DOCSLIB.ORG

The Defects of the System of Mandates by HERBERT ADAMS GIBBONS, PH.D

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Defects of the System of Mandates by HERBERT ADAMS GIBBONS, PH.D 84 The Defects of the System of Mandates By HERBERT ADAMS GIBBONS, PH.D. Princeton, N. J. mandatory scheme was un- and Great Britain as colonies. How HEdoubtedly proposed by Mr. Wil- could Italy argue that her Allies had son with an altruistic end in view. It increased their African possessions? was adopted, however, by the Euro- The former German colonies were pean statesmen as a scheme to disguise simply &dquo;a sacred trust.&dquo; under a cloak of virtuous self-abnega- The French and British Govern- tion the intentions of the conquerors ments have never at any time, either of Germany to divide among them- before or after the signing of the Treaty selves Germany’s overseas possessions. of Versailles, taken the mandate idea In his recent book, Mr. Lansing at- seriously. It is not difficult to prove tempts to explain Mr. Wilson’s infatu- this assertion. It is based upon hard, ation on the mandate question by a cold facts, of which the Wilson Admin- disconcerting analysis of his former istration did not seem to be aware until chief’s mental processes. Mr. Lansing the end of the year 1920. The proph- believes that &dquo;a sufficient and very ecy of Isaiah about &dquo; seeing ye shall see practical reason&dquo; for the willingness of and shall not perceive,&dquo; was certainly Clemenceau and Lloyd George to ac- fulfilled at Paris, not only in regard to quiesce in the mandatory plan was the former German colonies in Africa that in this way &dquo;Germany lost her and the Pacific, but also in regard to territorial assets, which might have the Ottoman races. The mandatory greatly reduced her financial debt to articles of the Covenant were being the Allies, while the latter obtained the violated at the moment of drafting, and German colonial possessions without during the two months before the the loss of any of their claims for in- Treaty of Versailles was signed. Mr. demnity.&dquo; Wilson should have been aware of the An additional and equally compel- intents of his associates. As the man- lipg reason might have been adduced datory question is now becoming an by Mr. Lansing had he been aware of international issue, through the notes the embarrassment and alarm of the of Secretaries Colby and Hughes, it is French and British premiers over important for the American people to Italy’s insistence upon the fulfillment realize that the American Government of a clearly worded article in the secret has no reason to be surprised at the treaty of 1915. One of the promises attitude of the French and British and exacted by Italy as the price of her Japanese Governments. intervention in the war was &dquo; adequate MANDATORY POLICY OF THE ALLIED territorial compensation&dquo; in case the PREMIERS war should bring &dquo; an increase in the colonial possessions of France and Concealment of mandatory inten- Great Britain in Africa.&dquo; President tions, and denial of the authority of Wilsonwas the deus ex machina. Togo, the League of Nations have been the Kamerun, German East Africa, Ger- consistent policy of the Allied Premi- man Southwest Africa, belonged to the ers. Since April, 1919, the allotment League of Nations. The Treaty of of the mandates, the drawing of bound- Versailles did not give them to France aries and the rules for governing man- Downloaded from ann.sagepub.com at WESTERN OREGON UNIVERSITY on June 4, 2015 85 dated territories have been matters of The Anglo-Belgium agreement trans- direct negotiation between the powers ferred an inland portion of German in actual possession of German and East Africa to Belgium, thus proving Ottoman territories at the time of the that the British and Belgian Govern- Armistice. These powers did not wait ments did not believe either that the until the Council of the League was title of the conquered territory was formed. The residuary trustee idea is vested in the League of Nations or in a farce, since the Entente Powers are the five principal Allied or associated interested in the League of Nations powers, or that a former German colo- only as a convenient instrument to use ny as a mandated territory should be in furthering their own foreign policies. preserved in its territorial integrity. This is natural. Who can deny that The world, and this includes the United the authority and activities