ISSN: 0975-8585

Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences

Endemic Fauna as A Bioindicator Karst Landscape Conservation Areas Sukolilo. Pati Regency. Central Java – Indonesia.

S Isworo1*, and Oetari P, S2,3.

1Department of Health, Dian Nuswantoro University, Semarang, Indonesia 2Mitra Adhi Pranata Company. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Consultants, Semarang, Indonesia 3Graduate School of Environmental Science, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia

ABSTRACT

Region karst landscape in the district area Sukolilo Pati regency, Central Java region extend of Prawata to Sukolilo. The region is geomorphology form an interesting natural phenomenon, such as the cave stalactites, stalagmites, sinkholes and underground rivers dolina, with CaCO3 content of above 70%. The existence of endemic fauna (indigent) as a biodiversity in the region addressing the peculiarities of fauna in the region ecosystem Region Landscape Karst. Data taken from the relative abundance and distribution of the population. The method of data collection by the line transect method with the technique of direct encounter. Method of Data Analysis by identification live immediately, while the type that cannot be identified in the field as to identify in the laboratory. Based on observations of the biological component in the tread sampling found as follows Perenjak Java (Prinia familiaris), Green Peacock (Pavo muticus) Bondol Java (Lonchura Leucogastroides) and Perenjak Java (Prinia Familiaris), deer (Cervus timorensis), Dhole (Cuon alpines) and Deer (Indian muntjac) and including fauna are protected by the government of Indonesia based on the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 5 in 1990; on Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems. It was also found indigenous and endemic fauna specific indicators showed Bio fauna on Ecosystems Landscape Region Krast is a species of bat: Miniopterus australis, Rhinolophus borneensis, Cyanopterus horsfieldii. Keywords: Region karst landscape, Endemik and Indigent Fauna and Bioindicator

*Corresponding author

March–April 2017 RJPBCS 8(2) Page No. 1837 ISSN: 0975-8585

INTRODUCTION

The existence of karst areas in the country of Indonesia has a very strategic value this is because the region has the potential of natural resources carbonate (CaCO3 nearly 70%) as the raw material mining potential with hill karst doline and underground rivers and in addition karst region is also rich in specific natural resources both biological and non-biological. Karst region known for its durability (resilience) Low to changes or disturbances. This led to the organism in the region to form community own very specific, especially ecological communities are able to live in caves and underground rivers [1, 16].In accordance with the Decree of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2641 K / 40 / MEM / 2014 dated May 16, 2014 regarding the Stipulation of Karst Landscape Region Sukolilo, extensive karst areas are located in the district of Pati is an area of 71.80 km2 located in the District of Sukolilo, Kayen, and Tambakromo. [2]. It is also supported by regulatory Pati, as follows Pati Regency Regional Regulation No. 5 of 2011 on Spatial Planning Pati regency in 2010-2030, has set a policy plan in the Pati regency spatial pattern. Pattern Plan Lounge Pati regency consists of protected areas and cultivation area. The protected area consists of protected forest areas; Protected forest area with an area of 1,578 hectares covering areas of the District is Cluwak, Gembong, Gunungwungkal, and Tlogowungu. Water catchment area on the slopes of Mount Muria is located in the area that has a slope of 25% to 40% and the area that contains the karst rock from Kendeng Mountains. Regions containing karst rock in the mountains of which are in Sub Kendeng Kayen with an area of approximately 569.50 hectares and District Tambakromo with an area of approximately 11.05 hectares. Potential mineral and coal mining materials in the form of non-metallic minerals include phosphate; calcite, and limestone to produce cement. (3)Kendeng mountainous Karst topography is composed of limestone, which has a distribution location Ponor and underground caves. Ponor has ecological value of the underground aquifer system or flowing in an underground river system, this led to the emergence of a new ecological system of the organism or individual indigenous and endemic able to adjust metabolism and genetics with the environment. [1].

