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PRIRUČNIK ZA EDUKACIJU DJELATNIKA JAVNE USTANOVE Aquatika – SLATKOVODNI AKVARIJ KARLOVAC

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PRIRUČNIK ZA EDUKACIJU DJELATNIKA JAVNE USTANOVE Aquatika – SLATKOVODNI AKVARIJ KARLOVAC PRIRUČNIK ZA EDUKACIJU DJELATNIKA JAVNE USTANOVE Aquatika – SLATKOVODNI AKVARIJ KARLOVAC Autori: Tanja Mihinjač, mag. biol. exp. dr. sc. Dražen Oraić Ivan Špelić, mag. oecol. et prot. nat.; mag. ing. agr. dr. sc. Dušan Jelić Sadržaj 1. OPĆENITO O RIBAMA ...................................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Anatomija riba .............................................................................................................................. 4 1.2. Ekologija riba ................................................................................................................................ 7 1.3. Ugroženost slatkovodnih riba..................................................................................................... 11 1.4. Strane (alohtone) vrste riba ....................................................................................................... 11 2. RIBE HRVATSKE .............................................................................................................................. 12 3. POPIS VRSTA I PLANIRANI BROJ VRSTA I JEDINKI U JU „Aquatika – slatkovodni akvarij Karlovac“ 17 3.1. Kratki opisi ribljih vrsta u JU „Aquatika – slatkovodni akvarij Karlovac“ .................................... 22 4. HRANJENJE RIBA ............................................................................................................................ 46 4.1. Prehrana riba .............................................................................................................................. 46 4.2. Vrsta hrane kojom se ribe hrane u akvariju ............................................................................... 46 4.3. Plan hranjenja riba u JU „Aquatika – slatkovodni akvarij Karlovac“ .......................................... 50 4.4. Uzgoj žive hrane za ribe .............................................................................................................. 52 5. NASTAMBE I OPREMA U PROSTORIJAMA JU „Aquatika – slatkovodni akvarij Karlovac“ ............. 56 5.1. Riječni kontinuitet ...................................................................................................................... 57 5.2. Endemski akvariji ........................................................................................................................ 59 5.3. Veliki akvarij................................................................................................................................ 61 5.4. Specifična staništa ...................................................................................................................... 62 5.5. Akvariji za aklimatizaciju s tamnom komorom za endemske vrste riba (K101-K110) ................ 64 5.6. Plan sprječavanja bijega ............................................................................................................. 65 5.7. Zaštitni elementi sprječavanja bijega ......................................................................................... 65 6. ZDRAVSTVENI NADZOR RIBA I POSTUPANJE U JAVNOM AKVARIJU ............................................. 67 6.1. Uvod ........................................................................................................................................... 67 6.2. Zdravstveni nadzor riba u sustavu recirkulacije ......................................................................... 69 6.3. Bolesti riba i bolesti riba opasne za ljude ................................................................................... 70 6.4. Bakterijske bolesti ...................................................................................................................... 71 6.4.1. Bolesti uzrokovane bakterijama MYCOBACTERIUM spp. .................................................... 71 6.4.2. Bolesti uzrokovane bakterijama AEROMONAS spp. ............................................................ 72 6.4.3. Bolesti uzrokovane bakterijama porodice FLAVOBACTERIACEAE -flavobakterioze ........... 73 2 6.4.4. Bolesti uzrokovane bakterijama PSEUDOMONAS spp. ....................................................... 75 6.4.5. Bolesti uzrokovane bakterijama VIBRIO spp. ...................................................................... 75 6.4.6. Jersinioza - bolest crvenih usta (bakterija Yersinia ruckeri) ................................................ 76 6.4.7. Bakterijska bolest bubrega (bakterijski nefritis) .................................................................. 76 6.5. Parazitarne, gljivične i bolesti uzrokovane poremečajima kvalitete vode ................................. 