DOCSLIB.ORG

(Pdf) Download

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

1 2 • Winlink programs group: “Official Group to support Winlink Team developed Products, both user and gateway software” • Winlink_for_EmComm: “Supports the discussion and use of the Winlink network and Winlink products for emergency or event support communications. ” 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Digital voice radio works in exactly the same fashion, except that it deals with audio input, not text. 2. PACKET-1200 uses frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation with a 1000Hz shift and 1200 Bd symbol rate. There are a number of variations for PACKET-1200, including a PSK-based satellite version. PACKET-1200 can be seen in the VHF and UHF bands with indirect FM Modulation. FM bandwidth is 12 kHz. 3. See https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACKET#PACKET-1200 9 10 11 12 • That’s the packet sound • Each individual packet! • Carrier detect • ”NAK” = “NO ACKNOWLEDGEMENT” – resend • ”ACK” – “ACKNOWLEDGEMENT” – send the next packet • Too many retries, and the sending station stops sending (connection is dropped) • Breaking the message into small packets makes it easier to send a large message. But ALL packets MUST be received in order for the message to be read, 13 • One bye = 8 bits = 1 alphanumeric character • See https://tapr.org/pub_ax25.html • FLAG: start and end of each packet • Address: sender, receiver, and the path in between • Control (CTRL): The control field is responsible for identifying the type of “frame” being sent, and is also used to convey commands and responses from one end of the link to the other in order to maintain proper link control • The length of DATA is ≤ 255, and is set by the use. Recommended length is 128 characters • Frame Check Structure (FCS): Contains the CHECKSUM for the error correction process 14 Automatic Packet Relay System (APRS) uses packet, but WITHOUT the error correction. It is either received, or it is not. 15 16 17 18 • Networking Schemes: see https://www.tapr.org/pr_intro.html • During the early days of amateur packet radio, it became apparent that a packet network was needed. To this end, the following packet network schemes were created. • Digipeaters. Digipeaters would simply look at a packet, and if its call was in the digipeater field, would resend the packet. Digipeaters allow the extension of range of a transmitter by retransmitting any packets addressed to the digipeater. This scheme worked well when only a few people were on the radio channel. However, as packet became more popular, digipeaters soon were clogging up the airwaves with traffic being repeated over long distances. • KA-Nodes. Kantronics improved on the digipeater slightly and created KA-Nodes. As with digipeaters, KA-Nodes simply repeat AX.25 frames. • NET/ROM. NET/ROM was one of the first networking schemes to try to address the problems with digipeaters. A user connects to a NET/ROM station as if connecting to any other packet station. From there, he can issue commands to instruct the station to connect to another user locally or connect to another NET/ROM station. This connect, then connect again, means that to a user's TNC, you are connected to a local station only and its transmissions do not have to be 19 digipeated over the entire network and risk losing packets. This local connection proved to be more reliable. • G8BPQ. In the early 1980s John Wiseman, G8BPQ, wrote a Personal Computer (PC) to NET/ROM multi-TNC gateway to support W0RLI, F6FBB, PRMPS and other BBS. The self-named G8BPQ code could interact with a network of TNCs and act as a driver for the BBS application program. As of 2015 John still adds to and supports that program and it is now available for most MSWindows, MacOSX, and LinuX (including one for the Raspberry Pi) distributions in pre-compiled and source file downloads. • ROSE. ROSE is another networking protocol derived from X.25. Each ROSE node has a static list of the nodes it can reach. For a user to use a ROSE switch, he issues a connect with the destination station and in the digipeater field places the call of the local ROSE switch and the distant ROSE switch the destination station can hear. • TCP/IP. TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. TCP/IP is commonly used over the Internet wired computer network. The TCP/IP suite contains different transmission facilities such as FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol), Telnet (Remote terminal protocol), and NNTP (Net News Transfer Protocol) The KA9Q NOS program (also called NET) is the most commonly used version of TCP/IP in packet radio. • TexNet. TeXNet is a 3-port switch designed to create a 9600 baud backbone with 2 local access channels. The TeXNet network provides transparent network access to the user. The user simply accesses his/her local TeXNet node and then either connects to a user at another node or accesses various system services. TeXNet provides the stability of fiXed routing, while allowing new nodes to be automatically brought into the network. 