Individuals who live in a niche (the specific place) to form an indigenous community and an individual endemic that is the hallmark of a place or ecological bio-indicator. In Region karst landforms commonly found caves that are home indigenous organism or organisms, mainly endemic mammal species of bat populations primarily from the suborder Microchiroptera. Microchiroptera bats suborder members have an effective role in controlling the population of insects in the home range area. So that bats play an important role in the ecological and economical for humans. Ecologically, bat as a counterweight ecosystem Karts Region.According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) states that the karst area is an area that plays an important role for the survival of biodiversity on earth. This is because the region has a unique karst biodiversity, both at the surface (eksokarst) and sub-surface (endokarst) specific. [4, 17]

Bats are one of the organisms endemic to be in control of ecological forest in the karst region, it is because in addition as seed dispersers of the edible fruit and pollinators of flowers, bats as well as predators of insects that annoy many plants that live in the forest so that it becomes a determinant the composition and structure of vegetation in Karst region. [5, 18] Various species of birds can also be used as an indicator of ecosystem Karst Landscape Region. Bird has an important role in the process of succession of ecosystems and species diversity of birds used as ecological indicators in the process of ecological succession early (early stage successional forest). Birds that live in primary forests in the karst region is specific populations in association with an ecological sustem karst area, so it is possible that population is endemic and indigenous certain specific pupulation[6,18]

RESEARCH METHODS

Fauna eksokarst. The type of data is sampled population abundance and distribution. Sampling / Observation data collection based on the cultivated area and forest area with the line transect method based on the technique of direct encounter. The method of data analysis with identification either directly or through images / photos taken immediately. Fauna endokarst. This type of data is kind of fauna in the Karst cave locations in the study area with the method of inventory method endokarst fauna, especially bats. The method of data analysis is based on the calculation of estimated population abundance. .[7, 19]

March–April 2017 RJPBCS 8(2) Page No. 1838 ISSN: 0975-8585

APPLICATION METHODS IN SAMPLE

The method used in this observation is the method of line transect and trap. Sampling sites were divided into 4 points of observation stations and at each station were divided into 3 sub-stations using 2x2 m quadrant where at each station to draw a line transect as far as 10 m. [8]. Materials Research Materials that are used in this study in the form of data, both primary and secondary. The materials used for this study are: sampling location maps, literature study. Research tools a lot-tool used in this research is: stationery, business. Digital cameras, GPS (Global Positioning System), Computers (Personal Computer), Rol meters, Knives, Thermometer, Hygrometer and Pitfall Traps. Fauna are not identified during the sampling, identified laboratory using the Pictorial Keys To Soil Animals Of China [9,20], and The Insects Of Australia Volume I & II [10], fauna identified as fauna endemic / indigenous in the analysis based Repubik Indonesian Law No. 5 In 1990, on the Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems [11].Data retrieval fauna sampling conducted in the Village Mojomulyo, Larangan, Sumbersari and Brati. Sampling locations are further divided into state- owned forest area and forest area belonging to the community. The map below shows the location of sampling observations, as follows :

Fig 1: Location Observation Fauna In Karst Landscape, Region Sukolilo [12]

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Based on observations on the location of the sampling found diversity, diverse fauna, including fauna fauna are protected by the government of Indonesia based on Law No. 5 of 1990 on Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems, as follows:

Table 1: Number Of Arthropods Caught Outside The Cave Of Mount Kendeng, Pati, Central Java [13]

No Family / Species Local Name Tambakromo District Kayen District Pieridae 1 Catopsilia pomona Butterfly − + 2 Catopsilia scylla Butterfly + −

March–April 2017 RJPBCS 8(2) Page No. 1839 ISSN: 0975-8585

No Family / Species Local Name Tambakromo District Kayen District 3 Eurema hecabe Butterfly + + 4 Eurima alitha Butterfly + − 5 Leptosia nina Butterfly + − Papilionidae 6 Papilio demoleous Butterfly − + 7 Pachliopta aristolochiae Butterfly + − Nymphalidae 8 Anosia genutia Butterfly + − 9 Anosia chrysippus Butterfly + + 10 Acreasp. Butterfly + + 11 Elymnas hypermnestra Butterfly + − 12 Junonia orithya Butterfly + + 13 Junonia almanac Butterfly − + 14 Junonia hedonia Butterfly − + 15 Neptis hylas Butterfly + + 16 Discopohora celinde Butterfly + − 17 Melantis leda Butterfly + + 18 Mycalesis horsfieldi Butterfly + + 19 Euplea eleusina Butterfly − + 20 Phalantasp. Butterfly − + 21 Neptis hilas Butterfly + − Hesperiidae Butterfly 22 Pelopidas sp. Butterfly + + 23 Telicota augias Butterfly + − Lycaenidae 24 Athene lycaetina Butterfly + − 25 Discolampa ethion Butterfly + − Geometridae 26 Callhistia sp. Butterfly + − Libellulidae 27 Neurothemis terminate Dragonfly + − 28 Diplacades trivialis Dragonfly + + 29 Orthretum sabina Dragonfly − + Scarabidae 30 Onthophagussp. Beetle + + Nitidulidae 31 Brachypelus sp. Beetle ++ +++ Blatodea 32 Spesimen 1 Cockroach − + 33 Spesimen 2 Cockroach − + Staphylinidae 34 Thyreocephalus sp. Cricket + +++ 35 Hydraena sp. Cricket ++ +++ Coccinelidae 36 (EpilacnaTable sp. Beetle + ++ ContinuedCicadelidae) 37 Tettigoniella ferruginae Beetle + −

