DOCSLIB.ORG

Competition and Canadian Wireless Telecommunications

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Competition and Canadian Wireless Telecommunications University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies Master of Public Policy Capstone Projects 2013-09 Competition and Canadian Wireless Telecommunications Lo, Justin Lo, Justin. (2013). Competition and Canadian Wireless Telecommunications ( Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/51617 report Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY CAPSTONE PROJECT Competition and Canadian Wireless Telecommunications: Evaluating the Government of Canada’s Wireless Policies following the 2008 Wireless Spectrum Auction for Advanced Wireless Services Submitted by: Justin Lo - Approved by Supervisor: Dr. David Bercuson Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of PPOL 623 and completion of the requirements for the Master of Public Policy degree September 9, 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my capstone supervisor, Dr. Bercuson for encouraging me to pursue my interest and providing me the ability to freely explore the topic to its fullest extent. I also thank family and friends who pushed me to pursue my ambitions with enthusiasm. Finally, this effort could not have been possible without the longstanding support and encouragement of my amazing fiancée, Jennifer. 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The following report looks at the Government of Canada’s policies regarding competition in the Canadian wireless telecommunications sector, and the transition of the Government of Canada’s approach in telecommunications from regulation to increased competition. Specifically, this report looks at the impact of Wind Mobile and the other new wireless entrants on Canadian wireless telecommunications since their entry into the market following the 2008 wireless auction for advanced wireless services. The report also looks at the historical approach to telecommunications regulation in Canada, and finds that the development of Canada’s national telecommunications network was accomplished in a highly regulated environment that saw the emergence of a series of provincial monopolies and the dominance of a single national long distance exchange carrier. This regime persisted until the Alberta Government Telephones v. Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission and CNCP Telecommunications ruling by the Supreme Court of Canada and the passing of the 1993 Telecommunications Act, which would become Canada’s first amalgamated, national, legislation regulating the Canadian telecommunications industry. The Act established the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission as the primary regulator in Canadian telecoms, and also allowed for a greater degree of competition in the Canadian telecommunications market. 2 The rapid advance of wireless technology in Canada resulted in a review of telecommunications policy in Canada, and the 2006 panel review of the telecommunications policy in Canada noted that competition in the Canadian wireless industry has been dominated by three incumbent carriers who, at the time, possessed over 95% of the Canadian wireless market. As a response to the lack of competition in the Canadian wireless industry, the Government of Canada adopted the panel review’s recommendation to increase wireless competition and would do so by setting aside a series of wireless spectrum licences for new entrants in their 2008 wireless spectrum auction. The auction resulted in the entry of three new wireless carriers to the Canadian wireless market: Mobilicity, Public Mobile, and Wind Mobile. These three new carriers would compete with incumbent carriers Bell, Rogers, and Telus and hopefully increase competition in the Canadian wireless sector, while providing better prices for Canadian consumers. The report measures changes in subscriber growth, subscriber market share, and average revenue per user from 2009 to 2012, capturing the period in which the new wireless entrants began operating to the last available annual report from Bell, Rogers, Telus, and Wind Mobile. Due to the private nature of Mobilicity and Public mobile, neither is required to publicly report their earnings or growth and neither carrier is used in the comparison. The report finds that, while Wind Mobile has managed to grow its subscriber base at a comparable rate to the three wireless incumbents, its market share is still only 2% of the total wireless market. 