19 1. Network diagram and other information available at http://www.felge.us/digitalmessaging.html 20 21 22 • A distributed system is a network that consists of autonomous computers that are connected using a distribution middleware. They help in sharing different resources and capabilities to provide users with a single and integrated coherent network. • Interoperability: The ability of emergency responders to communicate among jurisdictions, disciplines, frequency bands, and levels of government as needed and as authorized. System operability is required for system interoperability. 23 1. Go to https://www.winlink.org/RMSChannels 24 1. Network diagram and other information available at http://www.felge.us/digitalmessaging.html 2. Note that gateways on WL2K map do NOT reflect available nodes or digipeaters. There is no overall “organization” that coordinates this. It’s what individuals decide to do. 25 • Interoperability: The ability of emergency responders to communicate among jurisdictions, disciplines, frequency bands, and levels of government as needed and as authorized. System operability is required for system interoperability. • Redundancy: The provision of additional or duplicate systems, equipment, etc., that function in c ase an operating part or system fails. • Peer-to-peer (P2P): A computer network designed so that computers can send information directly to one another without passing through a centralized server • With the advent of the INTERNET, the expectations for “business as usual” now includes e-mail and other digital communications. Without the INTERNET, those expectations are still there. Most EM agencies realize that such capabilities have lower bandwidth, and hence slower traffic. But they still want their e-mail. 26 • Winlink front end designed to look like typical e-mail application, but it does include NON-STANDARD features • Automatic message compression reduces transmission time, but a size limit is imposed given limited bandwidth on RF. • SPAM control – an advanced topic • Can operate 24/7 with suitable power supply • Does NOT need to be attended, but must be monitored • “station-to-station propagation” means that messages can be relayed without error • Built in forms and reports • Commonly used 27 • This a RADIO based system. The laws of physics still apply, and propagation must always be considered. • Bandwidth limits size and transmission times. • Message is plain text; attachments may be binary. • The security issue is always there for amateur radio, but especially so for packet, as it APPEARS to be secure, and more so for Winlink which compresses the file to speed up transmission using the B2F protocol. That’s an open source algorithm, and is LEGALLY not an encryption protocol. • Updates and issues do NOT have 24/7 helpdesk. You have to learn how to troubleshoot. And throw them a few dollars now ands then. • Updates are key for mutual compatibility. Keep your computer connected to the INTERNET, with Winlink turned on, for updates. Or manually install latest version. Beta testing is voluntary. 28 29 • Telnet: requires INTERNET connection • VHF/UHF: line of sight OR through nodes • “Poor man’s PACTOR” – still reliable. • PACTOR – protocol is copyrighted for commercial use, but is available to amateur radio operators. 30 31 • Linux installation possible, but is unstable • Just about any radio can be used, but may require tinkering to make work. • TNC – to be discussed 32 The basics of packet radio has not changed since it was originally developed. As such, packet radio is a “legacy” technology, a step back to pre-INTERNET data communications. This does not make it obsolete, but it does mean that you, as the operator, have more responsibilities in overseeing the operation. 33 1. Some 2 meter radios can handle 9600 baud, but this is not a common feature, so 1200 baud is the most common protocol in the region. 2. 70CM packet can’t be feed through the microphone or speaker because the signal processing schema doesn’t provide the full bandwidth for 9600 baud. Either the radio has to be built for the purpose, or the amateur has to modify the rig to bypass that component. 34 • TNC types: • Kantronics KPC3+: Stand alone TNC, 2 meters only. Reliable design, but has issues in KISS mode. Also available as 9612 (runs 9600 baud packet) • Byonics TinyTrak 4: Very small, KISS only. The firmware is flashable, so this is used as a KISS TNC or an APRS controller. • Coastal Chipworks TNC-X. Inexpensive and reliable, KISS only. Optional APRS board is available. • Timewave PK-96: Stand alone TNC, either 2 meters or 70 CM. Reliable design. • Definitions: • KISS (keep it simple, stupid) is a protocol for communicating with a serial terminal node controller (TNC) device used for amateur radio. This allows the TNC to combine more features into a single device and standardizes communications.
Recommended publications
  • Implementing MACA and Other Useful Improvements to Amateur Packet Radio for Throughput and Capacity