Phyrhoridae 38 Dysdercus sp. Bee + − Scutelleridae 39 Chrysocoris sp. Beetle + −

March–April 2017 RJPBCS 8(2) Page No. 1840 ISSN: 0975-8585

No Family / Species Local Name Tambakromo District Kayen District Tessaratomidae 40 Mantipus sp. Beetle + − Formicidae 41 Acropyga sp Ant − ++ 42 Aenictus sp. Ant +++ +++ 43 Anoplolepis sp. Ant ++ +++ 44 Camphonitini sp Ant +++ − 45 Delihoderus sp Ant +++ − 46 Odontoponera sp. Ant +++ +++ Apidae 47 Xylocopa confuse Bee + − 48 Xylocopa latipes Bee + − Megachilidae 49 Megachile sp. Bee − + Acrididae 50 Atractomorpha sp. Grasshopper +++ − 51 Dibracte sp. Grasshopper − + 52 Gryllus sp Grasshopper ++ − 53 Leptocorixa acuta Grasshopper − 54 Trilophidia sp. Grasshopper + − 55 Triphidia sp Grasshopper ++ − 56 Valanga sp.1 Grasshopper − + 57 Valanga sp.2 Grasshopper ++ − 58 Valanga sp.3 Grasshopper ++ − 59 Valangatrasi Grasshopper +++ − Grilacridae 60 Loseoblemmus sp. Cricket + +++ 61 Rhaphidophora sp. Cricket +++ +++ Tettigoniidae 62 Elimaea sp. Grasshopper + − Sarcophagidae 63 Spesimen 1 Large Flies − + Muscidae 64 Spesimen 1 Flies − + Tachinidae 65 Spesimen 1 Flies + − Hydrosophilidae 66 Zaprionus bogoriensis Beetle +++ +++ Scolopendridae 67 Spesimen 1 Braid − + Lithobiomoridae 68 Spesimen 1 Cricket + − Spirobolidae 69 Narceus sp. Centipede + − Forficulidae 70 Spesimen 1 Mole Cricket ++ − (Table ContinuedAraneidae ) 71 Spesimen 1 Spider + − 72 Caerostrissp. Spider + − 73 Gasteracanthasp. Spider + − Aleyrodidae

March–April 2017 RJPBCS 8(2) Page No. 1841 ISSN: 0975-8585

No Family / Species Local Name Tambakromo District Kayen District 74 Bemisia tabaci Flies + − Oonopidae 75 Spesimen 1 Spider + − Theridiidae Spider 76 Spesimen 1 + − Mimitidae 77 Spesimen 1 Bee − + Thomisidae 78 Spesimen 1 Spider − + Selenopidae Spider 79 Spesimen 1 Spider − + Chummidae 80 Spesimen 1 − + Gallieniellidae 81 Spesimen 1 Spider − + Philodromidae 82 Spesimen 1 Spider − + Carabidae 83 Spesimen 1 Beetle ++ − 84 Spesimen 8 Beetle + − Coreidae 85 Mantipus sp Ladybug ++ − Mantidae 86 Manthis religiosa Praying mantis + − 87 Cyphocrania goliat Praying mantis + − Poecilanidae 88 Poecilantrax alpha Bee B e Number type 66 42 Diversity Index (H’) 1,865 2,169

Information :

+++ = The number of species found> 10 individual ++ = The number of species found 5-10 individual + = The number of species found <5 individual - = Not found

Tabel 2: Number Of Arthropods Caught In The Cave Kendeng Mountains, Pati, Central Java [13]

N Takson Local Name Larrangan Panncu Joyo Tapan o Famili Spesies Cave r Care Cave Cave Arachnida – Amblypigi 1 Charontidae Stygophynus sp Spider +++ +++ − − Arachnida – Aranea 2 Anapidae Pseudanapis sp Spider ++ − − − 3 Araneidae Neoscana sp Spider − + − − 4 Deinopidae Menneus sp Spider − − ++ ++ 5 Leptonetidae Leptoneta Infuscata Spider + − − − 6 Mismenidae Maymena sp Spider + − − − 7 Nicodamidae Megadictina Spider ++ − − − thillenii 8 Oxyopidae Oxyopes sp Spider + − − −