of the States Government, has never been League in all matters that count are told of the terms on which Great Brit- under the direct control of the Allied ain agreed to divide the former German Premiers, who think of the League colonies in the Pacific with Japan and simply as a Doctor Jekyl-a false front what other terms were reached concern- to shield their Mr. Hyde doings? ing the German islands south of the The mandates for the former Ger- equator and German Southwest Africa. man colonies and Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire had been sim- were decided upon before the Cove- ilarly taken care of by secret under- nant of the League of Nations was standing, concluded in 1915 and re- adopted. The ownership of these ter- vised at the instance of Russia in 1916. ritories had been a matter of secret The facts concerning the Sykes-Picot negotiations among the Entente Pow- agreement of 1916 between Great Brit- ers during the war. Mr. Wilson’s ain and France, and concerning the intervention at Paris changed nothing. British pledges to Zionists and Arabs, Mr. Wilson was humored to the extent must have filtered through the press to of being allowed to invent a new name. the White House long before Mr. Wil- That was all. &dquo;What’s in a name?&dquo; son sailed for Paris. These agreements The mandates for the former German should have demonstrated to the Amer- colonies were allotted to those who held ican negotiator-I use the singular- them by those who were holding them. the absurdity of Article XX of the On the day that the Treaty was handed Covenant, but if Mr. Wilson needed to the German delegates Mr. Wilson another warning of the intention of his agreed to recognize that a de facto sys- colleagues to give him the shadow while tem already existed. He seems to have they kept the substance, he had it in remonstrated only on the question of their failure to comply with the &dquo;wish- Yap, and that reservation was not es of the inhabitants &dquo;-I am quoting written into the minutes. France and from the text of the Treaty of Versailles. Great Britain had already made an THE OTTOMAN MANDATE agreement to swap lands, when Bel- gium kicked about being frozen out. It has been frequently asserted by Her statesmen appealed to Great Brit- apologists for the League and Mr. ain as the owner of German East Africa Wilson that the United States was and not through the League of Nations. excluded in a share in the Ottoman King Albert flew to Paris and an agree- mandates of our own volition. This ment was reached without thought or is not true. France and Great Britain reference to this residuary trustee. never suggested, even indirectly, that Downloaded from ann.sagepub.com at WESTERN OREGON UNIVERSITY on June 4, 2015 86 we participate in the inheritance of the unprovided for contingency has arisen Ottoman Empire in any other way at the present time. The fault does than in relieving them of the burden not lie at the door of the Allied Pre- of the barren and mountainous portion miers. The League of Nations was of Armenia, cut off from the sea and presumably an American conception, from the regions of Armenia that were and the mandate scheme was a con- rich in cotton, copper and oil; and in cession to the American President. regard to this thing may I say The sponsor of the mandate idea did that I myself have seen with my own not know how to be its defender. eyes the report on this question of The Colby notes of November 20, General Franchet d’Esperey to the 19~0, to Great Britain onMesopotamia, French Foreign Office. and of February ~l,19~1, to the League Article XX provides that &dquo;members Council on the former German colonies of the League severally agree that this are admirable documents, and present, Covenant is accepted as abrogating all with fidelity, the American point of obligations or understandings inter se view. This is proved by the fact that which are inconsistent with the terms the Harding Administration has con- thereof, and solemnly undertake that tinued the same policy, and Secretary they will not hereafter enter any en- Hughes follows the same line of argu- gagements inconsistent with the terms ment. But are we not crying over thereof.