3 However, the market share of the incumbent carriers has also steadily fallen since 2009. Consequently, one can assume that the new wireless entrants have made some success in making the market competitive, though the results are still not large enough to definitely determine if this is a long term trend. When looking at average revenue per user, Wind Mobile fails to generate revenues comparable to the three wireless incumbents, and it is assumed that Public Mobile and Mobilicity are experiencing similar difficulties. This suggests that the new wireless entrants are having difficulty maintaining financing competitiveness compared to the three incumbent carriers. Recent news indicates that all three of new wireless entrants are experiencing some degree of financial difficulty. This is consistent with the average revenues per user found in the evaluation of Wind Mobile. The report concludes that the Government of Canada’s policies to generate increased competition in the Canadian wireless market have been met with mixed success, providing not guarantee of long term competitiveness. With the anticipation of another wireless spectrum auction in 2014 and a lack of data to evaluate long range outcomes, it is recommended that the Government of Canada: Continue to encourage increased competition in the Canadian wireless telecommunications market. Proceed with the 700 Mhz wireless spectrum auction in January 2014 as planned, with spectrum specifically set aside for new bidders and entrants from the 2008 wireless auction. 4 Continue to enforce the 5-year moratorium period on transfer of spectrum following the conclusion of the auction. In addition, it is also recommended following the auction to: Modify future auction rules so that winning bidders only pay 5% of the winning bid within the first 10 days, and require the remainder be paid at the end of the five year period to reduce initial start-up costs. Develop explicit rules regarding return of spectrum to the public ownership in the event of firm failure or failure to pay for spectrum at the conclusion of the five year transfer moratorium. Allow for up to 49% foreign ownership of Canadian telecommunications providers. Review and reconsider the CRTC’s role and mandate in the existing Canadian telecommunications industry, and define its role as a new wireless regime emerges. Evaluate outcomes following the five year moratorium period of the 700 Mhz auction to assess capacity to accommodate additional competition in the Canadian wireless telecommunications industry long term (10 years and beyond). 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 8 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................... 11 Telecommunications Regulation History in Canada ................................................................. 11 The 2006 Telecommunications Policy Review .......................................................................... 13 2008 Wireless Spectrum Auction and Wind Mobile ................................................................. 16 LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................... 20 EVALUATION METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................... 25 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION .......................................................................................................... 27 Subscriber Growth .................................................................................................................... 29 Market Share ............................................................................................................................ 30 Average Revenue per User ....................................................................................................... 32 POLICY IMPLICATIONS .................................................................................................................. 35 2008 AWS Auction Rules ........................................................................................................... 36 Telecommunications Act Restrictions on Ownership ............................................................... 38 Recent Developments ............................................................................................................... 41 Long term Implications ............................................................................................................. 43 EXPECTED OUTCOMES AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................... 45 Licence Transfers and Foreign Ownership ................................................................................ 45 6 Regulatory Outcomes ............................................................................................................... 49 Long term Competition ............................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Submission Template
    Canada Gazette Part I, 10 March 2012 Telecommunications Act Notice No. DGTP-001-12 Petition of Association des Compagnies de Téléphone du Québec inc. (ACTQ) and Ontario Telecommunications Association (OTA) to His Excellency the Governor in Council dated 3 February 2012 Telecom Regulatory Policy CRTC 2011-291 and/or Telecom Decision CRTC 2011-733 RESPONSE OF TELUS COMMUNICATIONS COMPANY 10 April 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY FRAMEWORK....................................................... 3 3.0 THE ACTQ/OTA PETITION ..........................................................................................................10 3.1. THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK WAS CUSTOMIZED FOR THE SILECS BY THE CRTC AND IS THEREFORE NOT A COOKIE-CUTTER NOR A ONE SIZE FITS ALL APPROACH ................................................................................................................................................14 3.2. THE APOCALYPTIC SCENARIOS DESCRIBED BY ACTQ/OTA ARE PURE FANTASY AND HIDE THEIR IMPRESSIVE DEVELOPMENT AND EXPANSION OVER THE LAST FEW YEARS .........................................................................................................................................................19 4.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION .............................................................................27 ii TELUS Response to ACTQ/OTA Petition 1.0 Introduction
