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67.6 Botswana BOTSWANA WORLD RANK: REGIONAL RANK: otswana’s economic freedom score is 67.6, making its economy 51 3 B the 51st freest in the 2021 Index. Its overall score has decreased by 2.0 points, primarily because of a decline in fiscal health. Botswana is ECONOMIC FREEDOM STATUS: ranked 3rd among 47 countries in the Sub-Saharan Africa region, and its MODERATELY FREE overall score is above the regional and world averages. Botswana’s recent slippage in economic freedom accelerated this year. To return to the ranks of the mostly free, the government will have to strengthen institutions to improve scores on the Index rule-of-law indi- cators: property rights, judicial effectiveness, and government integrity. It will also have to curb ongoing deficit spending that is starting to build debt. IMPACT OF COVID-19: As of December 1, 2020, 34 deaths had been attributed to the pandemic in Botswana, and the economy was forecast to contract by 9.6 percent for the year. ECONOMIC FREEDOM SCORE 67.6 ▼ DOWN 2.0 POINTS 0 50 60 70 80 100 REGIONAL AVERAGE WORLD (SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REGION) 55.7 61.6 AVERAGE HISTORICAL INDEX SCORE CHANGE (SINCE 1995): +10.8 RECENT FREEDOM TREND QUICK FACTS POPULATION: UNEMPLOYMENT: 70.1 69.9 69.5 69.6 2.3 million 18.2% 67.6 GDP (PPP): INFLATION (CPI): $43.9 billion 2.8% 3.0% growth in 2019 5-year compound FDI INFLOW: $260.9 million annual growth 2.6% $18,503 per capita PUBLIC DEBT: 14.5% of GDP 2019 data unless otherwise noted. Data compiled as of September 2020 BACKGROUND: Sparsely populated Botswana has a land area that is larger than Spain and dominated by the vast Kalahari Desert. The Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) has governed this multiparty democracy since independence from the United Kingdom in 1966. Despite a challenge from a party led by former President Ian Khama and other opposition groups, the BDP expanded its share of the vote in the October 2019 elections, securing the continued tenure of President Mokgweetsi Masisi. Risks to political stability remain low. Botswana has abundant diamonds and other natural resources, a market-oriented economy, and one of Africa’s highest sovereign credit ratings. Ecotourism in the country’s extensive nature preserves is helping to diversify the economy. 116 2021 Index of Economic Freedom WORLD AVERAGE | ONE-YEAR SCORE CHANGE IN PARENTHESES 12 ECONOMIC FREEDOMS | BOTSWANA RULE OF LAW GOVERNMENT SIZE (–2.3) (+5.6) (+2.4) (+0.4) (–0.9) (–22.7) 58.6 50.8 48.8 87.4 68.2 74.8 Property Judicial Government Tax Government Fiscal Rights E ectiveness Integrity Burden Spending Health Botswana’s legal protections for property rights are generally The top individual income tax rate is 25 percent, and the top sound and enforced in practice. Tribal land represents 70 corporate tax rate is 22 percent. Other taxes include property, percent of the country’s territory. Courts enforce commercial inheritance, and value-added taxes. The overall tax burden contracts. The judiciary is generally independent and free equals 12.2 percent of total domestic income. Government from interference. Botswana remains Africa’s least corrupt spending has amounted to 32.6 percent of total output (GDP) country, but officials tasked with enforcing anticorruption over the past three years, and budget deficits have averaged statutes lack adequate training and resources. 3.9 percent of GDP. Public debt is equivalent to 14.5 percent of GDP. REGULATORY EFFICIENCY OPEN MARKETS (–0.9) (No change) (+0.5) (–5.4) (No change) (No change) 68.4 68.2 74.1 77.4 65.0 70.0 Business Labor Monetary Trade Investment Financial Freedom Freedom Freedom Freedom Freedom Freedom Business freedom has contracted, partly because dealing Botswana has five preferential trade agreements in force. with construction permits requires more procedures than it The trade-weighted average tariff rate is 6.3 percent, and 44 previously did. Low labor productivity contributes to high nontariff measures are in effect. Foreign investment in some unemployment. The economy is subject to global downturns sectors is restricted. Generally adhering to global standards in the market for diamonds. Tourism-related services employ in the transparency of banking supervision, the financial many Batswana. In response to a severe drought in 2019, sector provides considerable access to credit. In 2020, the the government expanded its program of subsidies to the central bank eased rules to meet capital requirements and agricultural sector. introduced measures to increase liquidity. The Heritage Foundation | heritage.org/Index 117.
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