&dquo; spilled milk? It is the statesmen’s In justification of Mr. Wilson one duty to care for the interests of his might advance the argument that he country at the moment the danger relied on this stipulation, to prevent arises, or, better still, to foresee and secret understandings, from nullifying provide against all possible attempts of the stipulations of Article XX. We others to take advantage of his country. must give Mr. Wilson justice in this The &dquo;equal concern and inseparable matter, and we can believe that he interest with other principal powers in provided for it, but international diplo- the overseas possessions of Germany, matic language must be specific. &dquo; In- and concededly, an equal voice to the consistent with the terms thereof&dquo; disposition,&dquo; ought to have been means nothing, unless &dquo;the terms claimed by the Unitetl States before thereof&dquo; are explicit and comprehen- hostilities ended, or, at the very latest, sive.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • American Protestantism and the Kyrias School for Girls, Albania By
    Of Women, Faith, and Nation: American Protestantism and the Kyrias School For Girls, Albania by Nevila Pahumi A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in the University of Michigan 2016 Doctoral Committee: Professor Pamela Ballinger, Co-Chair Professor John V.A. Fine, Co-Chair Professor Fatma Müge Göçek Professor Mary Kelley Professor Rudi Lindner Barbara Reeves-Ellington, University of Oxford © Nevila Pahumi 2016 For my family ii Acknowledgements This project has come to life thanks to the support of people on both sides of the Atlantic. It is now the time and my great pleasure to acknowledge each of them and their efforts here. My long-time advisor John Fine set me on this path. John’s recovery, ten years ago, was instrumental in directing my plans for doctoral study. My parents, like many well-intended first generation immigrants before and after them, wanted me to become a different kind of doctor. Indeed, I made a now-broken promise to my father that I would follow in my mother’s footsteps, and study medicine. But then, I was his daughter, and like him, I followed my own dream. When made, the choice was not easy. But I will always be grateful to John for the years of unmatched guidance and support. In graduate school, I had the great fortune to study with outstanding teacher-scholars. It is my committee members whom I thank first and foremost: Pamela Ballinger, John Fine, Rudi Lindner, Müge Göcek, Mary Kelley, and Barbara Reeves-Ellington.
    [Show full text]
  • Arguments Towards the Rising of Ottoman Empire Osmanli Kuruluş Dönemi Tartişmalari
    Ayşen ÇAKIRAY ARGUMENTS TOWARDS THE RISING OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE OSMANLI KURULUŞ DÖNEMİ TARTIŞMALARI Ayşen ÇAKIRAY1 ÖZET Osmanlı Devleti küçük bir uç beyliği iken büyük bir imparatorluğa dönüşmüş ve altı asır boyunca çok geniş bir coğrafyada hüküm sürmüştür. Bu büyük imparatorluğun kimler tarafından kurulduğu, temelleri ve niteliği üzerine 20. Yüzyıldan itibaren birçok tez ortaya konmuştur. Bu dönemden itibaren Modern Osmanlı yazıcılığında Osmanlı’nın kuruluşu meselesi önemli bir tartışma konusu haline gelmiştir. Herbert Adams Gibbons’un “Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun Kuruluşu / Foundation of the Ottoman Empire” adlı kitabında ortaya koyduğu görüşler ile bunun tam karşıtı olarak Fuat köprülü’nün görüşleri Osmanlı kuruluş dönemi tartışmalarındaki ilk yaklaşımlardır. Wittek ‘in gazi çevreleri ve onların değerler sistemi hakkındaki tezi 1980’lerde RP. Lindner, Gy. Kaldy-Nagy, R.C. Jennings, Colin Imber, C. Heywood gibi Osmanlı tarihçileri tarafından geliştirilmiştir. Rudi Paul Lindner; “kutsal savaş” Gaza düşüncesine karşı görüş belirtmiştir. Osmanlıların dinsel kaygısının olmadığını söylemiştir. Colin İmber ve Feridun Emecen’in kaynakların yetersizliği olduğunu söyleyerek Osmanlının kökenleri hakkında görüşlerini belirtmiştir. Bu çalışmadaki amacımız Osmanlı Kuruluşunu Gibbons, Fuat Köprülü, Paul Wittek, Colin Imber, Halil Inalcık gibi tarihçilerin ortaya koyduğu görüşler çerçevesinde incelenmeye çalışmaktır. Osmanlı kuruluşu ile ilgili bütün görüşler değerlendirilecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanlı kuruluşu, Kutsal Savaş, Gaza tezi, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun kökenleri ABSTRACT The Ottoman state was a border beylic at the beginning, then it turned to an empire and dominated a wide geography during a centuries. Many theses have presented since 20th century about who ruled the empire and its origins and its quality. Since this period modern Ottoman records about the problem of Ottoman rising became an important discussion subject.