    Implementing MACA and Other Useful Improvements to Amateur Packet Radio for Throughput and Capacity

    Implementing MACA and Other Useful Improvements to Amateur Packet Radio for Throughput and Capacity John Bonnett – KK6JRA / NCS820 Steven Gunderson – CMoLR Project Manager TAPR DCC – 15 Sept 2018 1 Contents • Introduction – Communication Methodology of Last Resort (CMoLR) • Speed & Throughput Tests – CONNECT & UNPROTO • UX.25 – UNPROTO AX.25 • Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA) – Hidden Terminals • Directed Packet Networks • Brevity – Directory Services • Trunked Packet • Conclusion 2 Background • Mission County – Proverbial: – Coastline, Earthquake Faults, Mountains & Hills, and Missions – Frequent Natural Disasters • Wildfires, Earthquakes, Floods, Slides & Tsunamis – Extensive Packet Networks • EOCs – Fire & Police Stations – Hospitals • Legacy 1200 Baud Packet Networks • Outpost and Winlink 2000 Messaging Software 3 Background • Mission County – Proverbial: – Coastline, Earthquake Faults, Mountains & Hills, and Missions – Frequent Natural Disasters • Wildfires, Earthquakes, Floods, Slides & Tsunamis – Extensive Packet Networks • EOCs – Fire & Police Stations – Hospitals • Legacy 1200 Baud Packet Networks • Outpost and Winlink 2000 Messaging Software • Community Emergency Response Teams: – OK Drills – Neighborhood Surveys OK – Triage Information • CERT Form #1 – Transmit CERT Triage Data to Public Safety – Situational Awareness 4 Background & Objectives (cont) • Communication Methodology of Last Resort (CMoLR): – Mission County Project: 2012 – 2016 – Enable Emergency Data Comms from CERT to Public Safety 5 Background &
  • Packet Radio

    Packet Radio

    Amateurfunk-Kurs DH2MIC DARC-Ortsverband C01, Vaterstetten 13.11.05 PR 1 Packet Radio 1. Prinzip Packet Radio ist eine digitale Betriebsart, die rund 50 % aller Funkamateure betreiben. Sie ermöglicht, mit Hilfe eines Computers, der im einfachsten Fall ein ANSI-Terminal sein kann, mit anderen Funkamateuren zu kommunizieren. Die Verbindung kann direkt oder über Relais erfolgen, die Digipeater (Digitale Repeater) genannt werden. Dabei arbeiten im einfachsten Fall alle OMs und der Digipeater auf der gleichen QRG. Jede Station sendet ihre Daten paketweise. Da jeder TX nur für die Dauer der Aussendung eines oder mehrerer 'Packets' kurzzeitig 'on air' ist und dann auf die Quittierung seiner Aussendung wartet, können die unvermeidlichen Kollisionen sehr einfach durch Wiederholung eines nicht bestätigten Packets zugelassen werden. Das verwendete Protokoll heißt AX.25 und basiert auf dem leitungsgebundenen CCITT-Protokoll X.25. 2. Die Stationsausrüstung im Überblick Antenne Terminal- TNC PC Programm 70 cm Modem AX.25- Transceiver Prozessor Die prinzipielle Stationsausrüstung besteht aus folgenden fünf Hard- und Software-Kompo- nenten: • 70cm-Antenne eine vertikal polarisierte Antenne (ev. auch 2 m oder 23 cm) • Transceiver im einfachsten Fall ein Handfunkgerät • TNC Terminal Node Controller, ein Modem, das einen Mikroprozessor enthält, auf dem das AX.25-Protokoll läuft. Der TNC übernimmt auch die Modulation und Demodulation der Sende- und Empfangssignale • PC ein IBM- oder Macintosh-Rechner mit seriellem Port, über den die Daten im Kiss-Protokoll vom und zum TNC laufen • Terminal-Programm Software, mit der die empfangenen Daten dargestellt und die Tastatur-Eingaben aufbereitet werden. Amateurfunk-Kurs DH2MIC DARC-Ortsverband C01, Vaterstetten 13.11.05 PR 2 3.
  • Kenwood TH-D74A/E Operating Tips

