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Yamhad Kiralliği1 YAMHAD KIRALLIĞI1 Prof. Dr. Füruzan KINAL M.Ö. II. Binyıl eski Önasya tarihi denilebilir ki, münhasıran kuzey Suriye etrafında dolanır. Bu da pek tabiidir, zira eski Önasya memleket- lerini teşkil eden Mısır, Mezopotamya ve Anadolu toprakları arasındaki irtibat ancak ve yalnız kuzey Suriye aracılığı ile mümkün olabiliyordu. Esasen M.Ö. II. Binyılm ilk yarısında bütün münakalat kara yollarıyle yapılıyordu. Bu yolların başlıcası İskenderun körfezini (O zamanlar bu rolü Ugarit şehri yapıyordu) Basra körfezine bağlıyan Fırat nehri mecra- sının meydana getirdiği tabii yoldu, bu yol eski Meskene (Emar) ye ulaştıktan sonra kuzey, güney ve batı istikametinde ayrılıyordu. Güney yolu üzerindeki ilk mühim ticaret merkezi Halep şehri idi. Ha- lepten sonra bu yol Filistin-Suriye sahil şeridi ile Mısıra kadar uzanı- yordu. Böylece Anadolu ile Mısır arasında işliyen kervan yolu gibi, Mezopotamya-Mısır arasındaki yol da mutlaka Halep şehrine uğramak zorunda idi. Kuzey Suriyenin M.Ö. II. Binyıl tarihindeki öneminin ikinci bir sebebi de Mezopotamya ve Mısır gibi o zamanların ileri medeniyet merkezlerinin, Lübnan dağlarında yetişen kıymetli ağaçların tomruk- larına olan şiddetli ihtiyaçları idi. Mısır Firavunları muhteşem saray- larını, mabedlerini ve ehramlarını yaptırabilmek için, kuzey Suriye memleketlerinden sedr, servi v.s. tomrukları getirttikleri gibi, Babil ve Asur kıralları da taştan ve ormandan mahrum olan Mezopotamya- da Lübnanların "Sedr ormanlarına" mühtaç idiler. Bu yüzdendir ki Agadeli Sargon zamanından beri Lübnanlar üzerindeki Sedr orman- larından (Amanoslardan) ve Gümüş dağlarından (Toroslardan) bah- sedilmektedir 2. Bu coğrafi şartların doğurduğu ekonomik amiller sebebile M.Ö. II. Binyıl boyunca kuzey Suriye toprakları Mısır, Mezopotamya ve 1 ,G. Dossiıı, in "Le royaume d'Alep au XVIII e siecle avant nötre ere d'apres Ies Archives royales de Mari" adlı makalesini malesef elde edemedik. 2 H. G. Güterbock, ZA 44 (1938) s. 69. 196 füruzan kınal Fakat Asur kiralı I. Şamşi-Adadın ölümünden sonra Mezopotam- yadaki statü guo'nun değiştiğini görüyoruz: Evvela Zimrilim ataları- nın tahtını ele geçirmek için teşebbüse geçmiş, kayın babası Yamhad kiralı larimlim'in verdiği askeri yardımlarla Şamşi-Adadın Mari kıral- lığına oturttuğu küçük oğlu İasmah-Adadı mağlup etmiş ve Mari şeh- rini geri almayı ve babasının tahtına oturmayı başarmıştı. Bu devirde Yamhad kırallığı gerçekten büyük bir devletti, çünkü bir Mari Mek- tubunda "Yamhad kırallığına tabi 20 küçük kırallık olduğu" bildirili- yor9. Bu prensliklerin hepsini bilmemekle beraber, başta Alalah olmak üzere Ni, Qatna şehirlerinin Yamhada (Halebe) tabi oldukları kesindir, zira Qatna (Tel el Mişrife) de bulunan bir vesikaya: Kıral İarimlimin Qatna prensini öldürdüğü sene" tarihi atılmıştır ki, bu tarih formü- lündeki larimlim'in Halep kiralı olduğu ileri sürülmüştür10. Bu büyük Yamhad kıratlığının hududlarını kesin olarak tesbit edememekle bera- ber, batıda Alalalıdan doğuda Mari kırallığının batı hududunu teşkil eden Fırat nehrine kadar uzandığını tahmin edebiliriz. Bu sırada Babil kiralı Hammurabi de, Şamşi-Adadın ölümünden sonra hududlarını genişletmeye teşebbüs etmiş ve