    [Show full text]
  • Remembering the Forgotten Genocide: Armenia in the First World War. Dana Renee Smythe East Tennessee State University
    East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 8-2001 Remembering the Forgotten Genocide: Armenia in the First World War. Dana Renee Smythe East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Smythe, Dana Renee, "Remembering the Forgotten Genocide: Armenia in the First World War." (2001). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 118. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/118 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Remembering the Forgotten Genocide: Armenia in the First World War __________________ A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of History East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Arts in History __________________ by Dana Renee Smythe August 2001 __________________ Dr. Stephen Fritz, Chair Dr. Ronnie Day Dr. Dale Schmitt Keywords: Armenian Genocide, Young Turks, Ottoman Empire, World War I ABSTRACT Remembering the Forgotten Genocide: Armenia in the First World War by Dana Renee Smythe The Ottoman Empire was in serious decline by the late nineteenth century. Years of misrule, war, and oppression of its various nationalities had virtually driven the Turks from Europe, leaving the weakened Empire on the verge of collapse. By the 1870s the Armenians were the most troubling group, having gained international sympathy at the Congress of Berlin.
    [Show full text]
  • The Americanization of Zionism, 1897–1948 Page I
    Cohen: The Americanization of Zionism, 1897–1948 page i The Americanization of Zionism, 1897–1948 Cohen: The Americanization of Zionism, 1897–1948 page ii blank Cohen: The Americanization of Zionism, 1897–1948 page iii The Americanization of Zionism, 1897–1948 Naomi W. Cohen Brandeis University Press Cohen: The Americanization of Zionism, 1897–1948 page iv Brandeis University Press Published by University Press of New England, 37 Lafayette Street, Lebanon, NH 03766 © 2003 by Brandeis University All rights reserved This book was published with the generous support of the Lucius N. Litthauer Foundation, Inc. Printed in the United States of America 54321 Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Cohen, Naomi Wiener, 1927– The Americanization of Zionism, 1897–1948 / Naomi W. Cohen. p. cm. — (Brandeis series in American Jewish history, culture, and life) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1–58465–346–9 (alk. paper) 1. Zionism—United States—History. 2. Jews—Attitudes toward Israel. 3. Jews—United States—Politics and government—20th century. 4. Israel and the diaspora. I. Title. II. Series. .. 320.54'095694'0973—dc22 2003018067 Cohen: The Americanization of Zionism, 1897–1948 page v Brandeis Series in American Jewish History, Culture, and Life Jonathan D. Sarna, Sylvia Barack Fishman, . , The Americanization of the Synagogue, 1820–1870 , , Follow My Footprints: Changing Images of Women in American Jewish Fiction , Taking Root: The Origins of the Canadian Jewish Community , , Hebrew and the Bible
    [Show full text]
  • Dgraphies Tory of the Near East for the Last One but "From Thr Beginning Ho Antlcl- T" by What He Had Done