March–April 2017 RJPBCS 8(2) Page No. 1842 (Table Continued) ISSN: 0975-8585

9 Philodromidae Philodromus sp Spider − − +++ − 10 Pissuaridae Sp11 Spider − − ++ − 11 Sparasidae Palystes sp Spider ++ − − − 12 Tetragnathidae Tetragnatha sp Spider + + − − 13 Thomisidae Thomodiae Sp 1 Spider − − − ++ Arachnida – Uropygi 14 Theliphonidae Thelyphonus Spider +++ − − − Crustacea – Decapoda 15 Palaemonidae Macrobrachium sp shrimp − +++ − − 16 Pharathelphusidae Parathelphusa crab − +++ − − convexa Diplopoda – Julida 17 Julidae Jullus virginatus Millipede − − + + Mandibulata – Myriapoda 18 Spirobolidae Spirobolus sp1 Millipede + ++ − − Insecta – Diptera 19 Drosophilidae Zaprionus Flies − − ++ − bogoriensis 20 Platystomatidae Sp 10 Flies − − + − (Platystomatidae) Insecta – Grylloblattaria 21 Grylloblattidae Grylloblatta Grylloblatt − − + − camphodeiformes a Insecta – Hymenoptera 22 Apidae Apis sp Bee − − − ++ 23 Formicidae Anoplolepis sp Ant +++ +++ − − 24 Camphonitini sp Ant +++ − 25 Delihoderus sp Ant +++ − 26 Odontoponera sp Ant − − 27 Pheidologeton sp Ant − − Insecta – Lepidoptera 28 Lymantriidae Orgya leucostigma Moth − − +++ − 29 Pyralidae Pyralida sp Moth + − − − Insecta – Neuroptera 30 Myrmeleoneontida Myrmeleoneontida Antlion − − ++ ++ e e sp Insecta – orthoptera 31 Gryllidae Gryllus sp Cricket − − +++ − 32 Rhaphidophoridae Rhapidophora Cricket − − +++ ++ dammermani 33 Rhaphidophoridae Rhaphidophora sp Cricket +++ +++ − − 34 Tettigoniodae Elimaea sp Cricket − − ++ − Number type 15 8 14 6 Diversity Index (H’) 1,166 1,095 2,362 1,702

Information : +++ = The number of species found> 10 individual ++ = The number of species found 5-10 individual + = The number of species found <5 individual - = Not found

Tabel 3: Herpetofauna Encounter at Each Location Of The Observations In The Study Area[13]

No Larrangan Panncur Cave Joyo Cave Tapan Cave Feed

March–April 2017 RJPBCS 8(2) Page No. 1843 ISSN: 0975-8585

Family/Species Cave

Ranidae (Frog) 1 Rana sp. − − + − Insectivora Gekkonidae (frog) 2 Bavayiacyclura − + − − Insectivora 3 Gekko gecko Sp + − + − Insectivora Scincidae (kadal) 4 Spesiment 1 − − + − Insectivora Jumlah Jenis 1 1 3 0

Information : +++ = The number of species found> 10 individual ++ = The number of species found 5-10 individual + = The number of species found <5 individual -= Not found

Tabel 4: The Encounter Bats at Each Location In The Study Area[13]

Larrangan Cave Gantung Cave Panncur Cave No Type (Spesies) Individudual Individudual Individudual (species) (species) (species) Miniopterus australis (Little 1 +++ − − bent-wing bat) Rhinolophus borneensis 2 +++ − − (Bornean horseshoe bat) Cyanopterus horsfieldii 3 − ++ ++ (Horsfield's fruit bat) Number of Type 2 1 1

Information : +++ = The number of species found> 10 individual ++ = The number of species found 5-10 individual + = The number of species found <5 individual - = Not found

March–April 2017 RJPBCS 8(2) Page No. 1844 ISSN: 0975-8585

Table 5: The Encounter Birds At Each Location Of The Observations In The Study Area, Its Distribution In Indonesia And Refuge Status

Kayen Tambakrom Protection Distribution Scientific Distict o District Status No. Local Name Feed Mobility INP name Encounte Encounter CI UU IU r PYCNONOTIDAE

Pycnonotus 1 Cucak kutilang Fruit & Seed far +++ +++ 17,319 F F J F F aurigaster LANIIDAE

Lanius 2 Bentet kelabu Insectivora far +++ ++ 8,925 S K J T schach APODIDAE

Walet palem Cypsiurus 3 Insectivora far ++ + 6,370 S K J C T asia balasiensis Collocalia 4 Walet sapi insectivora far +++ +++ 47,429 S K J C T esculenta COLUMBIDAE