    [Show full text]
  • Competition and Price Regulation in the Market for Public Long-Distance Telephone Services
    Competition and Price Regulation in the Market for Public Long-Distance Telephone Services Michael H. Ryan' In 1992, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommu- En 1992, le Conseil de Ia radiodiffusion et des tdecom- nications Commission decided to permit competition in the pro- munications canadiennes a d6cid6 de permettre Ia concurrence vision of public long-distance telephone services. The advent of dans le domaine des services t~l~phoniques interurbains. competition has compelled the Commission to make sweeping L'avnement de cette concurrence a contraint le Conseil Aeffec- changes to the manner in which it regulates the prices charged by tuer des modifications radicales dans sa fagon de r6glementer les the telephone companies and other telecommunications carriers tarifs exigda par les compagnies de tdl~phone et par d'autres under its jurisdiction. transporters en teldcommunications sous sajuridiction. The article begins with a brief overview of the regulatory L'article dbute avec un bref survol du rigime rnglemen- regime as it stood prior to the introduction of competition. The taise en place avant l'introduction de la concurrence. L'auteur author describes the new measures the C.R.T.C. has introduced dderit les nouvelles mesures introduites par le C.RIT.C. afin de to permit the incumbent telephone companies and their rivals in- permettre aux compagnies de t~lphones ainsi qu'A leurs rivales creased flexibility in the pricing of the services they provide to d'augmenter ler flexibilit6 dans la tarification des services the public. qu'elles offrent au public. The author then focuses on the Commission's approach to L'auteur se penche ensuite sur 'approche du Conseil rela- the special issues presented by the pricing of "access".
    [Show full text]
  • Review of the Canadian Communications Legislative Framework, Responding to the New Environment: a Call for Comments
    Review of the Canadian Communications Legislative Framework, Responding to the New Environment: A Call for Comments Written Submission of the Public Interest Advocacy Centre 11 January 2019 Broadcasting and Telecommunications Legislative Review Panel Review of the Canadian Communications Legislative Framework, Responding to the New Environment: A Call for Comments PIAC Written Submission 11 January 2019 Table of Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... 3 PIAC: Representing the Public Interest in Telecommunications and Broadcasting for over 40 Years .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Telecommunications Act and Radiocommunication Act ............................................................... 5 1. Universal Access and Deployment ...................................................................................... 6 1.1 Are the right legislative tools in place to further the objective of affordable high quality access for all Canadians, including those in rural, remote and Indigenous communities? ..... 6 Writing a USO (universal service obligation) into the Telecommunications Act................. 13 1.2 Given the importance of passive infrastructure for network deployment and the expected growth of 5G wireless, are the right provisions in place for governance of these assets? ........ 14 2. Competition, Innovation, and Affordability
    [Show full text]
  • The “Affordable Access Coalition”
    Telecom Notice of Consultation CRTC 2015-134 Phase 1 Intervention of the Affordable Access Coalition 14 July 2015 The “Affordable Access Coalition” Phase 1 Intervention Telecom Notice of Consultation CRTC 2015-134 Review of basic telecommunications services 14 July 2015 Telecom Notice of Consultation CRTC 2015-134 Phase 1 Intervention of the Affordable Access Coalition 14 July 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ 3 Glossary & List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................... 13 Tables and Figures ........................................................................................................... 14 1. Introduction and key positions ................................................................................... 1 2. Responses to consultation questions ...................................................................... 19 Canadians’ evolving needs for telecommunications service (Q1 – Q2) ........................ 19 The Commission’s role regarding access to basic telecom services (Q3 – Q7)............ 68 Regulatory measures for basic telecommunications services (Q8 – Q13) .................. 114 3. The Need for Ongoing Monitoring .......................................................................... 129 4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 131 Appendices: Appendix “A”:
    [Show full text]
  • The Consumer Case for Telecom Reform and Results-Based Regulation
    Waiting for the Dream: The Consumer Case for Telecom Reform and Results-Based Regulation By: Michael Janigan Public Interest Advocacy Centre 1204 - ONE Nicholas St. Ottawa, ON K1N 7B7 December 2010 1 Copyright 2010 PIAC Contents may not be commercially reproduced. Any other reproduction with acknowledgment is encouraged. The Public Interest Advocacy Centre (PIAC) Suite 1204 ONE Nicholas Street Ottawa, ON K1N 7B7 Canadian Cataloguing and Publication Data Waiting for the Dream: The Consumer Case for Telecom Reform and Results-Based Regulation ISBN 1-895060-96-6 2 Acknowledgement The Public Interest Advocacy Centre (PIAC) received funding from Industry Canada’s Contributions Program for Non-profit Consumer and Voluntary Organizations. The views expressed in this report are not necessarily those of Industry Canada or of the Government of Canada. The assistance with research and editing of this report provided by Michael DeSantis, Laman Meshadiyeva, Eden Maher, Amy Zhao and Janet Lo is also gratefully acknowledged. 3 Table of Contents Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................................ 3 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 5 Summary of Recommendations .................................................................................................................. 10 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Telecommunication Policies in Seventeen Countries
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 258 558 IR 011 713 AUTHOR/ Eward, Ronald S. TITLE Telecommunication Policies in SeventeenCountries: Propocts for Future CompetitiveAccess. INSTITUTION MarTech Strategies, Inc. SPONS AGENCY National Telecommunications andInformation Administration (DOC), Washington,D.C. PUB DATE May 83 CONTRACT NTIA-CR-83-24 NOTE 225p. PUB TYPE Information Analyses (070) Reports - Evaluative /Feasibility (142) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Competition; Foreign Countries;*Information Networks; Information Services; *International Cooperation; International Relations;Marketing; *Policy; *Telecommunications;Teleconferencing IDENTIFIERS *Data Transmission ABSTRACT This document isa review and study of current and prospective telecommunication policiesin 17 countries with regard to the competitive marketaccess those policies foster or promise. It explores the policies of eachcountry toward information flow that will also have an impacton international competition. The aim of the study is to identify the degree ofcompetitive access allowed U.S. companies in the provision of telecommunicationsand information products and services. The study profileseach of the selected countries with main attention givento the following: (1) organizational structures; (2) servicesstructure and policies; (3) data and telephone services; (4) internationalservices structure and policies; (5 new services; and (6) future competitiveaccess. The 17 countries profiledare Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Federal Republic of Germany,France,
    [Show full text]
  • Cotflmunications 617 Ritories, Parts of Newfoundland and in Northern Sections of British Columbia; in All, It Has About 48,275 Subscribers
    COtflMUNICATIONS 617 ritories, parts of Newfoundland and in northern sections of British Columbia; in all, it has about 48,275 subscribers. The TCTS members are continuing to automate their systems and rates for customer- diallbd calls on the inter-company network have been steadily decreasing. Since 1972 TCTS has offered a one-minute minimum charge that allows more economical long distance calling. Each member company is responsible for providing good quality service within its own territory and for integrating its facilities with those of all other telephone companies in Canada in order to provide connections with telephones elsewhere in North America and overseas. Collectively these companies operate the world's longest single microwave system carrying telephone conversations, radio and television programs and computer data from coast to coast. Services have been developed to meet specialized needs across Canada for voice-only communications. These range from aids to the handicapped to services such as Wide area telephone service and Voicecom for business firms. Wide area telephone service (WATS), provided by the TCTS companies, is for customers who make or receive many long distance calls to or from many points. WATS allows a customer to call, or to receive calls from, any­ where within one of seven zones for a flat monthly rate. These areas range in size from part of a province to all of Canada. Single digit dialling is the main feature of Voicecom service. It provides voice-only com­ munications between specified locations via the public telephone network on a pay-as-you-use basip. By dialling a single telephone number, a Voicecom customer can reach as many as 10 telephones subscribing to the same service.
