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Chemical Properties of Continental Aerosol Transported Over the Southern Ocean: Patagonian and Namibian Sources

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Chemical Properties of Continental Aerosol Transported Over the Southern Ocean: Patagonian and Namibian Sources Chemical properties of continental aerosol transported over the Southern Ocean : Patagonian and Namibian sources Zihan Qu To cite this version: Zihan Qu. Chemical properties of continental aerosol transported over the Southern Ocean : Patago- nian and Namibian sources. Geochemistry. Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2016. English. NNT : 2016PA066002. tel-01349197 HAL Id: tel-01349197 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01349197 Submitted on 27 Jul 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 8QLYHUVLWp3LHUUHHW0DULH&XULH (FROHGRFWRUDOH±6FLHQFHVGHO¶HQYLURQQHPHQWGHO¶,OHGH)UDQFH /DERUDWRLUH,QWHUXQLYHUVLWDLUHGHV6\VWqPHV$WPRVSKpULTXHV /,6$ 805 &15683'83(& &KHPLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIFRQWLQHQWDODHURVRO WUDQVSRUWHGRYHUWKH6RXWKHUQ2FHDQ3DWDJRQLDQ DQG1DPLELDQVRXUFHV 3DU=LKDQ48 7KqVHGHGRFWRUDWGH*pRFKLPLH 'LULJpHSDU5pPL/2612HWePLOLH-2851(7 3UpVHQWpHHWVRXWHQXHSXEOLTXHPHQWOH-DQYLHU 'HYDQWXQMXU\FRPSRVpGH 3UpVLGHQW'DPLHQ&$5',1$/3URIHVVHXU830&/2&($1 5DSSRUWHXU$OR\V%25<0DvWUHGH&RQIpUHQFHV8QLY/LOOH/2* 5DSSRUWHXU*DsO/(528;&KDUJpGHUHFKHUFKH&156(FR/DE ([DPLQDWHXU*LOOHV%(5*$0(77,'LUHFWHXUGHUHFKHUFKH&156/,6$ ([DPLQDWHXU-pU{PH*$,//$5'(73URIHVVHXU83',3*3 'LUHFWHXUGHWKqVH5pPL/26123URIHVVHXU83',3*3 &RGLUHFWULFHGHWKqVHePLOLH-2851(70DvWUHGHFRQIpUHQFHV83(&/,6$ I II III Remerciements J’adresse mes premiers remerciements à Rémi LOSNO et Émilie JOURNET pour la direction de ma thèse pendant trois ans. Rémi LOSNO montre toujours sa confiance pendant les travaux de recherche, sa tolérance à nos arguments et parfois mes caprices, sa patience et ses encouragements pendant la direction rigoureuse. Émilie JOURNET, étant co-directrice de ma thèse, est toujours là en donnant ses conseils constructifs sur l’avancement de thèse et de rédaction d’article et de manuscrit. Pendant toute ma thèse, j’ai été très heureux de connaitre Fabrice MONNA et Yves BALKANSKI qui ont fait partie de mes comités de thèse. En plus de ses conseils de déroulement de thèse, je voudrais remercier Fabrice pour sa formation en statistiques. Les discussions avec Fabrice étaient toujours détendues et agréables. Je remercie Yves BALKANSKI pour ses suggestions avec réflexions rigoureuses, ses stimulations et ses encouragements. Je remercie aussi Yann SIVRY pour son soutien pendant les trois ans. Yann pense toujours à plus long terme et me donne des conseils constructifs. Mes remerciements vont aussi à Gilles BERGAMTTI qui m’a donné également des suggestions qui me dirigent dans mes travaux. De nombreux travaux ont été faits en collaboration internationale avec le CEILAP UMI CNRS-CONICET IFAECI, Argentine. Je voudrai remercier particulièrement Daniela BULNES, Lidia OTERO, Eduardo Jaime QUEL, Pablo RISTORI et Jacobo SALVADOR. Je tiens aussi à remercier Jean Paul QUISEFIT pour sa formation et ses aides continues sur les mesures de SFX. Je remercie également la contribution d’Alexie HEIMBURGER. Sandra LAFON, je la remercie pour sa formation d’émission de poussière désertique, ainsi que ses soutiens continus sur mes missions d’enseignement à l’IUT. Depuis le master SGE, je suis très heureux de connaître Julie VINCENT qui reçoit également mes remerciements pour ses encouragements pour mes études, les recherches et le temps qu’on a travaillé ensemble. Pendant la thèse, j’ai rencontré beaucoup d’étudiants génials. À cette occassion, je voudrais remercier particulièrement Damien GUINOISEAUX, Jialan WANG, Zongling REN, Yasmine KOUHAIL, etc... I Pendant ma thèse, j’ai bénéficié des conditions de travail très avantageuses sous les aides sympathiques de Sylvain TRIQUET, Servane CHEVALLIER, et Elisabeth BON NGUYEN au LISA, et de Hassiba LAZAR, Laure CORDIER et Mickael THARAUD à l’IPGP. Je voudrais les remercier pour leurs soutiens à cette occasion. Je voudrais remercier également Hervé LE TREU, Jean-Louis COLLIN et tous les autres membres du comité d’école, qui m’accueillirent en tant que doctorant à l’ED129. Je remercie Laurence TOUCHON qui m’a répondu toujours et m’a beaucoup aidé sur les affaires administratives. Je voudrais remercier Gilles BERGAMETTI à nouveau et Patrice COLL pour leur soutient continu au LISA et Marc BENEDETTI pour son