Streptopelia insectivora 5 Tekukur biasa far +++ + 6,735 S K J F F T chinensis &seed ALCEDINIDAE

Halcyon Carnivore& 6 Cekakak cina far ++ ++ 6,553 S K J C AB pileata Insectivora Halcyon Carnivore& 7 Cekakak jawa far ++ + 5,640 J AB cyanoventris Insectivora Todirhamph Carnivore& 8 Cekakak sungai far ++ ++ 8,013 S K J C M T P AB us chloris Insectivora PHASIANIDAE

Pavo Insectivora AI 9 Merak hijau local − + 2,455 J AB VU muticus & seed I Ayam hutan Insectivora 10 Gallus varius local + ++ 5,458 J T hijau & seed CUCULIDAE

March–April 2017 RJPBCS 8(2) Page No. 1845 ISSN: 0975-8585

Kayen Tambakrom Protection Distribution Scientific Distict o District Status No. Local Name Feed Mobility INP name Encounte Encounter CI UU IU r Bubut alang- Centropus 11 insectivora far ++ ++ 6,918 S K J C M T alang bengalensis Cuculus 12 Kangkok erasia insectivora far + − 2,455 J canorus Cuculus 13 Kangkok ranting insectivora far + − 2,455 K C M T P saturatus Cacomantis 14 Wiwik lurik insectivora far + + 5,640 S K J sonneratii PLOCEIDAE

(Table Continued) Lonchura 15 Bondol jawa leucogastroi seed far +++ +++ 16,954 S J T des NECTARINIIDAE

Burung madu- Anthreptes 16 nectar far ++ + 6,735 S K B polos simplex

PICIDAE J Dendrocopo 17 Caladi ulam insectivora far ++ − 3,368 s macei CAMPEPHAGIDAE

Pericrocrotu s 18 Sepah kecil insectivora far ++ − 3,185 K J cinnamome us ARDEIDAE

Bambangan Dupetor Carnivore & 19 far + − 2,455 S K J C M T P hitam flavicollis Insectivora STRIGIDAE

20 Celepuk Otus sp Carnivore far + − 2,455 DICRURIDAE

21 Srigunting hitam Dicrurus insectivora far − + 2,638 S J

March–April 2017 RJPBCS 8(2) Page No. 1846 ISSN: 0975-8585

Kayen Tambakrom Protection Distribution Scientific Distict o District Status No. Local Name Feed Mobility INP name Encounte Encounter CI UU IU r macrocercus CICONIIDAE

Bangau Ciconia 22 Carnivore far − ++ 3,915 S J C T AB sandang-lawe episcopus ACCIPITRIDAE

Ictinaetus AI 23 Elang hitam Carnivore far − + 2,455 S K J C M AB malayensis I Nisaetus AI 24 Elang berontok Carnivore far + + 5,458 S K J AB cirrhatus I FALCONIDAE

Falco AI 25 Alap-alap sapi Carnivore far ++ +++ 7,830 K J C M T P AB moluccensis I Silviidae

Prinia 26 Perenjak Jawa insectivora far + − 2,455 S J familiaris Prinia 27 Perenjak coklat insectivora far + + 5,093 J polychroa Acrocephalu 28 Kerakbasi ramai insectivora fae + − 2,638 K J C M T P s stentoreus Number type 271 277 Number type 24 20 Diversity Index 2,324 1,801 Sources: Primary data are processed EIA Team, 2012 – 2013 (13) Information : +++ = The number of species found> 10 individual ++ = The number of species found 5-10 individual + = The number of species found <5 individual -= Not found

March–April 2017 RJPBCS 8(2) Page No. 1847 ISSN: 0975-8585

Based on identification Antrhropoda Nymphalidae family has the most widely but with the number of individuals that a bit. Bogoriensis Zaprionus types included in Family Hydrosophilidae is a type of arthropod that is most often found at the time of observation. Another group also frequently encountered is from the Family Formicidae which includes the types of ants. On two Districts are being used as observation, both have an index of species diversity falls into the category of being (1