    Kenwood TH-D74A/E Operating Tips

    1 Copyrights for this Manual JVCKENWOOD Corporation shall own all copyrights and intellectual properties for the product and the manuals, help texts and relevant documents attached to the product or the optional software. A user is required to obtain approval from JVCKENWOOD Corporation, in writing, prior to redistributing this document on a personal web page or via packet communication. A user is prohibited from assigning, renting, leasing or reselling the document. JVCKENWOOD Corporation does not warrant that quality and functions described in this manual comply with each user’s purpose of use and, unless specifically described in this manual, JVCKENWOOD Corporation shall be free from any responsibility for any defects and indemnities for any damages or losses. Software Copyrights The title to and ownership of copyrights for software, including but not limited to the firmware and optional software that may be distributed individually, are reserved for JVCKENWOOD Corporation. The firmware shall mean the software which can be embedded in KENWOOD product memories for proper operation. Any modifying, reverse engineering, copying, reproducing or disclosing on an Internet website of the software is strictly prohibited. A user is required to obtain approval from JVCKENWOOD Corporation, in writing, prior to redistributing this manual on a personal web page or via packet communication. Furthermore, any reselling, assigning or transferring of the software is also strictly prohibited without embedding the software in KENWOOD product memories. Copyrights for recorded Audio The software embedded in this transceiver consists of a multiple number of and individual software components. Title to and ownership of copyrights for each software component is reserved for JVCKENWOOD Corporation and the respective bona fide holder.
  • Examining Ambiguities in the Automatic Packet Reporting System

    Examining Ambiguities in the Automatic Packet Reporting System

    Examining Ambiguities in the Automatic Packet Reporting System A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Electrical Engineering by Kenneth W. Finnegan December 2014 © 2014 Kenneth W. Finnegan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP TITLE: Examining Ambiguities in the Automatic Packet Reporting System AUTHOR: Kenneth W. Finnegan DATE SUBMITTED: December 2014 REVISION: 1.2 COMMITTEE CHAIR: Bridget Benson, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering COMMITTEE MEMBER: John Bellardo, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Computer Science COMMITTEE MEMBER: Dennis Derickson, Ph.D. Department Chair, Electrical Engineering iii ABSTRACT Examining Ambiguities in the Automatic Packet Reporting System Kenneth W. Finnegan The Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS) is an amateur radio packet network that has evolved over the last several decades in tandem with, and then arguably beyond, the lifetime of other VHF/UHF amateur packet networks, to the point where it is one of very few packet networks left on the amateur VHF/UHF bands. This is proving to be problematic due to the loss of institutional knowledge as older amateur radio operators who designed and built APRS and other AX.25-based packet networks abandon the hobby or pass away. The purpose of this document is to collect and curate a sufficient body of knowledge to ensure the continued usefulness of the APRS network, and re-examining the engineering decisions made during the network's evolution to look for possible improvements and identify deficiencies in documentation of the existing network. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures vii 1 Preface 1 2 Introduction 3 2.1 History of APRS .
  • Digital Radio Technology and Applications