bunun tatbikine karşı çıkabilecek tek düşman olan Larsa kiralı Rim-Sine 29. senesinde harp ilan etmişti. Mari arşivinde bulunan Hammurabi ile Mari kiralı Zimrilim arasındaki muhaberattan anlıyoruz ki11, Larsa kiralı Rim- Sin, Eşnunna ve Asur kıralları ile de birleşerek Hammurabiye karşı üçlü bir doğu bloku kurmuştu. Bunun üzerine Hammurabi de Mari kiralı Zimrilim ve onun aracılığı ile Yamhad kiralı İarimlim ile üçlü bir batı koalisyonu teşkil etmişti. Mari muhaberatı arasında Babil, Mari ve Yamhad koalisyonu mü- nasebeti ile Yamhad kırallığının gönderdiği askeri kuvvetlerle ilgili birçok mektub vardır. Mesela Mari kiralı Zimrilimin Babilli Hammu- rabiye gönderdiği bir mektupta (No: 210): "Hammurabiye, biraderin Zimrilim der ki: Ordu adamları hususunda bana yazmadın, fakat ben Halep kiralı Hammurabiye asker göndermesi için yazdım. O asker- lerini gönderdi, Onun askerleri yanıma geldi", demektedir12. Bu mek- tup bize aynı zamanda Yamhad tahtında bir değişiklik olduğunu, Ia- 9 G. Dossin, Syria XIX (1938) s. 117. 10 Dossin, RA 36 s. 53 11 Ch. Jean, RA 35 (1939) s. 108. 12 Aynı yer, s. 113. YAMHAD KıRALLıĞı 197 rimlimin öldüğünü ve yerine tesadüfen Babilli Hammurabinin ismini taşıyan bir kiralın geçtiğini bildiriyor. Mari mektupları arasında Yam- had ordularının Babile muvasalat ettiklerinden bahseden ve Zimrîli- min asker göndermesini istiyen Babil kiralı Hammurabinin Zimrilime yazdığı mektup (ARM II, 7) herhalde yukarıdaki mektuptan sonra yazıl- mış olmalıdır. Zira Zimrilim, Babilli Hammurabinin mektup yazmadı- ğını söylüyordu. Bu suretle Babil kiralı Hammurabi, Yamhad ve Mari kırallıklarınm yardımı ile kuvvetli düşmanı Larsa kiralı Rim-Sini 29. senesinde mağlup etmiş, Larsanın müttefikleri olan Eşnunna ve Asur şehirlerini de zaptederek son derece kuvvetlenmişti13. Fakat bu savaş- tan üç sene sonra, 32. senesinde Babil kiralı henüz bilinmiyen bir se- beble Mariye de taarruz etmiş ve Mari kiralına ağır bir vergi koymuş- tu. Bir sene sonra da, 33. idare senesinde tekrar Mariye hücum ederek Mari şehrini yakmış, yıkmış ve Mari kırallığına son vermişti. Böylece Fırat yolu üzerinde mühim bir ticaret merkezi olan Marinin yerini bundan böyle Babil şehri almış oluyordu (M.ö. ca. 1695). Mari şehrinin tahribi ile Mari muhaberatı sona erdiğinden, Yam- had kırallığı hakkındaki haberler de bitmektedir. Neticede Mari mek- tupları ile M.Ö. XVIII. asırda yaşamış şu üç Halep kiralını ve çağdaş- larını tanımış oluyoruz: Yamhad Mari Babil Sumum-epulı Iahdunlim Sin-Muballit I ar imlim I L. I Hammurabi I Zimrilim Hammurabi Mari mektuplarıyle tanıdığımız bu Yamhad kırallarının kendi vesikaları da Halep civarında, Yamhad sülalesine mensup prensler tarafından idare edilen Alalah (Amik ovasındaki Tel Açana) da mey- dana çıkarılmıştır. Alalah tabletleri M. Ö. XVIII. yüzyıla ait olan VII tabakada ve XV. yüzyıla ait IV. tabakada olmak üzere iki tabakada bulunmuştur. VI. tabaka Hitit kiralı I. Murşili'nin Halep seferile son bulur. V. tabaka Firavun III. Tutmosisin Suriye seferleri zamanına aittir, IV. tabaka ise, Mitanni hakimiyetine raslar. VII. tabakada bulunan vesikalar Babilli Hammurabi zamanın- dan (m. ö. ca. 1728-1686) I. Babil sülalesinin yıkılmasına (M.Ö. 1550) 13 H. Lewy, Orientalia XXV (1956) s. 325 n. 3 deki ARMT XV (1954) s. 146. 