Arthropods types were identified in the area outside the cave has a variety of ecological functions in accordance with the kin group. In general, species of butterflies and bees have a function as a pollinator plants that pollinate plants, but in the larval stage (caterpillar-shaped) species of butterflies are often seen as pests that damage crops. Some types of dragonflies can be an indicator of clean water for biasannya dragonfly larvae live in waters that are still clean. Groups of beetles have ecological functions are different. Several species of beetles can serve as pollinators, dung beetles can assist in the formation of humus layer, but most species of beetle is considered as a pest of cultivated plants. Kinds of cockroaches, crickets, respectively, grasshoppers and ants have a function as garbage eaters organic material in the soil. Type centipedes, spiders, mantises and bees are several types of arthropod predators. (Arthropods as ecological indicators of sustainability in Canadian forests) (8). Observations Arthropod Fauna In Cave

Based on observations and data collection cave arthropods do in Cave Prohibition (S 06˚54'78,9˚; E 111˚03 '27,7˚), Tapan Cave (S 06˚55'43.8˚; E 111˚02'40.7˚ ) and Gua Joyo (S 06˚5'45.7˚; E 111˚02'40.7˚) in District Tambakromo and Gua Panncur (S 06˚55'33,6˚; E 110˚58'36,9˚) in District Kayen. (Larrangan Cave, Cave and Cave Joyo Tapan) has a dry habitat conditions until moist while Cave Panncur habitat dry up wet because it has its own system of water flow. (Tapan Cave and Cave Joyo) is the former location of sand mining phosphate.

Based on observations and data collection cave arthropods do in Cave Larrangan (S 06˚54'78,9˚; E 111˚03 '27,7˚), Tapan Cave (S 06˚55'43.8˚; E 111˚02'40.7˚ ) and Gua Joyo (S 06˚5'45.7˚; E 111˚02'40.7˚) in District Tambakromo and Gua Panncur (S 06˚55'33,6˚; E 110˚58'36,9˚) in District Kayen, has a dry habitat conditions until moist while Cave Panncur habitat dry up wet because it has its own system of water flow. Tapan Cave and Cave Joyo is the former location of sand mining phosphate.

Kind of cave arthropods found overall as much as 34 species were included in 30 families and 12 orders. In (Gua Larrangan) identified 15 different types of arthropods, Cave Panncur identified 8 species, Cave Joyy identified 14 types and Caves Tapan six types of arthropods. Each cave has a relatively different types, it can be seen from no one type of arthropod that were found at each location data collection. Order of Crustaceans (Prawns) is found only in the location for the cave Gua Panncur based on observations and data collection cave arthropods do in Cave Larrangan (S 06˚54'78,9˚; E 111˚03 '27,7˚), Tapan Cave (S 06˚55'43.8˚; E 111˚02'40.7˚ ) and Gua Joyo (S 06˚5'45.7˚; E 111˚02'40.7˚) in District Tambakromo and Gua Panncur (S 06˚55'33,6˚; E 110˚58'36,9˚) in District Kayen, has a dry habitat conditions until moist while Cave Panncur habitat dry up wet because it has its own system of water flow. Tapan Cave and Cave Joyo is the former location of sand mining phosphate.

Kind of cave arthropods found overall as much as 34 species were included in 30 families and 12 orders. In (Gua Larrangan) identified 15 different types of arthropods, Cave Panncur identified 8 species, Cave Joyyo identified 14 types and Caves Tapan six types of arthropods. Each cave has a relatively different types, it can be seen from no one type of arthropod that were found at each location data collection. Order of Crustaceans (Prawns) is found only in the location for the cave Panncur have aquatic habitat while Cave Larangan, Joyo Cave and Cave Tapan do not have running water in the cave. Type of Order arachnid most identifiable but the number of individuals who are most often found is of the Order Insecta which can be found in the hundreds or even thousands of individuals. In the four sampling sites showed moderate Diversity Index (1

March–April 2017 RJPBCS 8(2) Page No. 1848 ISSN: 0975-8585

Herpetofauna

Herpetofauna is a group of amphibian fauna of Class and Class Reptilia, based on the position at rest in which the ventral body touching the ground. Amphibians and Reptiles included in the group of vertebrates poikilotherm or exothermic ie vertebrates that depend on the ambient temperature. Herpetofauna including one group that difficult to do data collection fauna animal lived in solitary (alone) except during the mating season can be found clustered in one location. Some are very sensitive to vibrations and disturbances caused by human activities and the identification process difficult. In some cases the identification can only be done by arrest. lam cave Mount Kendeng, Pati regency, Central Java.