    f mmmm . 10 7 THE NEW YORK ihLEKALD, SUNDAY, DE(3EMBEK 26, 1920. Two Livinig European Ex-Preimiers Are Themes c>f New Bi<Dgraphies tory of the Near East for the last one But "from thr beginning ho antlcl- T" by what he had done. but by some :e House hundred years when ho said to a Brit- l'1ited the defeat of Mr. Wilson, and ialfour Has Been a quite imaginary standard of what he Can Modern Greec Keep Ish officer: lli id ready an alternate programme to Philosopher might have done had he felt like it. "European policy Is invariably the ^iat of the American President." To some extent Air. Balfour's case is Her (jreat maintenance of the status Quo, and Venlzelos advanced the now famous Rather Than a Man of similar. He has always been credited Without Statesman? yon will do nothing for the subject leory of "national consciousness" as Energy with an indefinable superiority over A LIFE OF JAMES BAL- i V HJNIZKJLOS. By Herbert Adams Gib- ttiat ho supported Turkey, especially races unless we, by taking the le true test of nationality, saying the ARTHUR a number of statesmen who owe their his performances. They navf. been FOUR. By E. T. Raymond. LlttTft, famc bens. Houghton Mifflin Company. nl the Berlin Conference; ;in<l Britain's make you realize that initintlve,Bt andard of race or nationality was the less to any specific performance notable; but it is vaguely felt that the helping For Brown & Co. t han to the impression created by their Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessed Value by Owner Rockport, Ma
    ASSESSED VALUE BY OWNER ROCKPORT, MA Total Assessed Total Assessed Total Assessed Owner~s Name Map Block Lot Unit Location Land Value Improvements Parcel Value 35 8 38 10 41-43 MAIN ST 0 0 0 19 A 90 92 90-90 PLEASANT ST UNIT 0 0 0 . 36 4 69 12 0-0 BEARSKIN NECK 0 0 0 . 22 1 34 13 4-4 SOUTH ST UNIT 0 0 0 . 18 1 478 14 8-8 HIGH ST UNIT 0 0 0 . 11 26 3 20 26-45 QUARRYRIDGE LN 0 0 0 . 12 1 46 21 15-15 A TARRS LANE WEST 0 0 0 . 16 1 38 24 163-163 GRANITE ST 0 0 0 . 1 1 22 27 323-323 GRANITE ST UNIT 0 0 0 . 17 1 11 28 101-101 GRANITE ST 0 0 0 . 17 1 6 29 105-105 GRANITE ST 0 0 0 . 18 170 34 0-0 THE ANCHORAGE UNIT 0 0 0 . 18 430 35 34-34 A MAIN ST 0 0 0 . 18 1 512 42 1-3 A BROADWAY 0 0 0 . 18 1 487 43 24-24 R HIGH ST 0 0 0 . 36 1 76 44 77-77 BEARSKIN NECK 0 0 0 . 18 1 264 48 14-14 KING ST 0 0 0 . 18 1 159 49 139-139 MAIN ST UNIT 0 0 0 . 18 7 199 51 7-7 A GRANITE ST 0 0 0 . 19 1 103 54 1-3 A GREYSTONE LANE 0 0 0 . 9 1 13 55 15-15 STORY ST UNIT 0 0 0 .
    [Show full text]
  • Virtual Recognition Celebration 2021
    John Jay College of Criminal Justice Virtual Recognition Celebration 2021 Wednesday, May 26, 2021 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NATIONAL ANTHEM O say can you see, by the dawn’s early light, What so proudly we hail’d at the twilight’s last gleaming, Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight O’er the ramparts we watch’d were so gallantly streaming? And the rocket’s red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there, O say does that star-spangled banner yet wave O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave? THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK William C. Thompson, Jr. Michael Arvanites Martin J. Burke Chairperson Henry T. Berger Ex Officio Una S. T-Clarke Lorraine Cortés-Vázquez Juvanie Piquant Fernando Ferrer Ex Officio Kevin D. Kim Mayra Linares-Garcia Robert F. Mujica Brian D. Obergfell Jill O’Donnell-Tormey Charles A. Shorter Ken Sunshine Sandra Wilkin CHANCELLOR’S CABINET THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK Founded 1961 Félix V. Matos Rodríguez Chancellor José Luis Cruz Maite Junco Executive Vice Chancellor and Vice Chancellor for Communications and Marketing University Provost Hector Batista Doriane K. Gloria Executive Vice Chancellor and Chief Operating Officer Vice Chancellor of Human Resources Management Derek Davis Denise Maybank General Counsel and Senior Vice Interim Vice Chancellor for Student Chancellor for Legal Affairs Affairs and Enrollment Management Glenda Grace Andrea Shapiro Davis Senior Vice Chancellor for Institutional Affairs, Interim Vice Chancellor for University Advancement Strategic Advancement and Special Counsel Richard R.