accueil et ses soutiens à l’IPGP pendant ma thèse. À cette occasion, je donne aussi mes remerciements à mes amis chinois Da HUO, Yujie QIAO, Siyu ZHANG, Haixiao LI, Yong AI, Xin GAO, etc... Je les remercie pour m’avoir accompagné pendants les années passées. En final, je voudrai remercier du fond du cœur Mme Ha TRAN du LISA, qui m’a fait connaitre ma femme Yan TAN. Yan, je te remercie. Je te remercie pour ton soutient continu qui me calme et m’encourage dans la fin de thèse. La thèse est une période très heureuse en étant le début de la vie avec toi. Financements ayant contribués à la thèse : Le déroulement de cette thèse bénéfice en premier du contrat doctoral de l’École Doctorale 129, Université Pierret et Marie Curie, et puis le contrat de l’Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP). Les travaux réalisés dans cette thèse ont été commencés avec le programme “DFP” (Dust From Patagonia, 2012 - 2015) financé par CNRS/INSU LEFE/CHAT et le programme “Poussière de Patagonie” de l’IDEX-SPC. Mon travail bénéfice aussi de financement du programme “ASAR” (ECOS-Sud) sous la collaboration internationale du CEILAP UMI CNRS-CONICET IFAECI à Buenos Aires, Argentine. II Table of content Remerciements ............................................................................................................................ I Table of content ........................................................................................................................ III Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 1 Background, Significance and Approaches of Research ......................................... 11 1. Dust Emission processes .................................................................................................. 11 2. Sources, Transport and Deposition of Mineral Dust to the Southern Ocean ................... 13 2.1. Distribution and contribution of dust sources in the Southern Ocean ....................... 13 2.1.1. Distribution of dust sources ................................................................................. 13 2.1.2. Contribution of dust sources in the Southern Ocean ........................................... 17 2.2. Dust transport and deposition in the Southern Ocean ............................................... 20 3. Mineral Dust as Micronutrient Supplier ........................................................................... 22 3.1. Elemental composition of mineral dust ..................................................................... 22 3.2. Bioavailability of trace elements in dust ................................................................... 24 3.2.1. Factors controlling the solubility of micronutrients in mineral dust: the case of iron ................................................................................................................................ 24 3.2.2. Common methods of elemental solubility estimation ......................................... 26 4. Research Topics and Strategies ........................................................................................ 30 4.1. Research topics .......................................................................................................... 30 4.2. Research Strategies ................................................................................................... 31 4.2.1. Long-term dust concentration measurements in Patagonia ................................. 31 4.2.2. Spatial heterogeneity of source dust elemental compositions ............................. 31 4.2.3. Some aspects of the solubility of continental dust .............................................. 32 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 32 Chapter 2 Long-term dust concentration measurements in Patagonia ..................................... 41 Introduction of Chapter ........................................................................................................ 41 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 43 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 44 2. Materials and methods ..................................................................................................... 45 2.1. Aerosol sampling location and methods ................................................................... 45 2.2. Elemental analysis ..................................................................................................... 46 2.3. Chemical compositions
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