Sampliing Location Data Herpetofauna is Gua Larrangan (S 06˚54'78,9˚; E 111˚03 '27,7˚), Tapan Cave (S 06˚55'43.8˚; E 111˚02'40.7˚) and Caves Joyo (S 06˚5'45.7˚; E 111˚02'40.7˚) Tambakromo and the District of Gua Panncur (S 06˚55'33,6˚; E 110˚58'36,9˚) District of Kayen. At the location of the Cave Tapan Desa Pakis not found reptiles and amphibians. In the Lawa Cave and Cave Gogor Village Pedak also may not find the type of herpetofauna. Observational data on Herpetofauna can be seen in the table 3

Birds (Aves)

Birds (Aves) are members of the vertebrate animals which is a species that is found almost in every place and has an important position as one of the wealth of wildlife Indonesia (8). Bird is also a very good indicator for the health of the environment and biodiversity value of other, Bird is an important indicator in determining the priority areas in terms of nature conservation for birds live across terrestrial habitats around the world, sensitive to environmental changes. As an important indicator, the richness and diversity of birds can be used as a basis for comparison between the regions to determine the highest priority conservation (9). Observations of birds conducted in two districts were included in the study area. Based on the results of observations made on the overall observation sites in the study area found 29 species of birds included into 17 families. Birds are the most abundant of the Cuculidae family (as much as 4 types), Accipitridae and Alcedinidae (as much as 3 types). Identification is done by visual species, sound, and with the trail left by the birds. At the time of the observations identified species Green Peacock (Pavo muticus), which is a protected species with birds threatened status under the laws of the government of Indonesia Law No. 5/1990 on the Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystem, Government Regulation (PP No. 7/1999 on Preservation of Fauna and Flora and the Government Regulation(12), Government Regulation PP No.8 / 1999 Concerning the Use of Wild Plants and Animals(13). Based on international Convention - CITES (Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, the green peacock (Pavo muticus) are the types that fall into the category of endangered (Vulnerable / vulnerable) and included in Appendix II category.

The types of birds that encounter high intensity is Cucak Kutilang (Pycnonotus aurigaster), Swallow Cow (Collocalia esculenta) and Bondol Java (Lonchura leucogastroides). These three types of bird is a common type found throughout the observation location and the type of insectivorous birds, seeds and fruit. Bird activity at the time of observation mostly fly through or then perched on a tree around. In general, the activity of the birds that were found in the study area is flyby is sebannyak 34.4% in the afternoon and 30.7% in the morning. The study area are mostly homogenous forests with oak as the main vagetation.

Fig 2: Bondol Java (Lonchura Leucogastroides)(13)

March–April 2017 RJPBCS 8(2) Page No. 1849 ISSN: 0975-8585

Fig 3: Perenjak Java (Prinia familiaris), (13)

Fig 4: Green Peacock (Pavo muticus) (13)

Surveillance data for various species of birds can be seen in the table 5.

Bat (Ordo Chiroptera)

Bats are one of the fauna that have an important role in the survival of ecosystems. Bats belong to the order Chiroptera and is divided into two sub-orders, namely fruit and nectar bats (Megachiroptera) and insectivorous bats (Microchiroptera). Bats play a role as seed dispersers, pollinators of various types of plants and also as a biocontrol of insect pests. Bats has a cruising range widely in search for food resources and only use the cave as a hotbed of a habitat.Data collection is done at three locations bat cave that is in the study area. The third cave is Larrangan cave (S 06˚54'78,9˚; E 111˚03 '27,7˚) in District Tambakromo, Goa Gantung (S 06˚54'24,9˚; E 111˚03'57 , 9˚) in district Tambakromo and Panncur cave (S 06˚55'33,6˚; E 110˚58'36,9˚) in district Kayen. of the three locations identified three species of bats are Miniopterus australis (eating insects), Rhinolophus borneensis (eating insects) and Cyanopterus horsfieldii (eaters of fruit and nectar). Species of bats are most often found at the time of data collection is Miniopterus australis.On location Lawa Cave and Gagor cave at village Pedak and Joyo cave at village Pakkis encountered types of bats that have not been identified with certainty. The kind of hung on the ceiling of the cave. Bats types Miniopterus australist and Rhinolophus borneensis an insectivorous bats while Cyanopterus horsfieldii a fruit eater. Insectivorous bats can function as insect control so it does not become a pest to the crops. At the time of fruit bats also have a function as carriers of pollen in the pollination of fruit crops. do with the shooting choose so sumua fauna species that were found to be targeted as catches.Fauna identified can be used as bio-indicators of biodiversity and the diversity of fauna endemic to the region Sukolilo karst landscape, Pati, Central Java. Indonesia. the figure below shows the species of bats observed, as follows :

March–April 2017 RJPBCS 8(2) Page No. 1850 ISSN: 0975-8585

1 2 3

Fig 5: (1.)Cyanopterushorsfieldii(2). Rhinolophus borneensis. (3). Miniopterusaustralis(13)

Whereas the figure below shows the conditions and cave locations based on observations, as follows :

Fig 6: Cave Observation Sites(13)

Observational data of various kinds of bats can be seen in the following table 4.

