 96010 baud and works well. It probably will not go faster than that, but Bill is' The basis of a real packet radio network is testing it. the packet switch, which in its simplest implementation is a two port HDLC I/O board The AMRAD Packet Assembler Disassembler (PAD) running in a microcomputer. board, designed by Terry Fox, WB4JF1, exists only as a prototype board currently with plans for A Z80 based, STD bus computer has been making printed circuit boards sometime in the assembled which is capable of sending and future. -
Ad Hoc Networks – Design and Performance Issues
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering Networking Laboratory UNIVERSIDAD POLITECNICA´ DE MADRID E.T.S.I. Telecomunicaciones Juan Francisco Redondo Ant´on Ad Hoc Networks – design and performance issues Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Telecommunications Engineering Espoo, May 2002 Supervisor: Professor Jorma Virtamo Abstract of Master’s Thesis Author: Juan Francisco Redondo Ant´on Thesis Title: Ad hoc networks – design and performance issues Date: May the 28th, 2002 Number of pages: 121 Faculty: Helsinki University of Technology Department: Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering Professorship: S.38 – Networking Laboratory Supervisor: Professor Jorma Virtamo The fast development wireless networks have been experiencing recently offers a set of different possibilities for mobile users, that are bringing us closer to voice and data communications “anytime and anywhere”. Some outstanding solutions in this field are Wireless Local Area Networks, that offer high-speed data rate in small areas, and Wireless Wide Area Networks, that allow a greater mobility for users. In some situations, like in military environment and emergency and rescue operations, the necessity of establishing dynamic communications with no reliance on any kind of infrastructure is essential. Then, the ease of quick deployment ad hoc networks provide becomes of great usefulness. Ad hoc networks are formed by mobile hosts that cooperate with each other in a distributed way for the transmissions of packets over wireless links, their routing, and to manage the network itself. Their features condition their design in several network layers, so that parameters like bandwidth or energy consumption, that appear critical in a multi-layer design, must be carefully taken into account. -
Linux Amateur Radio AX.25 HOWTO
Linux Amateur Radio AX.25 HOWTO Jeff Tranter, VE3ICH [email protected] v2.0, 19 September 2001 The Linux operating system is perhaps the only operating system in the world that can boast native and standard support for the AX.25 packet radio protocol utilized by Amateur Radio operators worldwide. This document describes how to install and configure this support. Linux Amateur Radio AX.25 HOWTO Table of Contents 1. Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1 1.1. Changes from the previous version...................................................................................................1 1.2. Where to obtain new versions of this document...............................................................................1 1.3. Other related documentation.............................................................................................................1 2. The Packet Radio Protocols and Linux........................................................................................................3 2.1. How it all fits together......................................................................................................................3 3. The AX.25/NET/ROM/ROSE software components...................................................................................5 3.1. Finding the kernel, tools and utility packages..................................................................................5 3.1.1. The -
KISS/SLIP TNC Description
A simple TNC for megabit packet-radio links Matjaž Vidmar, S53MV 1. Computer interfaces for packet-radio Computers were essential parts of packet-radio equipment right from its beginning more than two decades ago. Since at that time computers were not easily available and were much less capable than today, most amateurs started their activity on packet-radio with an old ASCII terminal. The ASCII terminal required an interface called TNC (Terminal Node Controller). The TNC interface lead to a standardization of the protocol used and to a worldwide acceptance of the AX.25 standard. Today there are many different interfaces called TNC. The most popular is the TNC2, originally developed by TAPR (Tucson Area Packet Radio) and afterward cloned elsewhere. Lots of software was written for the TNC2 too, ranging from simple terminal interfaces to complex computer interfaces and even network nodes. As more powerful computers became available, some functions of the TNC were no longer required. In fact, some early TNC software, designed to work with dumb ASCII terminals, represented a bottleneck for efficient computer file transfer or multi-connect operation. Most functions of the TNC were therefore transferred to the host computer using the simple KISS protocol, originally developed for TCPIP operation only. Unfortunately, the KISS protocol adds additional delays in any packet-radio connection. Today most computers allow a direct steering of a radio modem up to about 10kbit/s, making the TNC completely unnecessary. For higher speeds, different interface cards were developed. These cards are plugged directly into the ISA bus of IBM PC clones to avoid the delays and other problems caused by external interfaces. -
TNC-X Packet Controller
TNC-X Packet Controller Model MFJ-1270X INSTRUCTION MANUAL CAUTION: Read All Instructions Before Operating Equipment ! MFJ ENTERPRISES, INC. 300 Industrial Park Road Starkville, MS 39759 USA Tel: 662-323-5869 Fax: 662-323-6551 VERSION 2A COPYRIGHT 2013 MFJ ENTERPRISES, INC. MFJ-1270X Instruction Manual TNC-X Packet Contoller DISCLAIMER Information in this manual is designed for user purposes only and is not intended to supersede information contained in customer regulations, technical manuals/documents, positional handbooks, or other official publications. The copy of this manual provided to the customer will not be updated to reflect current data. Customers using this manual should report errors or omissions, recommendations for improvements, or other comments to MFJ Enterprises, 300 Industrial Park Road, Starkville, MS 39759. Phone: (662) 323-5869; FAX: (662) 323-6551. Business hours: M-F 8-4:30 CST. 2 MFJ-1270X Instruction Manual TNC-X Packet Contoller Introduction................................................................................................4 Power Requirements .........................................................................5 Terminal Speed..................................................................................5 Setup If You Are Using USB..................................................................5 Setup If You Are Using the TNC’s Serial Port .......................................6 Back Connections..................................................................................6 Radio Setup...............................................................................................7 -
Abkürzungs-Liste ABKLEX
Abkürzungs-Liste ABKLEX (Informatik, Telekommunikation) W. Alex 1. Juli 2021 Karlsruhe Copyright W. Alex, Karlsruhe, 1994 – 2018. Die Liste darf unentgeltlich benutzt und weitergegeben werden. The list may be used or copied free of any charge. Original Point of Distribution: http://www.abklex.de/abklex/ An authorized Czechian version is published on: http://www.sochorek.cz/archiv/slovniky/abklex.htm Author’s Email address: [email protected] 2 Kapitel 1 Abkürzungen Gehen wir von 30 Zeichen aus, aus denen Abkürzungen gebildet werden, und nehmen wir eine größte Länge von 5 Zeichen an, so lassen sich 25.137.930 verschiedene Abkür- zungen bilden (Kombinationen mit Wiederholung und Berücksichtigung der Reihenfol- ge). Es folgt eine Auswahl von rund 16000 Abkürzungen aus den Bereichen Informatik und Telekommunikation. Die Abkürzungen werden hier durchgehend groß geschrieben, Akzente, Bindestriche und dergleichen wurden weggelassen. Einige Abkürzungen sind geschützte Namen; diese sind nicht gekennzeichnet. Die Liste beschreibt nur den Ge- brauch, sie legt nicht eine Definition fest. 100GE 100 GBit/s Ethernet 16CIF 16 times Common Intermediate Format (Picture Format) 16QAM 16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 1GFC 1 Gigabaud Fiber Channel (2, 4, 8, 10, 20GFC) 1GL 1st Generation Language (Maschinencode) 1TBS One True Brace Style (C) 1TR6 (ISDN-Protokoll D-Kanal, national) 247 24/7: 24 hours per day, 7 days per week 2D 2-dimensional 2FA Zwei-Faktor-Authentifizierung 2GL 2nd Generation Language (Assembler) 2L8 Too Late (Slang) 2MS Strukturierte