    Digital Radio Technology and Applications

    it DIGITAL RADIO TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS Proceedings of an International Workshop organized by the International Development Research Centre, Volunteers in Technical Assistance, and United Nations University, held in Nairobi, Kenya, 24-26 August 1992 Edited by Harun Baiya (VITA, Kenya) David Balson (IDRC, Canada) Gary Garriott (VITA, USA) 1 1 X 1594 F SN % , IleCl- -.01 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE Ottawa Cairo Dakar Johannesburg Montevideo Nairobi New Delhi 0 Singapore 141 V /IL s 0 /'A- 0 . Preface The International Workshop on Digital Radio Technology and Applications was a milestone event. For the first time, it brought together many of those using low-cost radio systems for development and humanitarian-based computer communications in Africa and Asia, in both terrestrial and satellite environments. Ten years ago the prospect of seeing all these people in one place to share their experiences was only a far-off dream. At that time no one really had a clue whether there would be interest, funding and expertise available to exploit these technologies for relief and development applications. VITA and IDRC are pleased to have been involved in various capacities in these efforts right from the beginning. As mentioned in VITA's welcome at the Workshop, we can all be proud to have participated in a pioneering effort to bring the benefits of modern information and communications technology to those that most need and deserve it. But now the Workshop is history. We hope that the next ten years will take these technologies beyond the realm of experimentation and demonstration into the mainstream of development strategies and programs.
  • Mind the Uppercase Letters

    Mind the Uppercase Letters

    Integration of APRS Network with SDI Tomasz Kubik1,2, Wojciech Penar1 1 Wroclaw University of Technology 2 Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences Abstract. From the point of view of large information systems designers the most important thing is a certain abstraction enabling integration of heterogeneous solutions. Abstraction is associated with the standardization of protocols and interfaces of appropriate services. Behind this façade any device or sensor system may be hidden, even humans recording their measurements. This study presents selected topics and details related to two families of standards developed by OGC: OpenLS and SWE. It also dis- cusses the technical details of a solution built to intercept radio messages broadcast in the APRS network with telemetric information and weather conditions as payload. The basic assumptions and objectives of a prototype system that integrates elements of the APRS network and SWE are given. Keywords: SWE, OpenLS, APRS, SDI, web services 1. Introduction Modern measuring devices are no longer seen as tools for qualitative and quantitative measurements only. They have become parts of highly special- ized solutions, used for data acquisition and post-processing, offering hardware and software interfaces for communication. In the construction of these solutions the latest technologies from various fields are employed, including optics, precision mechanics, satellite and information technolo- gies. Thanks to the Internet and mobile technologies, several architectural and communication barriers caused by the wiring and placement of the sensors have been broken. Only recently the LBS (Location-Based Services) entered the field of IT. These are information services, available from mo- bile devices via mobile networks, giving possibility of utilization of a mobile This work was supported in part by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Edu- cation with funds for research for the years 2010-2013.
  • THE EASTNET NETWORK CONTROLLER David W. Borden

    THE EASTNET NETWORK CONTROLLER David W. Borden

    THE EASTNET NETWORK CONTROLLER David W. Borden, K8MMO Director, AMRAD Rt. 2, Box 233B Sterling, VA 22170 Abstract clock s eed, the noisy 74LS138 I/O decoder and slow 27 88 EPROMs. Bill Ashby has been trying toI This paper describes a proposed packet radio get it to function at 9600 baud and has failed. network control computer running at high packet baud rates on the East Coast Amateur Packet The Tucson Amateur Packet Radio (TAPR) Network, EASTNET. Principally discussed is the terminal node controller may go higher speeds than digital hardware, but also mentioned is some crude 1200 baud by not using the on board modem and RF hardware to accompany the control computer. The cranking up the clock speed. However, Tom CPar‘k, digital side uses STD bus hardware developed by W3IWI sa s the interrupt structure may be overrun Jon Bloom, KE3Z to begin testin and eventually at 9600 IT aud. This represents an unknown at this will use the AMRAD Packet Assem% 'ler Disassembler point. There ap ears no way to go 48K bit/second (PAD) board running in an S-100 Bus (IEEE-696) or greater spee cr. computer. The Bill Ashby terminal node controller has Introduction been tested at 96010 baud and works well. It probably will not go faster than that, but Bill is' The basis of a real packet radio network is testing it. the packet switch, which in its simplest implementation is a two port HDLC I/O board The AMRAD Packet Assembler Disassembler (PAD) running in a microcomputer. board, designed by Terry Fox, WB4JF1, exists only as a prototype board currently with plans for A Z80 based, STD bus computer has been making printed circuit boards sometime in the assembled which is capable of sending and future.
  • Ad Hoc Networks – Design and Performance Issues