198 FÜRUZAN KıNAL kadar geçen iki asırlık bir zamanı kaplar. Bu tabakada bulunan vesika- lardan Yamhad sülalesinden şu altı kiralı tanıyoruz: Yamhad Alalah Hammurabi I I iarimlim Ab ban İarimlim II Niqme-epuh iarimlim III Ammitaqum r İrqabtum Hammurabi Hammurabi II Alalah vesikalarında Abban'ın babası olarak geçen Hammurabi' nin 210 numaralı Mari mektubunda zikredilen Hammurabi olduğu kabul edilmektedir14. Onun oğlu Halep kiralı Abbanı, Wiseman 1 nu- maralı şu Alalah vesikasiyle tanıyoruz: "Kıral Abbana karşı biraderleri (müttefikleri) isyan ettikleri za- man, Fırtına tanrısının, Hepatm ve savaş tanrısının yardımı ile o Irridiye karşı yürüdü. Abban ve askerleri Irridi şehrini zaptetti. Ogün Abban İrridi karşılığında bir değiştirme şehri olarak kendi şehri Alalahı verdi. Ogün Abban, kölesi Hammurabi'nin oğlu, Iarimlime İştar mabedini yükseltmesini söyledi. Abban, Iarimlime bir şehre karşılık bir şehir verdi. Abbanm Iarimlimle yaptığı bu anlaşmayı kim bozarsa, onu Fırtına tanrısı elindeki silahı ile parçalasın, Hepat ve Iştar onun silahını kırsın, Iştar onu galiplerin eline teslim etsin ". Yamhad kiralı Abban ile Alalah kiralı İarimlim arasında aktedi- len bu andlaşmada İarimlime "Hammurabi'nin oğlu" denilir. Diğer taraftan bir mühür baskısı (Wiseman 444) üzerindeki lejantta Abbana da "Hammurabinin oğlu" deniliyor. Bir başka Alalah vesikasında ise (Wiseman 56) İarimlim "Kiralın biraderi" olarak geçer. Böylece an- laşılıyor ki Halep kiralı Abban ile Alalah kiralı İarimlim İamhad ki- ralı. I. Hammurabinin oğulları idiler ve babalarının ölümünden sonra 14 B. Landsberger, JCS 8 (1954) s. 51 ve A. Goetze, JCS 11 (1957) s. 56. YAMHAD KıRALLıĞı 199 muhtemelen büyük oğul olan Abban babasının yerine geçmişti. Abban ile Iraimlimin babasıYamhad kiralı I. Hammurabi'nin, Mari vesikala- rından tanıdığımız Yamhad kralı Hammurabi ile aynı şahıs olduğu kabul edildiğine göre, Abban'nın babası I. Hammurabi, Babilli Ham- murabi'nin çağdaşıdır. Abban ise bir nesil sonra, yani Babilli Ham- murabi'nin oğlu Şamşu-iluna ve Asur kiralı I. Şamşi-Adadın oğlu İş- me-Dagan zamanlarında yaşamış olmalıdır. Halbuki Wiseman, Abban ile kardeşi İarimlim arasındaki muahedenin halen Antakya müzesinde (No: 456) bulunan diğer nüshasında Abbana "Hattuşanın veziri" de- nildiği için, Abbamn eski Hitit kırallarından Labarnaş, I. Hattuşuli veya I. Murşili'nin vassali olduğunu ileri sürmüştür15. Halbuki aşağıda göreceğimiz üzere, (bak s. 201) I. Murşili, Babilli Hammurabiden iki yüzyıl sonra Şamşu-Ditana zamanında evvela Halebi, sonra Babili zaptetmiştir. Ohalde Yamhad kiralı Abbanı Hattuşa Sukkali yapan Hi- tit kiralı kimdir? Burada Tevratta (Genesis XIV 1) bahsedilen Amrafel (Hammurabi) ile Tidal (Tuthalia) ve yine Genesis XIII, 5 de İbra- lıimin "het oğullariyle" yaptığı pazarlık hatırlanırsa, bu meçhul hitit kiralının belki de Puşarrumanın babası Tuthalia olduğa düşünülebilir. Bu muahededen anlıyoruz ki, Abban zamanında Fıratın ötesin- deki şehirler, başta Irridi olmak üzere isyan etmişlerdi. Abban isya- nı bastırmış, fakat Irridi şehri de harap olmuştu. Bundan dolayı kar- deşine Irridi yerine Alalahı vermişti.16 Muahedenin Antakya nüshasın- da Alalahın
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