    [Show full text]
  • Competition in Telecommunications: Refusal to Supply Facilities by Regulated Common Carriers
    COMPETITION IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS: REFUSAL TO SUPPLY FACILITIES BY REGULATED COMMON CARRIERS Gordon Kaiser* I. INTRODUCTION Traditionally, telephone companies have regarded their mandate as rendering a universal or end to end service to all subscribers. This universality presumed carrier ownership of transmission, switching, terminals and local loops. It also implied a lack of access and a refusal to supply facilities to competing forms of transmission and equipment. New technology has caused regulators to re-evaluate monopoly in both the equipment and service sectors. In the case of equipment, the growth of the computer industry and semi-conductor technology has increased both the demand for customer ownership of terminal equipment and the ability of new firms to develop products not available from the telephone company. In the service sector, new technology, such as microwaves in the 1950s and satellite transmission in the 1960s, has resulted in similar pressures as new firms seek to offer services which compete with the telephone company's local and long distance services. Over the past decade, regulators have been forced to reconsider the policies of telephone companies to refuse to supply facilities in five principal areas: access to cable television companies:' 1. Pole 2 2. Access to satellite facilities:- 3. Access for customer-owned terminal equipment:' Of the Bar of Ontario. I Ottawa Cablevision Ltd. and Bell Canada. [ 19731 C.T.C. 522 (Telecommunica- tion Committee), leave to appeal refused 11974] 1 F.C. 373 (C.A.); Transvision (Magog) Inc. and Bell Canada, [19751 C.T.C. 463 (Telecommunication Committee); Bell Canada, Tariff for Use of Support Structures by Cable Television Licensees, Telecom.
    [Show full text]
  • TELUS Floor 8, 215 Slater St
    TELUS Floor 8, 215 Slater St. Ottawa, Ontario Canada K1P 0A6 www.telus.com Johanne Senécal (613) 597-8400 Telephone Senior Vice-President (613) 597-8422 Facsimile Government & Regulatory Affairs [email protected] January 11, 2019 Ms. Janet Yale Chair The Broadcasting and Telecommunications Legislative Review Panel c/o Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada 235 Queen Street, 1st Floor Ottawa, ON K1A 0H5 Dear Ms. Yale: Re: Review of the Canadian Communications Legislative Framework – Submission of TELUS Communications Inc. 1. TELUS Communications Inc. (“TELUS”) is pleased to provide its submission to the Broadcasting and Telecommunications Legislative Review Panel (the “Panel”) in response to the issues raised in the Panel’s call for comments issued on September 25, 2018. 2. We trust that this submission will be of assistance to the Panel in formulating its recommendations to the Government of Canada. 3. TELUS wishes to express its appreciation to the Panel for the opportunity to provide these comments. Yours truly, {Original signed by Johanne Senécal} Johanne Senécal Senior Vice-President Government & Regulatory Affairs AH/io cc. James Nicholson, Executive Director, Broadcasting and Telecommunications Legislative Review Panel Secretariat Attachments Broadcasting and Telecommunications Legislative Review Panel Review of the Canadian Communications Legislative Framework Submission of TELUS Communications Inc. January 11, 2019 TELUS Communications Inc. Review of the Canadian January 11, 2019 Communications Legislative
    [Show full text]
  • APPLICATION PURSUANT to SECTIONS 24, 24.1, 36, and 70(1)(A) of the TELECOMMUNICATIONS ACT, 1993 to DISABLE ON-LINE ACCESS to PIRACY SITES
    APPLICATION PURSUANT TO SECTIONS 24, 24.1, 36, and 70(1)(a) OF THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS ACT, 1993 TO DISABLE ON-LINE ACCESS TO PIRACY SITES Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television, Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists (ACTRA), Association québecoise de l’industrie du disque, du spectacle, et de la video (ADISQ), Asian Television Network (ATN), Association québécoise de la production médiatique (AQPM), Bell Canada, Bell Expressvu, Bell Media, Canadian Association of Film Distributors and Exporters (CAFDE), CBC / Radio-Canada, Les Cinémas Ciné Entreprise Inc., Cinémas Guzzo, Cineplex, Canadian Media Producers Association (CMPA), Cogeco Connexion, Corus, Directors Guild of Canada (DGC), DHX Media, Entertainment One, Ethnic Channels Group, Fairchild Media Group, International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE), Landmark Cinemas, Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment (MLSE), Movie Theatre Association of Canada (MTAC), Québecor Média Inc., Rogers Media, Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB), TIFF, and Union des artistes (UDA). 2018 01 29 Table of Contents A. OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................. 1 B. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................... 2 C. BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE ........................................................................ 8 (a) The Widespread Problem of Internet Piracy ................................................ 8 (b) The Harm Caused by Internet
    [Show full text]
  • Competition in Telecommunications: Who Polices the Transition?