    Ad Hoc Networks – Design and Performance Issues

    HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering Networking Laboratory UNIVERSIDAD POLITECNICA´ DE MADRID E.T.S.I. Telecomunicaciones Juan Francisco Redondo Ant´on Ad Hoc Networks – design and performance issues Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Telecommunications Engineering Espoo, May 2002 Supervisor: Professor Jorma Virtamo Abstract of Master’s Thesis Author: Juan Francisco Redondo Ant´on Thesis Title: Ad hoc networks – design and performance issues Date: May the 28th, 2002 Number of pages: 121 Faculty: Helsinki University of Technology Department: Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering Professorship: S.38 – Networking Laboratory Supervisor: Professor Jorma Virtamo The fast development wireless networks have been experiencing recently offers a set of different possibilities for mobile users, that are bringing us closer to voice and data communications “anytime and anywhere”. Some outstanding solutions in this field are Wireless Local Area Networks, that offer high-speed data rate in small areas, and Wireless Wide Area Networks, that allow a greater mobility for users. In some situations, like in military environment and emergency and rescue operations, the necessity of establishing dynamic communications with no reliance on any kind of infrastructure is essential. Then, the ease of quick deployment ad hoc networks provide becomes of great usefulness. Ad hoc networks are formed by mobile hosts that cooperate with each other in a distributed way for the transmissions of packets over wireless links, their routing, and to manage the network itself. Their features condition their design in several network layers, so that parameters like bandwidth or energy consumption, that appear critical in a multi-layer design, must be carefully taken into account.
  • Linux Amateur Radio AX.25 HOWTO

    Linux Amateur Radio AX.25 HOWTO

    Linux Amateur Radio AX.25 HOWTO Jeff Tranter, VE3ICH [email protected] v2.0, 19 September 2001 The Linux operating system is perhaps the only operating system in the world that can boast native and standard support for the AX.25 packet radio protocol utilized by Amateur Radio operators worldwide. This document describes how to install and configure this support. Linux Amateur Radio AX.25 HOWTO Table of Contents 1. Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1 1.1. Changes from the previous version...................................................................................................1 1.2. Where to obtain new versions of this document...............................................................................1 1.3. Other related documentation.............................................................................................................1 2. The Packet Radio Protocols and Linux........................................................................................................3 2.1. How it all fits together......................................................................................................................3 3. The AX.25/NET/ROM/ROSE software components...................................................................................5 3.1. Finding the kernel, tools and utility packages..................................................................................5 3.1.1. The
  • KISS/SLIP TNC Description

    KISS/SLIP TNC Description

    A simple TNC for megabit packet-radio links Matjaž Vidmar, S53MV 1. Computer interfaces for packet-radio Computers were essential parts of packet-radio equipment right from its beginning more than two decades ago. Since at that time computers were not easily available and were much less capable than today, most amateurs started their activity on packet-radio with an old ASCII terminal. The ASCII terminal required an interface called TNC (Terminal Node Controller). The TNC interface lead to a standardization of the protocol used and to a worldwide acceptance of the AX.25 standard. Today there are many different interfaces called TNC. The most popular is the TNC2, originally developed by TAPR (Tucson Area Packet Radio) and afterward cloned elsewhere. Lots of software was written for the TNC2 too, ranging from simple terminal interfaces to complex computer interfaces and even network nodes. As more powerful computers became available, some functions of the TNC were no longer required. In fact, some early TNC software, designed to work with dumb ASCII terminals, represented a bottleneck for efficient computer file transfer or multi-connect operation. Most functions of the TNC were therefore transferred to the host computer using the simple KISS protocol, originally developed for TCPIP operation only. Unfortunately, the KISS protocol adds additional delays in any packet-radio connection. Today most computers allow a direct steering of a radio modem up to about 10kbit/s, making the TNC completely unnecessary. For higher speeds, different interface cards were developed. These cards are plugged directly into the ISA bus of IBM PC clones to avoid the delays and other problems caused by external interfaces.
  • TNC-X Packet Controller