    [Show full text]
  • Anglophiles in Balkan Christian States (1862–1920)*
    Slobodan G. Markovich DOI:10.2298/BALC0940093M Original scholarly work School of Political Sciences University of Belgrade Anglophiles in Balkan Christian States (1862–1920)* Abstract: The life stories of five Balkan Anglophiles emerging in the nineteenth century — two Serbs, Vladimir Jovanović (Yovanovich) and Čedomilj Mijatović (Chedomille Mijatovich); two Greeks, Ioannes ( John) Gennadios and Eleutherios Venizelos; and one Bulgarian, Ivan Evstratiev Geshov — reflect, each in its own way, major episodes in relations between Britain and three Balkan Christian states (Serbia, the Hellenic Kingdom and Bulgaria) between the 1860s and 1920. Their education, cultural pat- terns, relations and models inspired by Britain are looked at, showing that they acted as intermediaries between British culture and their own and played a part in the best and worst moments in the history of mutual relations, such as the Serbian-Ottoman crisis of 1862, the Anglo-Hellenic crisis following the Dilessi murders, Bulgarian atrocities and the Eastern Crisis, unification of Bulgaria and the Serbo-Bulgarian War of 1885, the Balkan Wars 1912–13, the National Schism in Greece. Their biog- raphies are therefore essential for understanding Anglo-Balkan relations in the pe- riod under study. The roles of two British Balkanophiles (a Bulgarophile, James David Bourchier, and a Hellenophile, Ronald Burrows) are looked at as well. In conclusion, a comparison of the Balkan Anglophiles is offered, and their Britain-inspired cultural and institutional legacy to their countries is shown in the form of a table. Keywords: Anglo-Balkan relations, Balkan Anglophiles, Balkans, Serbia, Hellenic Kingdom, Bulgaria, British Balkanophiles ccording to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the word Anglophilia first appeared in 1896 meaning “unusual admiration or partiality for England,A English ways, or things English”.
    [Show full text]
  • Constantinople As a Nexus
    Constantinople as Center and Crossroad Edited by Olof Heilo and Ingela Nilsson SWEDISH RESEARCH INSTITUTE IN ISTANBUL TRANSACTIONS, VOL. 23 Table of Contents Acknowledgments ......................................................................... 7 OLOF HEILO & INGELA NILSSON WITH RAGNAR HEDLUND Constantinople as Crossroad: Some introductory remarks ........................................................... 9 RAGNAR HEDLUND Byzantion, Zeuxippos, and Constantinople: The emergence of an imperial city .............................................. 20 GRIGORI SIMEONOV Crossing the Straits in the Search for a Cure: Travelling to Constantinople in the Miracles of its healer saints .......................................................... 34 FEDIR ANDROSHCHUK When and How Were Byzantine Miliaresia Brought to Scandinavia? Constantinople and the dissemination of silver coinage outside the empire ............................................. 55 ANNALINDEN WELLER Mediating the Eastern Frontier: Classical models of warfare in the work of Nikephoros Ouranos ............................................ 89 CLAUDIA RAPP A Medieval Cosmopolis: Constantinople and its foreigners .............................................. 100 MABI ANGAR Disturbed Orders: Architectural representations in Saint Mary Peribleptos as seen by Ruy González de Clavijo ........................................... 116 ISABEL KIMMELFIELD Argyropolis: A diachronic approach to the study of Constantinople’s suburbs ................................... 142 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS MILOŠ
    [Show full text]
  • Jan Christian Smuts at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919
    University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Student Work 6-1-1963 Jan Christian Smuts at the Paris Peace conference, 1919 Naomi Howerton Coryell University of Nebraska at Omaha Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork Recommended Citation Coryell, Naomi Howerton, "Jan Christian Smuts at the Paris Peace conference, 1919" (1963). Student Work. 583. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork/583 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Work by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. JAN CHRISTIAN SMUTS AT THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE, 1 9 1 9 by Naomi Howerton Coryell A Thesis Presented to the Graduate Faculty of the Department of History University of Omaha In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts June 1 9 6 3 UMI Number: EP73221 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI Dissertation Publishing UMI EP73221 Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 PREFACE Jan Christian Smuts of South Africa was one of the most remarkable and interesting personalities of the past century* Although he came from a small, and in some ways, backward country, his influence spread throughout much of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Genocide of the Ottoman Greeks 1914-1923
    The Genocide of the Ottoman Greeks 1914-1923 A Teaching Guide The Asia Minor and Pontos Hellenic Research Center, Inc. Published by The Asia Minor and Pontos Hellenic Research Center, Inc. Second Edition ©2013 P.O. Box 6127 Bloomingdale, IL 60108-6127 www.hellenicresearchcenter.org [email protected] Printed by Publisher's Graphics, LLC, Carol Stream, IL Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-4675-9872-9 First Edition published 2006 by Pontian Greek Society of Chicago All rights reserved. This work is protected by federal copyright laws. No part of this work may be copied, adapted, distributed, or displayed without the express written consent of the Publisher. However, you may share this document freely in part or in its entirety for educational purposes only. Photos and maps shown in this document are used according to the guidelines of “Fair Use” doctrine, as they are used for nonprofit, educational purposes only. Edited by E. Dionesotes Woodlock Cover design by Daniel Bell This book is dedicated to all victims of genocide. Credits & Acknowledgements The Asia Minor and Pontus Hellenic Research Center is grateful to the following: Ronald Levitsky, author of this guide’s first edition. Mr. Levitsky is a retired social studies teacher from Sunset Ridge School in Northfield, Illinois. He is a recipient of the Kohl Award for Excellence in Teaching, the 2005 Edward Lewis II Teacher of the Year Award from the Constitutional Rights Foundation of Chicago, and the 2006 Aharonian Award from the Genocide Education Project. The late Dr. Harry J. Psomiades, Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Queens College and the Graduate School of the City University of New York.
    [Show full text]
  • Slobodan G. Markovich Anglophiles in Balkan Christian States (1862
    Slobodan G. Markovich DOI:10.2298/BALC0940093M Original scholarly work School of Political Sciences University of Belgrade Anglophiles in Balkan Christian States (1862–1920)* Abstract: The life stories of five Balkan Anglophiles emerging in the nineteenth century — two Serbs, Vladimir Jovanović (Yovanovich) and Čedomilj Mijatović (Chedomille Mijatovich); two Greeks, Ioannes ( John) Gennadios and Eleutherios Venizelos; and one Bulgarian, Ivan Evstratiev Geshov — reflect, each in its own way, major episodes in relations between Britain and three Balkan Christian states (Serbia, the Hellenic Kingdom and Bulgaria) between the 1860s and 1920. Their education, cultural pat- terns, relations and models inspired by Britain are looked at, showing that they acted as intermediaries between British culture and their own and played a part in the best and worst moments in the history of mutual relations, such as the Serbian-Ottoman crisis of 1862, the Anglo-Hellenic crisis following the Dilessi murders, Bulgarian atrocities and the Eastern Crisis, unification of Bulgaria and the Serbo-Bulgarian War of 1885, the Balkan Wars 1912–13, the National Schism in Greece. Their biog- raphies are therefore essential for understanding Anglo-Balkan relations in the pe- riod under study. The roles of two British Balkanophiles (a Bulgarophile, James David Bourchier, and a Hellenophile, Ronald Burrows) are looked at as well. In conclusion, a comparison of the Balkan Anglophiles is offered, and their Britain-inspired cultural and institutional legacy to their countries is shown in the form of a table. Keywords: Anglo-Balkan relations, Balkan Anglophiles, Balkans, Serbia, Hellenic Kingdom, Bulgaria, British Balkanophiles ccording to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the word Anglophilia first appeared in 1896 meaning “unusual admiration or partiality for England,A English ways, or things English”.
    [Show full text]