    COMPETITION IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS: WHO POLICES THE TRANSITION? Bohdan S. Romaniuk* and Hudson N. Janisch** 1. THE PROBLEM DEFINED ................................ 563 II. ORGANIZATION OF THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY 566 A. TraditionalNatural Monopoly Model ............. 566 B. The Advent of Competition ..................... 572 III. STATUTORY CONSIDERATIONS ............................ 582 A. Conduct in Regulated Markets and the Statutory Mandate of the CRTC ......................... 583 1 The CRTC Act ........................... 584 2. The Railway Act ......................... 584 (a) Mandate of the CRTC ................. 585 (b) The Jurisdictionof the CRTC ........... 586 (c) The CRTC's Authority to Regulate Market Conduct ........................... 587 (d) The Role of Competition Law in TelecommunicationsMarkets ........... 589 3. The National TransportationAct ............ 592 B. Statutory Mandate of the Competition Law Authorities ................................. 597 C. The Statutory Powers and Responsibilities of the Federal Cabinet and the Minister of Communications 601 1. Control Over Entry ....................... 601 2. The Cabinet Review Power ................. 602 3. The Government OrganizationAct .......... 603 Regulatory Economist. LL.B. University of Toronto, 1986. Currently student-at- law, Blake, Cassels & Graydon, Toronto. :* Faculty of Law, University of Toronto. The authors wish to thank the Connaught Foundation Programme on Legal Theory and Public Policy at the Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, for financial
    [Show full text]
  • Alberta Government Telephones V. CRTC
    Osgoode Hall Law School of York University Osgoode Digital Commons Articles & Book Chapters Faculty Scholarship 1990 Jurisdiction Over Telecommunications: Alberta Government Telephones v. CRTC Peter W. Hogg Osgoode Hall Law School of York University Source Publication: McGill Law Journal/Revue de Droit de McGill. Volume 35, Number 2 (1990), p. 480-489. Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/scholarly_works Part of the Communications Law Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Hogg, Peter W. "Jurisdiction Over Telecommunications: Alberta Government Telephones v. CRTC." McGill Law Journal 35.2 (1990): 480-489. This Commentary is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Osgoode Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles & Book Chapters by an authorized administrator of Osgoode Digital Commons. COMMENTS CHRONIQUE DE JURISPRUDENCE Jurisdiction Over Telecommunications: Alberta Government Telephones v. CRTC Peter W. Hogg* In Alberta Government Telephones v. Dans Alberta Government Telephones c. Canadian Radio-television and Conseil canadien de la radiodiffitsion et des Telecommunications Commission, the t06communications canadiennes, la Cour Supreme Court of Canada held that AGT was supreme 6tablit qu'AGT est une entreprise a federal undertaking, but that as an agent of frddrale. Toutefois, en tant qu'agent de la the provincial Crown, it was not bound by reg- Couronne provinciale, AGT n'est pas soumis ulations of the CRTC, made under the author- aux r~glements du CRTC 6tablis sous la juri- ity of the federal Railway Act. AGT is there- diction de la Loi sur les chemins defer (fdd& fore presently unregulated.
    [Show full text]