    TNC-X Packet Controller

    TNC-X Packet Controller Model MFJ-1270X INSTRUCTION MANUAL CAUTION: Read All Instructions Before Operating Equipment ! MFJ ENTERPRISES, INC. 300 Industrial Park Road Starkville, MS 39759 USA Tel: 662-323-5869 Fax: 662-323-6551 VERSION 2A COPYRIGHT 2013 MFJ ENTERPRISES, INC. MFJ-1270X Instruction Manual TNC-X Packet Contoller DISCLAIMER Information in this manual is designed for user purposes only and is not intended to supersede information contained in customer regulations, technical manuals/documents, positional handbooks, or other official publications. The copy of this manual provided to the customer will not be updated to reflect current data. Customers using this manual should report errors or omissions, recommendations for improvements, or other comments to MFJ Enterprises, 300 Industrial Park Road, Starkville, MS 39759. Phone: (662) 323-5869; FAX: (662) 323-6551. Business hours: M-F 8-4:30 CST. 2 MFJ-1270X Instruction Manual TNC-X Packet Contoller Introduction................................................................................................4 Power Requirements .........................................................................5 Terminal Speed..................................................................................5 Setup If You Are Using USB..................................................................5 Setup If You Are Using the TNC’s Serial Port .......................................6 Back Connections..................................................................................6 Radio Setup...............................................................................................7
  • Abkürzungs-Liste ABKLEX

    Abkürzungs-Liste ABKLEX

    Abkürzungs-Liste ABKLEX (Informatik, Telekommunikation) W. Alex 1. Juli 2021 Karlsruhe Copyright W. Alex, Karlsruhe, 1994 – 2018. Die Liste darf unentgeltlich benutzt und weitergegeben werden. The list may be used or copied free of any charge. Original Point of Distribution: http://www.abklex.de/abklex/ An authorized Czechian version is published on: http://www.sochorek.cz/archiv/slovniky/abklex.htm Author’s Email address: [email protected] 2 Kapitel 1 Abkürzungen Gehen wir von 30 Zeichen aus, aus denen Abkürzungen gebildet werden, und nehmen wir eine größte Länge von 5 Zeichen an, so lassen sich 25.137.930 verschiedene Abkür- zungen bilden (Kombinationen mit Wiederholung und Berücksichtigung der Reihenfol- ge). Es folgt eine Auswahl von rund 16000 Abkürzungen aus den Bereichen Informatik und Telekommunikation. Die Abkürzungen werden hier durchgehend groß geschrieben, Akzente, Bindestriche und dergleichen wurden weggelassen. Einige Abkürzungen sind geschützte Namen; diese sind nicht gekennzeichnet. Die Liste beschreibt nur den Ge- brauch, sie legt nicht eine Definition fest. 100GE 100 GBit/s Ethernet 16CIF 16 times Common Intermediate Format (Picture Format) 16QAM 16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 1GFC 1 Gigabaud Fiber Channel (2, 4, 8, 10, 20GFC) 1GL 1st Generation Language (Maschinencode) 1TBS One True Brace Style (C) 1TR6 (ISDN-Protokoll D-Kanal, national) 247 24/7: 24 hours per day, 7 days per week 2D 2-dimensional 2FA Zwei-Faktor-Authentifizierung 2GL 2nd Generation Language (Assembler) 2L8 Too Late (Slang) 2MS Strukturierte