77 6.5.1. Parazitarne bolesti ............................................................................................................... 77 6.5.2. Gljivične bolesti ................................................................................................................... 77 6.5.3. Bolesti uzrokovane poremećajima kvalitete vode .............................................................. 78 6.6. Virusne bolesti riba ..................................................................................................................... 79 6.6.1. Virusna hemoragijska septikemija (VHS) ............................................................................. 79 6.6.2. Zarazna hematopoetska nekroza (ZHN) .............................................................................. 80 6.6.3. Zarazna nekroza gušterače (ZNG)........................................................................................ 80 6.6.4. Koiherpesviroza (KHV) ......................................................................................................... 80 6.6.5. Proljetna viremija šarana (PVŠ) ........................................................................................... 81 6.7. Preventivne mjere ...................................................................................................................... 82 6.8. Liječenje ...................................................................................................................................... 85 6.8.1. Primjena ljekovitih tvari kupkom ........................................................................................ 85 6.8.2. Primjena ljekovitih tvari hranom ......................................................................................... 86 6.8.3. Primjena ljekovitih tvari putem injekcije ............................................................................. 86 6.9. Anestezija ................................................................................................................................... 88 6.9.1. Primjena anestetika ............................................................................................................. 88 7. LITERATURA ................................................................................................................................... 89 3 1. OPĆENITO O RIBAMA Tanja Mihinjač, mag. biol. exp., Hrvatski institut za biološku raznolikost dr. sc. Dušan Jelić, Hrvatski institut za biološku raznolikost Ivan Špelić, mag. oecol. et prot. nat.; mag. ing. agr., Hrvatski institut za biološku raznolikost Ribe su vrlo stara i velika grupa kralježnjaka, koja se odlikuje znatnom raznolikošću. One su široko rasprostranjene u skoro svim vodama na zemlji – susrećemo ih od visokoplaninskih potoka i jezera (jezero Titicaca, 4 572 m) do najvećih morskih dubina Marijanska brazda, 10.912 m), te od voda koje su blizu točke zamrzavanja do toplih izvora. U suvremenoj fauni postoji oko 30 000 vrsta riba. U tom mnoštvu susrećemo i prave divove duge do 20 metara i teške 15 - 20 tona, kao što je morski pas Rhincodon typus, kao i patuljke koji ne narastu više od jednog centimetara (npr. Paedocypris progenetica). Po broju vrsta ribe su najveća grupa kralježnjaka – ima ih približno koliko i svih ostalih grupa uzetih zajedno (kružnouste, vodozemci, gmazovi, ptice i sisavci). Zato ni danas ne postoji jedinstvena sistematska podjela riba i u tom pogledu u različitim izvorima ( knjige i internet) nalazimo veliku raznolikost. Ribe pripadaju trima razredima: i) Sarcopterygii (mesoperke) koji obuhvaća dovdihalice i resoperke, ii) Chondrichthyes (hrskavičnjače) koji obuhvaća morske pse, raže i himere te iii) Actinopterygii (zrakoperke) koji obuhvaća ribe s koštanim skeletom. 1.1. Anatomija riba Tijelo ribe se sastoji od glave, trupa i repa. Oblik tijela ribe ovisi o načinu života i načinu hranjenja ribe (slika 1). U riba postoji šest osnovnih oblika građe tijela, a to su: predatori koji aktivno love (aktivni lovci, npr. bolen), predatori koji čekaju u zasjedi (pasivni lovci, npr. štuka), ribe orjentirane ka površini (npr. uklija), bentoske (pridnene) ribe (npr. krkuša), ribe visokog tijela (deverika) i ribe jeguljolikog oblika. Ribe koje žive u jakim strujama ili se konstantno kreću imaju vretenasto, izduženo tijelo (npr. pastrva), one u stajaćicama ili sporim rijekama imaju nešto zbijenije, visoko tijelo (npr. šaran), a ako žive na dnu onda imaju široko i spljošteno tijelo (npr. som, list). 4 Slika 1. Oblici tijela kod pojedinih vrsta riba. a) vretenasto tijelo - pastrva; b) zbijeno, visoko tijelo - šaran; c) široko, spljošteno tijelo - som. Ribe se u kretanju služe perajama. Razlikujemo parne (prsne, trbušne) i neparne (leđna, podrepna i repna) peraje (slika 2). Plivači na „duge staze“ imaju velike prsne peraje (kao krila aviona), kako bi lakše održavali smjer, dok lovci iz zasjede imaju peraje pomaknute prema
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