CONCLUSION

The conclusion of this study is the diversity of fauna in the area of landscape Karst Sukolilo ppati Central Java, Indonesia directing that the region has a diversity of fauna in the medium category, with fauna endemic species of bats of the order Chiroptera is Miniopterus australis, Rhinolophus borneensis, Cyanopterus horsfieldii and found a bird-specific (indigenous fauna / endemic fauna) that Cekakak Java (Halcyon cyanoventris), green peacock (Pavo muticus), Bonndol Java (Lonchura leucogastroides) and Perenjak Java (Prinia familiaris).

Species Green Peacock (Pavo muticus), the which is a protected species with birds threatened status under the laws of the government of Indonesia Law No. 5/1990 on the Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystem, Government Regulation PP No. 7/1999 on the Preservation of Fauna and Flora and the Government Regulation PP No.8 / 1999 Cconcerning the Use of Wild Plants and Animals.Therefore diversity of fauna in the region need to be preserved from human activities that cause environmental damage.

March–April 2017 RJPBCS 8(2) Page No. 1851 ISSN: 0975-8585

REFERENCES

[1] Eko H, Tjahyo N R A, Suratman. 2011. Asian Trans-Disciplinary Karst Conference 2011 Proceedings Of The International Conference Yogyakarta / Indonesia / 7 – 10 January 2011 [2] Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Pati Nomor 5 Tahun 2011 Tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kabupaten Pati Tahun 2010-2030 [3] Menteri Energi dan Sumbar Daya Republik Indonesia. No. 2641 K/40/MEM/2014, Penetapan Kawasan Bentang Alam Sukolilo. Jakarta. 2014 [4] IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature. World Heritage Caves And Karst A Thematic Study A Global Review Of Karst World Heritage Properties: Present Situation, Future Prospects And Management Requirements. 2008 [5] Miller, Thomas E. Geologic and Hydrologic Controls on Karst and Cave Development in Belize. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 58(2):100-120. August 1996 [6] Grant E.C, Thomas E M, Daniel R.P, Lisa J.P and David F, B. Bird Comunities and Habitas as Ecological Indicator of Forrest Condition in Regional Monitoring.Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, August. 1996 [7] Nico Goldscheider, David Drew Methods in Karst Hydrogeology: IAH: International Contributions to Hydrogeology, 26. CRC Press. 2007 [8] Mueller-Dombois, D. and H. Ellenberg.. Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1974 [9] Wenying, Yin.. Pictorial Keys To Soil Animals Of China. Beijing: Science Press. 2000 [10] Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Division of Entomology). The Insects Of Australia Volume I & II. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, New York. 1991. [11] Undang Undang No. 5 Tahun 1990 Tentang Konservasi Sumberdaya Alam Hayati Dan Ekosistemnya. Jalarta.1990 [12] Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 1999. Tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan Dan Satwa,Jakarta. 1999 [13] Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 1999. Tentang Pemanfaatan Jenis Tumbuhan Dan Satwa Liar.Jakarta. 1999 [14] CITES. Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna Appendise I, II, and III. Geneva, Switzerland. 2012 [15] Primary Data Environmental Impact Analysis Team. Cement Plant Development Plan. PT. Adhi Mitra Institution Envionmetal Concultant Impact Analysis and PT.Sahabat Mulia Sakti. Semarang. 2013 [16] Derek Ford, And Paul Williams, Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology University of Auckland, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex . England. 2007 [17] Jonathan E.M et al .A Global Species Assessment. The IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.David Brackett. IUCN – The World Conservation Union. 2004 [18] Thomas H. Kunz et al Ecosystem services provided by bats.Annals Of The New York Academy Of Sciences. The Year in Ecology and Conservation Biology.Center for Ecology and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston. 2011 [19] Arijit Chaudhuri . Survey Sampling Theory and Methods. Indian Statistical Institute Calcutta, India Chapman & Hall/CRC is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group. 2005 [20] Yin wenying et al. Pictorical keys to Soil animals of china. The project supported by National natural science foundation of china Science press Beijing, china. 1998 [21] IUCN.. IUCN Red List Categories. Prepared by the IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 1994 [22] Oldfield, S., Lusty, C. and MacKinven, A. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge. . 1998

March–April 2017 RJPBCS 8(2) Page No. 1852